In Re XENCOR, INC.

Case: 24-1870   Document: 32    Page: 1   Filed: 03/13/2025




   United States Court of Appeals
       for the Federal Circuit
                 ______________________

                IN RE: XENCOR, INC.,
                       Appellant
                 ______________________

                       2024-1870
                 ______________________

     Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark
 Office, Patent Trial and Appeal Board in No. 16/803,690.
                   ______________________

                Decided: March 13, 2025
                ______________________

     JULIE S. GOLDEMBERG, Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP,
 Philadelphia, PA, argued for appellant. Also represented
 by MICHAEL J. ABERNATHY, CHRISTOPHER JOHN BETTI,
 MARIA DOUKAS, AMANDA SCOTT WILLIAMSON, Chicago, IL;
 WILLIAM R. PETERSON, Houston, TX.

     PETER JOHN SAWERT, Office of the Solicitor, United
 States Patent and Trademark Office, Alexandria, VA, ar-
 gued for appellee Coke Morgan Stewart. Also represented
 by MARY L. KELLY, AMY J. NELSON, FARHEENA YASMEEN
 RASHEED.
                 ______________________
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 2                                           IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




         Before HUGHES and STARK, Circuit Judges, and
                 SCHROEDER, District Judge.1
 SCHROEDER, District Judge.
      Xencor, Inc. (“Xencor”) appeals a decision of the Ap-
 peals Review Panel (“ARP”)2 of the Patent Trial and Appeal
 Board (“Board”) rejecting the claims of its patent applica-
 tion as unpatentable for lack of written description. Spe-
 cifically, Xencor contends that the Board and the ARP
 erred by construing part of one claim’s preamble as limit-
 ing and requiring written description for the Jepson claim
 preamble of another claim. The Director of the United
 States Patent and Trademark Office (“Director”) responds
 that the preamble should be read as a whole, with all parts
 limiting and requiring written description, and neither the
 specification nor Xencor’s extrinsic evidence established
 that the relevant Jepson claim limitation had sufficient
 written description.
     We hold that the limiting preamble of a Jepson claim
 must be supported with sufficient written description, and
 what constitutes sufficiency varies depending on the
 knowledge of the pertinent person of ordinary skill in the
 art. A patentee has the burden of providing written de-
 scription; in a Jepson claim, that burden extends to the lim-
 iting preamble. We additionally hold that substantial
 evidence supports the Board’s finding that Xencor failed to



     1    The Honorable Robert W. Schroeder III, District
 Judge, United States District Court for the Eastern Dis-
 trict of Texas, sitting by designation.
      2   The ARP—comprised of members of the Patent
 Trial and Appeal Board including the Director of the
 United States Patent and Trademark Office, the Commis-
 sioner for Patents, and the Chief Judge of the Board—is
 available to review Board decisions in ex parte appeals,
 reexamination appeals, and reissue appeals.
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                        3



 provide adequate written description for its Jepson claim
 and for its other claim, the preamble of which we agree
 with the Board and the ARP is limiting. Accordingly, we
 affirm.
                        BACKGROUND
      Anti-C5 antibodies are monoclonal antibodies that bind
 to C5, a protein that performs complement activation. One
 specific type of monoclonal antibody, 5G1.1, can bind hu-
 man C5 protein to block the progression of the complement
 cascade. A version of 5G1.1, called eculizumab, was used
 in clinical trials and had a known sequence. At the time of
 the patent application, eculizumab had been used to treat
 paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (“PNH”), “a
 chronic blood disease caused by a defective enzyme that
 leads to a lack of protective natural complement inhibi-
 tors,” and was being studied in “the treatment of asthma
 and transplantation.” J.A. 206. Xencor additionally con-
 tends that anti-C5 antibodies have an anti-inflammatory
 effect and may be useful in treating various autoimmune
 disorders.
                   A. The Relevant Claims
      The application at issue, U.S. Patent Application No.
 16/803,690 (the “’690 application”), is a continuation appli-
 cation and has an earliest claimed priority date of Febru-
 ary 25, 2008. 3 The ’690 application asserts that modifying
 antibodies with certain amino acid substitutions provides
 for longer staying power in the body and reduces the need
 for more frequent treatment. For instance, the specifica-
 tion states “[t]herapeutics against these targets are fre-
 quently involved in the treatment of autoimmune diseases
 and require multiple injections over long time periods.


     3  The operative version of the patent application,
 and the version we refer to throughout, is the version as
 amended after an initial rejection in August 2020.
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 4                                          IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




 Therefore, longer serum half-lives and less frequent treat-
 ments, brought about from the variants of the present in-
 vention, are particularly preferred.” J.A. 157. It provides
 one example of an anti-C5 antibody, 5G1.1.
     There are two claims at issue on appeal, claim 8 (a Jep-
 son claim) and claim 9 (a method claim).
     8. In a method of treating a patient by administer-
     ing an anti-C5 antibody with an Fc domain, the im-
     provement comprising
        said Fc domain comprising amino acid sub-
        stitutions M428L/N434S as compared to a
        human Fc polypeptide,
        wherein numbering is according to the EU
        index of Kabat,
        wherein said anti-C5 antibody with said
        amino acid substitutions has increased in
        vivo half-life as compared to said antibody
        without said substitutions.
     9. A method of treating a patient by administering
     an anti-C5 antibody comprising:
         a) means for binding human C5 protein;
         and
         b) an Fc domain comprising amino acid
         substitutions M428L/N434S as compared
         to a human Fc polypeptide,
             wherein numbering is according to
             the EU index of Kabat,
             wherein said anti-C5 antibody with
             said amino acid substitutions has
             increased in vivo half-life as com-
             pared to said antibody without said
             substitutions.
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                         5



 J.A. 903 (emphasis added). As relevant here, the claims
 were rejected by the examiner in March 2021 for lack of
 written description.
                       B. Procedural History
     Xencor appealed the examiner’s finding to the Board,
 which issued its initial decision on January 10, 2023. Rel-
 evant here, 4 the Board concluded that the preambles to
 claims 8 and 9 were limiting—but did not specifically grap-
 ple with case law saying preambles are not always limit-
 ing—and that Xencor had not shown that the application
 had sufficient written description for either claim. The
 Board also determined that Xencor had not demonstrated
 that anti-C5 antibodies or methods of treating patients
 with anti-C5 antibodies were well-known in the art.
     Xencor petitioned for reconsideration and the Board is-
 sued a second decision, finding against Xencor on the same
 grounds. Of note, on rehearing, the Board further consid-
 ered whether the preamble of claim 8 was limiting and held
 that it was.
      The decision on rehearing was appealed to us. See In
 re Xencor, No. 23-2048. Before it could be heard, the Patent
 Office asked us to remand the case for consideration by the
 ARP. Id. at ECF No. 32. We agreed and remanded the case
 for this purpose. Id. at ECF No. 35.
      The ARP issued its decision on May 21, 2024. The ARP
 first addressed whether written description was required
 for Jepson claim preambles generally and found that it
 was, because Jepson preambles define the scope of the



     4    The Board’s decisions were superseded by the deci-
 sion of the ARP, except to the extent that the ARP adopted
 the findings of the Board. Because most of what we are
 reviewing is the decision of the ARP, we discuss the Board’s
 decisions only insofar as they were adopted by the ARP.
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 6                                            IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




 claim. It then, however, considered whether the preamble
 language of “treating a patient,” even without the Jepson
 claim format, was limiting. It found that “‘treating a pa-
 tient’ is necessary to give life, meaning, and vitality to both
 the ‘increased in vivo half-life’ limitation recited in the body
 of the claim, and also to ‘administering,’ which is the sole
 method step recited in the claim.” J.A. 13. The ARP then
 applied its analysis to the same language in the non-Jepson
 claim 9. The ARP found that the rest of the language in
 claims 8 and 9, as well as the specification, indicated that
 “treating a patient” should be considered limiting and that
 this language was necessary to understanding the scope of
 the claims.
     The ARP then turned to whether the claims had suffi-
 cient written description. It first found that claim 8 lacked
 written description because the specification did not pro-
 vide a representative number of species to sufficiently sup-
 port the broad genus of anti-C5 antibodies being claimed.
 The specification only disclosed one anti-C5 antibody,
 5G1.1, which the ARP found was insufficient given the
 “various specificities and epitopes” of the genus. J.A. 22.
 The ARP also adopted the Board’s findings that Xencor’s
 expert was not credible and that Xencor had not demon-
 strated that anti-C5 antibodies were well-known and did
 not require further support in the specification.
     The ARP then turned to the claim language “treating a
 patient” and found that it was not supported with adequate
 written description. It found that “[t]he Specification does
 not describe what patients with what diseases or condi-
 tions can be successfully treated with an anti-C5 anti-
 body . . . . Nor is there a single working example describing
 treatment of patients with a disease or condition with an
 anti-C5 antibody possessing the claimed Fc modifications.”
 J.A. 26. The limited disclosure of three potential uses, the
 ARP held, was inadequate to demonstrate possession of
 “treating a patient” with the claimed anti-C5 antibodies. It
 then adopted the same reasoning it used in claim 8 for
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                       7



 claim 9. The ARP noted that while claim 9 was directed
 only to 5G1.1, the specification of the ’690 application did
 not provide any examples of treating patients with 5G1.1
 or any other written description support even for the single
 named anti-C5 antibody.
     Xencor timely appealed the decision of the ARP.5
                       LEGAL STANDARDS
      “[W]e review the Board’s legal determinations de novo
 and its factual findings for substantial evidence.”6 See Al-
 mirall, LLC v. Amneal Pharms. LLC, 

28 F.4th 265, 271

 (Fed. Cir. 2022). “A finding is supported by substantial ev-
 idence if a reasonable mind might accept the evidence as
 adequate to support the finding.” In re Couvaras, 

70 F.4th 1374

, 1378 (Fed. Cir. 2023). Sufficiency of written descrip-
 tion is a question of fact. See Knowles Elecs. LLC v. Cirrus
 Logic, Inc., 

883 F.3d 1358, 1365

 (Fed. Cir. 2018). Claim
 construction, however, is a question of law. E.g., Teva
 Pharms. USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc., 

574 U.S. 318

, 332–33
 (2015). Finally, we “defer to the Board’s findings concern-
 ing the credibility of expert witnesses.” Incept LLC v. Pal-
 ette Life Scis., Inc., 

77 F.4th 1366, 1377

 (Fed. Cir. 2023).
     “What is required to meet the written description re-
 quirement ‘varies with the nature and scope of the inven-
 tion at issue, and with the scientific and technologic
 knowledge already in existence.’” Juno Therapeutics, Inc.
 v. Kite Pharma, Inc., 

10 F.4th 1330, 1335

 (Fed. Cir. 2021)
 (quoting Capon v. Eshhar, 

418 F.3d 1349

, 1357 (Fed. Cir.
 2005)). “Whether to treat a preamble as a limitation is a
 determination ‘resolved only on review of the entire[] . . .


     5   The Board had jurisdiction under 

35 U.S.C. § 134

(a) and we have jurisdiction under 

35 U.S.C. § 141

(a).
     6   The Director states that the standard of review of
 the ARP’s decisions is the same as for decisions from the
 Board. Xencor does not disagree. Nor do we.
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 8                                           IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




 patent to gain an understanding of what the inventors ac-
 tually invented and intended to encompass by the claim.’”
 Catalina Mktg. Int’l, Inc. v. Coolsavings.com, Inc., 

289 F.3d 801, 808

 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (alteration in original) (quoting
 Corning Glass Works v. Sumitomo Elec. U.S.A., Inc.,
 

868 F.2d 1251

, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 1989)). “[T]he mere fact
 that a structural term in the preamble is part of the claim
 does not mean that the preamble’s statement of purpose or
 other description is also part of the claim.” Marrin v. Grif-
 fin, 

599 F.3d 1290, 1295

 (Fed. Cir. 2010). That is, “where
 a patentee defines a structurally complete invention in the
 claim body and uses the preamble only to state a purpose
 or intended use for the invention, the preamble is not a
 claim limitation.” Rowe v. Dror, 

112 F.3d 473, 478

 (Fed. Cir. 1997). However, we do read the preamble as lim-
 iting “[i]f the claim preamble, when read in the context of
 the entire claim, recites limitations of the claim, or, if the
 claim preamble is ‘necessary to give life, meaning, and vi-
 tality’ to the claim.” Pitney Bowes, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard
 Co., 

182 F.3d 1298, 1305

 (Fed. Cir. 1999) (citations omit-
 ted).
      In a Jepson claim, a patentee uses the preamble to re-
 cite “elements or steps of the claimed invention which are
 conventional or known.” 

37 C.F.R. § 1.75

(e) (1996). “[T]his
 court has held that Jepson claiming generally indicates in-
 tent to use the preamble to define the claimed invention,
 thereby limiting claim scope.” Catalina Mktg. Int’l,
 

289 F.3d at 808

 (collecting cases).
                         DISCUSSION
     Before us, Xencor argues that the method claim’s pre-
 amble of “treating a patient” is not limiting, that the pre-
 amble of the Jepson claim does not require written
 description, and that in the alternative, written description
 was satisfied for the preambles of both claims. We first ad-
 dress the method claim and then the Jepson claim.
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                         9



                           Claim 9
      The preamble of claim 9 recites “[a] method of treating
 a patient by administering an anti-C5 antibody compris-
 ing,” and the first question we must address is whether the
 phrase “treating a patient” is limiting here. Xencor agrees
 that the “administering” portion of the term is limiting but
 contends that we should deconstruct the preamble and find
 all other parts of it are non-limiting. Specifically, Xencor
 argues that the “treating a patient” portion is not limiting
 because “administering” inherently includes “administer-
 ing to a patient” and nothing else in the claim relies upon
 treatment or a patient. Accordingly, it contends that the
 Board erred in holding that “treating a patient” is neces-
 sary to give life, meaning, and vitality to the claim. Xencor
 further argues that the only portion of the preamble that
 requires adequate written description is the portion that is
 limiting; that is, the requirement that an anti-C5 antibody
 is administered. Xencor also argues in the alternative that
 if we find “treating a patient” to be limiting, there is ade-
 quate written description for the limitation. The Director
 responds that “treating a patient” is not merely a state-
 ment of purpose but is necessary to give meaning to the
 claim, particularly because the claim associates a thera-
 peutic use with the “increased in vivo half-life” of the anti-
 bodies.
                               1
     We first address whether “treating a patient” is limit-
 ing in the preamble of claim 9.7
     As Xencor argues, the different sections of a preamble
 may be considered independently. See Marrin, 

599 F.3d at 1295

. A preamble or a portion of it is limiting when


     7    Most of the ARP’s analysis regarding claim 9’s lim-
 itations relies on its discussion of claim 8. We therefore
 cite to the claim 8 section for this discussion as needed.
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 10                                       IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




 other parts of the patent’s claims rely on predicates in the
 preamble, or when the preamble is otherwise necessary to
 give “life, meaning, and vitality” to the claim language.
 E.g., Eli Lilly & Co. v. Teva Pharms. Int’l GmbH, 

8 F.4th 1331

, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2021). It should not be read as limit-
 ing, on the other hand, when it merely gives a statement of
 purpose or intended result. E.g., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co.
 v. Ben Venue Lab’ys, Inc., 

246 F.3d 1368

, 1375–76
 (Fed. Cir. 2001).
     In Rapoport v. Dement, 

254 F.3d 1053, 1056, 1059

 (Fed. Cir. 2001), we found that the preamble language “[a]
 method for treatment of sleep apneas comprising admin-
 istration of a [therapeutically effective regimen]” was nec-
 essary to give meaning to the limitation “to a patient in
 need of such treatment.” And in Jansen v. Rexall Sun-
 down, Inc., 

342 F.3d 1329, 1330

, 1332–33 (Fed. Cir. 2003),
 we held that the preamble language of “[a] method of treat-
 ing or preventing macrocytic-megaloblastic anemia in hu-
 mans which anemia is caused by either folic acid deficiency
 or by vitamin B12 deficiency which comprises” was limiting
 because the claim then recited a “human in need thereof,”
 and the “need” linked back to the previously recited ane-
 mia. “In both cases,” we found, “the claims’ recitation of a
 patient or a human ‘in need’ gives life and meaning to the
 preambles’ statement of purpose.” 

Id. at 1333

.
     Similarly, “preamble language will [also] limit the
 claim if it recites not merely a context in which the inven-
 tion may be used, but the essence of the invention without
 which performance of the recited steps is nothing but an
 academic exercise.” Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc.
 v. Schering-Plough Corp., 

320 F.3d 1339, 1345

 (Fed. Cir.
 2003). In Boehringer, the language of the preamble did not
 provide an antecedent basis for other parts of a claim. 

Id.

 Rather, it provided the “raison d’être of the claimed method
 itself” because without the preamble language, the claim
 did not make sense—“[d]ivorced from the process of grow-
 ing and isolating virus, the claimed method reduces to
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                       11



 nothing more than a process for producing cytopathic ef-
 fects in sheets of cultured MA–104 cells[—]a process whose
 absence of fathomable utility rather suggests the academic
 exercise.” 

Id.

     Here, we agree with the Director that the preamble
 term “treating a patient by” is limiting. First, it is im-
 portant that Xencor does not dispute that the second part
 of the preamble, “administering an anti-C5 antibody,” is
 limiting. The claim language refers back to this section of
 the preamble—“wherein said anti-C5 antibody with said
 amino acid substitutions has increased in vivo half-life as
 compared to said antibody without said substitutions.” At
 least one portion of the preamble is therefore limiting. Alt-
 hough we may split a preamble into limiting and non-lim-
 iting parts, and have done so in cases such as TomTom, Inc.
 v. Adolph, 

790 F.3d 1315

, 1323–24 (Fed. Cir. 2015), the
 preamble here “cannot be neatly packaged into two sepa-
 rate portions.” Bio-Rad Lab’ys, Inc. v. 10X Genomics Inc.,
 

967 F.3d 1353

, 1371 (Fed. Cir. 2020). Here, the phrase
 “treating a patient” is directly connected with the word “by”
 to the phrase “administering an anti-C5 antibody.” And
 given our “disinclination” to “splic[e]” a preamble into lim-
 iting and non-limiting parts, id. at 1371, this lends cre-
 dence to the argument that the entire preamble should be
 considered limiting.
     Second, we do not find convincing Xencor’s contention
 that “administering an anti-C5 antibody” inherently in-
 cludes a patient. Rather, when the claim is read as a
 whole, the more reasonable reading is that both sections of
 the preamble, the “administering” part and the “treating a
 patient” part, give color and meaning to the other. See
 Storage Tech. Corp. v. Cisco Sys., Inc., 

329 F.3d 823, 831

 (Fed. Cir. 2003). The treating of the patient is done by ad-
 ministering the anti-C5 antibody. This is not a mere state-
 ment of purpose or a statement of intended result that does
 not affect the performance of the claimed method. See, e.g.,
 Bristol-Myers Squibb, 246 F.3d at 1375–76. As the ARP
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 12                                         IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




 noted, the claim “lacks a specifically recited dosage and
 rate,” which means “a person of ordinary skill in the art
 reading the claims would have to read ‘increased in vivo
 half-life’” in light of “treating a patient” to make sense of
 the scope of the claim. J.A. 14. The specification discloses
 that “[t]he exact dose will depend on the purpose of the
 treatment” and on characteristics of the patient. J.A.
 175–76 (¶ 187). “[T]reating a patient” therefore gives life
 to “administering,” the sole method step otherwise recited
 in the claim. J.A. 13.
      Third, as the ARP and the Board found, the language
 in the preamble provides a raison d’être for the claim. An
 increased in vivo half-life (a) only makes sense with respect
 to a living being, because it could not otherwise be “in vivo,”
 and (b) has a specific utility with respect to treatment.
 When a patient is treated with a modified anti-C5 anti-
 body, the treatment lasts longer, allowing the treatment to
 be administered less frequently. The preamble therefore
 informs the meaning of the claim language. See generally
 Deere & Co. v. Bush Hog, LLC, 

703 F.3d 1349, 1358

 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (concluding “rotary cutter deck” in the pre-
 amble informed the meaning of the “torsional stiffness”
 limitation). Otherwise, performing the claim would be, as
 we said in Boehringer, a mere “academic exercise.”
 

320 F.3d at 1345

; see also Eli Lilly, 8 F.4th at 1341.
     Finally, the specification discloses that “[t]he admin-
 istration of antibodies and Fc fusion proteins as therapeu-
 tics requires injections with a prescribed frequency
 relating to the clearance and half-life characteristics of the
 protein. Longer in vivo half-lives allow more seldom injec-
 tions or lower dosing, which is clearly advantageous.” J.A.
 131 (¶ 5). The ARP credited the Board’s reference to this
 section of the specification and “not[ed] repeated reference
 to beneficial use of the invention as applied to antibodies in
 clinical trials or otherwise intended for therapeutic
 use/treatment.” J.A. 13. In this way, the specification
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                        13



 gives further color to the language of the claims and the
 understanding we have of the language as limiting.
     The ARP therefore correctly determined that “treating
 a patient” is limiting in the context of the claim 9 preamble.
                               2
     We next address whether the ’690 application satisfies
 the written description requirement for “treating a pa-
 tient.” Substantial evidence supports the ARP’s determi-
 nation that it does not.
      To assess whether the written description support for
 “treating a patient” is sufficient, it is necessary to under-
 stand the scope of this limitation. The ARP acknowledged
 Xencor’s argument that “treating” does not require a par-
 ticular effectiveness or result, and we agree. But while no
 specific amount of efficacy is claimed, and therefore no spe-
 cific amount of efficacy requires written description sup-
 port, the ARP also correctly observed that the application
 “does not define the term ‘treating,’ and it does not describe
 or provide any data associated with treating any patient
 with any disease or condition with any anti-C5 antibody,
 including an anti-C5 antibody with the claimed Fc modifi-
 cations.” J.A. 16. Because the specification did not limit
 the treatment to any specific disease, “‘treating a patient’
 means ‘treating all patients and all diseases.’” J.A. 18. We
 agree with this analysis as well.
     The ARP then comprehensively addressed whether
 there was written description for treating a patient:
     The Specification does not describe what patients
     with what diseases or conditions can be success-
     fully treated with an anti-C5 antibody possessing
     the claimed Fc modifications. Nor is there a single
     working example describing treatment of patients
     with a disease or condition with an anti-C5 anti-
     body possessing the claimed Fc modifications. At
     best, the Specification lists three classes of
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 14                                         IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




      diseases/conditions that might benefit from admin-
      istration of various antibodies with an Fc modifica-
      tion, and lists various unmodified antibodies,
      including an anti-C5 antibody (5G1.1), that could
      be modified and used to that end.
 J.A. 26. This disclosure, it found, was “inadequate to
 demonstrate possession of a method of treating any partic-
 ular disease/condition with the claimed anti-C5 antibodies,
 let alone all diseases/conditions within the three enumer-
 ated classes.” J.A. 26–27. Specific to claim 9, which is lim-
 ited to the anti-C5 antibody 5G1.1 and equivalents thereof,
 the ARP found that the specification likewise did not
 demonstrate possession of even the use of 5G1.1 in treating
 a patient—“the Specification does not describe treating any
 disease or condition with an anti-C5 antibody, and merely
 mentions three general classes of diseases/conditions as
 possible avenues to pursue.” J.A. 38.
     Substantial evidence supports this finding. For in-
 stance, as the ARP stated, the specification does not in-
 clude any example of treating a disease or condition with
 an anti-C5 antibody. This is in comparison to other exam-
 ples in the specification, such as a description of how to ad-
 minister IgG antibodies in cancer treatment. Moreover,
 Xencor only presented evidence of trials—that had already
 been discontinued when they were submitted—studying
 the use of eculizumab, which was not sufficient to show
 eculizumab was used to treat those diseases, let alone all
 diseases.
     Xencor does not point to any error of fact the Board or
 the ARP made.8 Instead, it reiterates its argument that



      8   Neither party suggests that the originally filed
 claims provide written description support for the limita-
 tions at issue. Allergan USA, Inc. v. MSN Lab’ys Priv. Ltd.,
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                       15



 the “claim does not require the treatment to be effective,”
 that the claim merely requires the intent of treatment. Ap-
 pellant’s Opening Br. at 30–31. Contrary to Xencor’s argu-
 ment, the ARP did not import any requirements, including
 efficacy. The ARP merely required that the application
 demonstrate that the applicant had possession of a method
 of treating a patient with 5G1.1 and its equivalents and
 found it did not.
                           Claim 8
                              1
      The question arising with respect to claim 8 is whether
 the preamble of a Jepson claim requires written descrip-
 tion, and if so, whether Xencor’s application contained suf-
 ficient written description for said preamble.9 Xencor
 argues that because the “invention” in a Jepson claim is the
 improvement, it needed only to have written description for
 that improvement—here, everything other than the pre-
 amble. It argues that because the sufficiency of the written
 description supporting its improvement has never been
 doubted, the Board erred as a matter of law. The Director
 responds that Jepson claim preambles are part of the in-
 vention and, therefore, require written description. The
 Director further contends that Xencor’s application does
 not have this written description because it does not con-
 tain an adequate description in the specification and




 

111 F.4th 1358, 1374

 (Fed. Cir. 2024) (“Originally filed
 claims have long been held to be part of the specification to
 be considered in any § 112 analysis.”) (citing In re Gardner,
 

480 F.2d 879, 879

 (CCPA 1973)). Therefore, we do not con-
 sider this argument for any of the limitations at issue in
 claims 9 and 8.
     9   Xencor does not dispute that the preamble of its
 Jepson claim is limiting.
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 16                                           IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




 because the genus of anti-C5 antibodies was not well-
 known in the art.
     Pursuant to 

35 U.S.C. § 112

, a specification must “con-
 tain a written description of the invention . . . , in such full,
 clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person
 skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is
 most nearly connected, to make and use the same.” As we
 have previously noted, while
      claimed subject matter need not be described in
      haec verba in the specification to satisfy the writ-
      ten description requirement, it is also true that the
      requirement must still be met in some way so as to
      describe the claimed invention so that one skilled
      in the art can recognize what is claimed.
 Univ. of Rochester v. G.D. Searle & Co., Inc., 

358 F.3d 916

,
 922–23 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks and ci-
 tation omitted). Such a description is context-specific:
 “[T]he level of detail required to satisfy the written descrip-
 tion requirement varies depending on the nature and scope
 of the claims and on the complexity and predictability of
 the relevant technology.” Ariad Pharms., Inc. v. Eli Lilly
 & Co., 

598 F.3d 1336, 1351

 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see also Univ.
 of Rochester, 

358 F.3d at 923

 (explaining that merely stat-
 ing “automobile” in a claim would not have been sufficient
 written description at the time of invention of the automo-
 bile).
     We agree with the ARP that a Jepson claim preamble
 requires written description. This is because when the Jep-
 son form is employed, the claim preamble is used “to define
 the claimed invention, thereby limiting claim scope.” Cat-
 alina Mktg. Int’l, 

289 F.3d at 808

; see Rowe, 

112 F.3d at 479

 (“When [the Jepson] form is employed, the claim
 preamble defines not only the context of the claimed inven-
 tion, but also its scope.”); Pentec, Inc. v. Graphic Controls
 Corp., 

776 F.2d 309, 315

 (Fed. Cir. 1985) (“Although a pre-
 amble is impliedly admitted to be prior art when a Jepson
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                         17



 claim is used, . . . the claimed invention consists of the pre-
 amble in combination with the improvement.”) (internal ci-
 tations omitted). In other words, the Jepson claim
 invention is the totality of what is set out in the claim, just
 as it is for a non-Jepson claim. The invention is not only
 the claimed improvement, but the claimed improvement as
 applied to the prior art, so the inventor must provide writ-
 ten description sufficient to show possession of the claimed
 improvement to what was known in the prior art.
     While a Jepson claim is directed to the improvement it
 makes to the prior art, the claim is a singular thing and
 cannot be separated; its totality is what must have written
 description support, which necessarily includes support
 sufficient to lead an ordinary artisan to understand that
 the inventor did, indeed, possess what the patent contends
 was in the prior art.
     If we were to accept Xencor’s argument, we would be
 doing away with the requirement that the written descrip-
 tion “clearly allow persons of ordinary skill in the art to
 recognize that [the inventor] invented what is claimed.”
 Ariad, 

598 F.3d at 1351

 (alteration in original). “[W]ritten
 description requires that the specification reasonably con-
 vey to those skilled in the art that the inventor had posses-
 sion of the claimed invention as of the filing date.” United
 Therapeutics Corp. v. Liquidia Techs., Inc., 

74 F.4th 1360, 1370

 (Fed. Cir. 2023). If an inventor were permitted to
 simply assert, without showing, that she possessed what is
 claimed to be in the prior art, she might be able, improp-
 erly, to obtain a patent on something she does not actually
 possess.
     A patentee cannot be permitted to use a Jepson claim
 to avoid the requirement that she be in possession of the
 claimed invention simply by asserting something is well-
 known in the art. For example, a patentee cannot obtain a
 Jepson claim with a preamble that says that a time ma-
 chine is well-known in the art without describing a time
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 18                                         IN RE: XENCOR, INC.




 machine, in sufficient detail to make clear to a person of
 ordinary skill in the art that the inventor is in possession
 of such a time machine. Adoption of Xencor’s position
 would leave the patent system vulnerable to such abuse.
                               2
     To provide adequate written description for a Jepson
 claim, the applicant must establish that what is claimed to
 be well-known in the prior art is, in fact, well-known in the
 prior art. What matters, as with all written description in-
 quiries, is the disclosure in the patent (or patent applica-
 tion) itself, but the finder of fact conducting the written
 description inquiry may consider evidence outside the pa-
 tent to understand what a person of ordinary skill in the
 art would have known as of the pertinent date. The
 amount and content of the disclosure that is necessary to
 supply an adequate written description will vary depend-
 ing on factors including the level of knowledge of the person
 of ordinary skill in the art, the unpredictability of the art,
 and the newness of the technology. For example, while us-
 ing the claim term “automobile” in the nineteenth century
 would have been insufficient without extensive explana-
 tion in the specification, the same term today in a patent
 directed to mechanical engineering is likely to be well-
 known and need no further elaboration. See Univ. of Roch-
 ester, 

358 F.3d at 923

.
     Here, the ARP and the Board, serving as fact-finders,
 determined that Xencor had not established that the limi-
 tation in the Jepson preamble, the anti-C5 antibodies, was
 well-known in the art. The Board found that Xencor’s ex-
 pert was not credible and that none of the other evidence
 indicated that anti-C5 antibodies were well-known in the
 art, and the ARP agreed. The ARP summarized the
 Board’s findings as follows: “the Board found that the ex-
 amples of anti-C5 antibodies in the prior art were insuffi-
 cient to establish that anti-C5 antibodies were well-known
 and thus did not require further written description
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 IN RE: XENCOR, INC.                                       19



 support in the Specification.” J.A. 23–24. With respect to
 Xencor’s expert, the Board held that “Dr. Dahiyat does not
 explain how the publications, coupled with the [disclosure]
 of the 5G 1.1 antibody in the Specification, convey posses-
 sion of the full scope of the claimed genus.” J.A. 83. The
 ARP agreed, pointing to the large number of possible anti-
 bodies in the genus and finding no evidence that they were
 well-known in art. The Board and the ARP also deter-
 mined that Xencor had not otherwise shown adequate writ-
 ten description support.
      Xencor does not argue that there was any error in the
 Board’s determination or in that of the ARP. Instead, as
 we have explained, Xencor contends that the invention was
 the “specific improvement to treating patients”—and that
 it did not need to provide written description for what was
 already in the prior art. Appellant’s Opening Br. at 16–17;
 see also id. at 39 (“If the inventor provides a written de-
 scription of the improvement, then nothing more should be
 required.”). As discussed above, this position is unavailing.
      Because the Board’s findings are supported by substan-
 tial evidence, and even Xencor does not contend otherwise,
 our legal conclusion regarding the necessity of written de-
 scription for Jepson claims compels us to affirm.
                        CONCLUSION
     We have considered Xencor’s other arguments and find
 them unpersuasive. For the reasons stated above, we af-
 firm the ARP’s decision.
                        AFFIRMED