Opinion · Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit

Friedman's, Incorporated American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida American Bankers Life Assurance Company of Florida v. James Dunlap

Friedman's, Inc. Am. Bankers Ins. Co. of Fla. Am. Bankers Life Assurance Co. of Fla. v. James Dunlap, 290 F.3d 191 (4th Cir. 2002)

Type
Opinion
Court
Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
2002-05-09
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • recognizing court’s . 2 ability to raise mootness sua sponte because it “goes to the heart of the Article III jurisdiction of the courts”
  • noting that because the Rooker–Feldman doctrine is jurisdictional, it may be raised by the court sua sponte
  • explaining that a claim for injunctive relief is moot when “there is no effective relief available in federal court that [the plaintiff] has not already received”
  • "[T]he question of whether we are presented with a live case or controversy is a question we may raise sua sponte."
  • "Because the Rooker - Feldman doctrine is jurisdictional, we are obliged to address it before proceeding further in our analysis."
  • A case becomes moot “when the claimant received the relief he or she sought to obtain through the claim”
  • “[O]ne such circumstance mooting a claim arises when the claimant receives the relief he or she sought to obtain through the claim.”
  • “One such circumstance mooting a claim arises when the claimant receives the relief he or she sought to obtain through the claim.”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Friedman's, Incorporated American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida American Bankers Life Assurance Company of Florida v. James Dunlap. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
161 opinions
FRIEDMAN'S INC. v. DUNLAP,290 F.3d 191(4th Cir. 2002)
FRIEDMAN'S, INCORPORATED; American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida;
American Bankers Life Assurance Company of Florida, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. James DUNLAP, Defendant-Appellee.
No. 01-1407.
United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit.
Argued December 4, 2001.
Decided May 9, 2002.
Appeal from the United District Court for the Southern District of West Virginia, Charles H. Haden II, Chief District Judge.Page 192
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.]Page 193
ARGUED:Charles Leslie Woody, Spilman, Thomas Battle, P.L.L.C., Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellants. John William Barrett, The Grubb Law Group, Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.ON BRIEF:Gregory R. Hanthorn, Jones, Day, Reavis Pogue, Atlanta, Georgia; Farrokh Jhabvala, Jorden Burt, L.L.P., Miami, Florida; P. Michael Pleska, Bowles, Rice, McDavid, Graff Love, P.L.L.C., Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellants. John W. Barrett, The Grubb Law Group, Charleston, West Virginia; Brian A. Glasser, Bailey Glasser, L.L.P., Charleston, West Virginia, for Appellee.
Before NIEMEYER, MOTZ, and TRAXLER, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Judge TRAXLER wrote the majority opinion, in which Judge DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ joined. Judge NIEMEYER wrote a dissenting opinion.
OPINION
TRAXLER, Circuit Judge.
Appellants Friedman's, Inc., American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida, and American Bankers Life Assurance Company of Florida (collectively "Friedman's") brought an action against Appellee James Dunlap under the Federal Arbitration Act,see9 U.S.C.A. §§ 1-16(West 1999), to compel arbitration of Dunlap's state court claims against Friedman's. The district court concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction because thePage 194amount in controversy did not satisfy the $75,000 threshold for federal diversity jurisdiction.See28 U.S.C.A. § 1332(a) (West 1993 Supp. 2001). We agree this action should be dismissed on jurisdictional grounds, but on slightly different reasoning.
I.
James Dunlap financed a ring for purchase in the amount of $412.66 from Friedman's, Inc., a jewelry company. Dunlap alleges that as part of the transaction he was required to sign a retail installment contract that included, without Dunlap's knowledge, additional charges for "credit life, credit disability and/or property insurance," J.A. 21, and that these insurance products were provided by American Bankers Insurance Company of Florida (ABICF) and American Bankers Life Assurance Company of Florida (ABLACF). He filed an action in West Virginia state court against Friedman's, four employees of Friedman's, and these insurance companies, alleging various claims under state law and seeking actual and punitive damages.1

The retail installment contract contained an arbitration clause that purported to eliminate punitive damages:
14. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION: All disputes, controversies or claims of any kind or nature between Buyer and Seller, arising out of or in connection with the sale of goods financed or refinanced pursuant to the terms of this Agreement, . . . or with respect to negotiation of, inducement to enter into, construction of, performance of, enforcement of, or breach of, effort to collect the debt evidenced by, the applicability of the arbitration clause in, or the validity of this Agreement . . . shall be resolved by arbitration in the state in which this Agreement is entered into . . . in accordance with the Commercial Arbitration Rules of the American Arbitration Association, and judgment upon the award rendered by the arbitrator may be entered in any court having jurisdiction thereof. . . . No arbitrator may make an award of punitive damages.


J.A. 67.

Based on this arbitration clause, the defendants in the West Virginia state court action moved for the state court to order arbitration. Dunlap contended that he never agreed to the arbitration provision in the installment sales contract. The defendants urged the state court to order arbitration based, at least in part, on the Federal Arbitration Act.

While that motion and Dunlap's underlying claims were pending in state court, Friedman's brought this action in district court to compel arbitration of Dunlap's claims pursuant to the Federal Arbitration Act.See9 U.S.C.A. §§ 1-16. Dunlap raised in federal court the same defense to the arbitration clause that he raised in state court, and the parties agree that the Federal Arbitration Act applies in both the state and federal actions.

Dunlap moved to dismiss Friedman's federal action to compel arbitration for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, arguing that the action did not meet the amount in controversy requirement for federal jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship.See28 U.S.C.A. § 1332(a).2The districtPage 195court granted Dunlap's motion and dismissed the action to compel arbitration. Focusing on the bar to punitive damages contained in the arbitration clause, the district court concluded that the arbitrator would be limited to awarding an amount for actual damages and statutory penalties. The district court found that "the possible award that might reasonably result from arbitration, were the petition granted, will not exceed eight thousand dollars ($8,000)." J.A. 127. Thus, the district court held that Friedman's, ABICF and ABLACF "failed to bring forward competent proof to satisfy their burden that the amount in controversy with regard to Dunlap's claims, which might reasonably be awarded in the arbitration that they seek, exceeds [$75,000]." J.A. 127. Less than two weeks after the district court entered its order of dismissal, the West Virginia state court granted Friedman's motion to compel arbitration. Friedman's, ABICF and ABLACF now appeal the district court's dismissal of the action to compel arbitration under the Federal Arbitration Act.
II.
The district court concluded that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction because the amount in controversy failed to reach the $75,000 threshold to federal court. We also conclude that federal jurisdiction is lacking, but we need not reach the amount in controversy issue in coming to this conclusion inasmuch as another jurisdictional defect exists.3

Despite getting in state court what it is now seeking in federal court — an order that Dunlap's underlying claims be submitted to arbitration — Friedman's still insists that we can and should permit his federal lawsuit to continue. Indeed, Friedman's argued to the state court that it was required by the Federal Arbitration Act to enforce the arbitration clause and order the parties to arbitration on Dunlap's claims, which is all that Friedman's argues in federal court.4Friedman's argues that the federal action should continue because Dunlap has appealed the state court's order to arbitrate to the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. In other words, Friedman's is hedging its bets: it wants a federal order compelling arbitration at the ready in case the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals decides that Dunlap's claims are not subject to arbitration and reverses the decision of the lower state court.

That is not something we can do under theRooker-Feldmandoctrine. Although theRooker-Feldmandoctrine was not discussed by the parties, it too is a jurisdictional doctrine that may be raised by the courtsua sponte, see Jordahl v.Democratic Party of Va.,122 F.3d 192,197n. 5 (4th Cir. 1997), and may be consideredPage 196for the first time on appeal,see Plyler v. Moore,129 F.3d 728,731n. 6 (4th Cir. 1997). Because theRooker-Feldmandoctrine is jurisdictional, we are obliged to address it before proceeding further in our analysis.See Stanton v. District ofColumbia Court of Appeals,127 F.3d 72,75(D.C. 1997) ("Because it is jurisdictional, wefirstconsider theRooker-Feldmandoctrine. . . ." (emphasis added));Neal v. Wilson,112 F.3d 351,356(8th Cir. 1997) (explaining that "to the extent that any portion of [the] complaint survived the jurisdictional bar of theRooker-Feldmandoctrine, the district court correctly ruled thatYoungerabstention was warranted").

TheRooker-Feldmandoctrine5generally prohibits lower federal courts from reviewing state court decisions; "rather, jurisdiction to review such decisions lies exclusively with superior state courts and, ultimately, the United States Supreme Court."Plyler,129 F.3d at 731. Under theRooker-Feldmandoctrine, lower federal courts may not consider either "issues actually presented to and decided by a state court" or "constitutional claims that are inextricably intertwined with questions ruled upon by a state court."Id.(internal quotation marks omitted). Federal courts are divested of jurisdiction "where entertaining the federal claim should be the equivalent of an appellate review of the state court order."Jordahl,122 F.3d at 202(alterations and internal quotation marks omitted).Rooker-Feldmanapplies when the federal action "essentially amounts to nothing more than an attempt to seek review of [the state court's] decision by a lower federal court."Plyler,129 F.3d at 733. Thus, "when a party sues in federal district court to read-judicate the same issues decided in the state court proceedings, that action is in essence an attempt to obtain direct review of the state court decision . . . in contravention ofRooker-Feldman." Brown Root,211 F.3d at 201. The label attached to the federal court action will rarely, if ever, be important, since a party that is seeking in federal court to readjudicate an issue decided in state court is unlikely to say so.

TheRooker-Feldmandoctrine is premised largely upon28 U.S.C.A. § 1257(a), which "[t]he Rooker-Feldman doctrine interprets . . . as ordinarily barring direct review in the lower federal courts of a decision reached by thehigheststate court."ASARCO, Inc. v. Kadish,490 U.S. 605,622,109 S.Ct. 2037,104 L.Ed.2d 696(1989) (emphasis added). However, we view the doctrine to also preclude review of adjudications by lower state courts as well.See Jordahl,122 F.3d at 199("[T]heRooker-Feldmandoctrine precludes not only review of adjudications of the state's highest court, but also the decisions of its lower courts."). Thus, the fact that the decision of a state court is winding its way through the state appellate system does not subject it to federal review in the meantime.See id.at 202 ("TheRooker-Feldmandoctrine is in no way dependent upon the temporal procedural posture of the state court judgment. . . .").

From these general principles, it follows that Friedman's is essentially asking the federal courts to sit in review of a West Virginia state court that has already ruled on the arbitrability of Friedman's claims. InBrown Root, Inc. v. Breckenridge,211 F.3d 194(4th Cir. 2000), a West Virginia state court determined that claimsPage 197brought against Brown Root by two employees under the West Virginia Human Rights Act were not subject to arbitration, and the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals affirmed the denial of Brown Root's motion to compel arbitration. We concluded that Brown Root's subsequent action in federal court under the Federal Arbitration Act was impermissible under theRooker-Feldmandoctrine because Brown Root's "complaint [sought] precisely the same relief denied by the state trial court."Id.at 200. We rejected Brown Root's argument thatRooker-Feldmandid not apply because the state court order "was based solely on [an] interpretation of West Virginia state law,"id.(internal quotation marks omitted), and because the state court's order did not mention the Federal Arbitration Act,seeid.at 201. In fact, the Federal Arbitration Act had been argued during the state proceedings, and we concluded thatRooker-Feldmanrequires only "a reasonable opportunity to raise [an] Federal Arbitration Act claim in state court."Id.at 202.

In this case, Friedman's federal action seeks precisely the same relief that it sought — andreceived— in its motion to compel arbitration in the state court. As previously noted, Friedman's relied on the Federal Arbitration Act, at least to some extent, in its successful argument in state court. Basically, Friedman's is asking the federal courts to decide precisely the same issue already decided by a West Virginia state court.

Moreover, Friedman's has not identified any relief that an arbitration order from federal district court would afford him that the state court's arbitration order does not. Indeed, there is no effective relief available in federal court that Friedman's has not already received in state court. The Constitution limits the jurisdiction of federal courts to actual "Cases" or "Controversies."SeeU.S. Const., art.III, §2, cl.1. "To qualify as a case fit for federal-court adjudication, an actual controversy must be extant at all stages of review, not merely at the time the complaint is filed."Arizonans for Official Englishv. Arizona,520 U.S. 43,67,117 S.Ct. 1055,137 L.Ed.2d 170(1997) (internal quotation marks omitted). The parties did not raise the issue of mootness, but the question of whether we are presented with a live case or controversy is a question we may raisesua sponte"since mootness goes to the heart of the Article III jurisdiction of the courts."Suarez Corp. Indus. v.McGraw,125 F.3d 222,228(4th Cir. 1997). "When circumstances change from the time the suit is filed to the time of appeal, so that the appellate court can no longer serve the intended harm-preventing function or has no effective relief to offer, the controversy is no longer live and must be dismissed as moot."County Motors v. General Motors Corp.,278 F.3d 40,43(1st Cir. 2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). Generally speaking, one such circumstance mooting a claim arises when the claimant receives the relief he or she sought to obtain through the claim.See Broughton v. North Carolina,717 F.2d 147,149(4th Cir. 1983) (per curiam). Thus, when a state court orders the same relief sought by the plaintiff in a parallel federal action, there is no longer a live controversy and the parallel federal claim is moot.See Simpson v. Camper,974 F.2d 1030,1031(8th Cir. 1992) (case was moot where state court granted "precisely the same relief" that was requested in federal action);New Yorkv. Seneci,817 F.2d 1015,1017(2d Cir. 1987) (claim dismissed where separate state court action provided all relief requested in federal action).Page 198

In sum, this action does not belong in federal court. Regardless of what occurs in the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals, the federal courts lack jurisdiction, on the basis ofRooker-Feldman,mootness or both. Accordingly, we affirm the district court's dismissal for lack of jurisdiction.AFFIRMED.
NIEMEYER, Circuit Judge, dissenting:
On James Dunlap's motion to dismiss this action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction under28 U.S.C. § 1332(conferring diversity jurisdiction), the district court found and concluded that "it lack[ed] subject matter jurisdiction because the amount in controversy regarding Dunlap's individual claim has not been shown to exceed the jurisdictional threshold [of $75,000]." Accordingly, it dismissed the complaint and closed the file. Although Dunlap suggested alternatively that the district court should abstain under the doctrine ofColorado River WaterConservation District v. United States,424 U.S. 800,96 S.Ct. 1236,47 L.Ed.2d 483(1976), the district court never reached that issue because of its ruling on the jurisdictional issue.

The only issue raised on appeal is whether the jurisdictional amount required by28 U.S.C. § 1332has been satisfied under the principles ofSt. Paul Mercury Indemnity Company v. Red CabCompany,303 U.S. 283,288-89,58 S.Ct. 586,82 L.Ed. 845(1938) ("[T]he sum claimed by the plaintiff controls [for satisfying the jurisdictional amount] if the claim is apparently made in good faith. It must appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount to justify dismissal" (footnotes omitted)). Without addressing the only issue presented to us, stating that "we need not reach the amount in controversy issue," the majority raises and decides the application of theRooker-Feldmandoctrine, based on the decisions inD.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman,460 U.S. 462,103 S.Ct. 1303,75 L.Ed.2d 206(1983), andRooker v. FidelityTrust Co.,263 U.S. 413,44 S.Ct. 149,68 L.Ed. 362(1923).

Because I believe that the district court had subject matter jurisdiction under28 U.S.C. § 1332, I would reverse and remand to permit the district court to decide, in the first instance, any other issues that the parties may raise, such as whether, underColorado River,the district court should abstain. This is particularly prudent in this case because of the lack of record evidence about the status of state court proceedings and doubt about the applicability of theRooker-Feldmandoctrine.

Friedman's, Inc. and the insurance companies commenced this action under § 4 of the Federal Arbitration Act,9 U.S.C. § 4, to compel arbitration of Dunlap's claims. This action is essentially a parallel "backup" suit to the state action where arbitration has already been compelled. Jurisdiction of this action is not conferred by the Federal Arbitration Act itself. Rather, the Act focuses the jurisdictional inquiry on whether the district court would have had jurisdiction if no arbitration clause had been applicable. The first sentence of § 4 specifically so provides:
A party aggrieved by the alleged failure, neglect, or refusal of another to arbitrate under a written agreement for arbitration may petition any United States district court which,save for suchagreement, would have jurisdiction under Title 28,in a civil action or in admiralty of the subject matter of a suit arising out of the controversy between the parties, for an order directing that such arbitration proceed in the manner provided for in such agreement.
Page 1999 U.S.C. § 4(emphasis added). Thus, rather than focusing attention on the scope and nature of the arbitration commanded by agreement, § 4 directs that jurisdiction be determined by the nature and scope of thecontroversy underlyingthe arbitration agreement. While an arbitration agreement may limit the scope of the arbitration by limiting the amount of any award to an amount that is less than the jurisdictional amount, it is the nature and scope of thecontroversyunderlying the arbitration, not the potential arbitration award, that is considered for determining jurisdictional amount.See Doctor's Assocs., Inc. v. Hamilton,150 F.3d 157,160-61(2d Cir. 1998). The facts inHamiltonare remarkably similar to those before us, and I see no reason to reach a contrary result. The plaintiff inHamiltonalleged that a franchise agreement had been entered into pursuant to fraud, demanding $1 million from the franchisor, a sum well in excess of the $75,000 jurisdictional minimum. The franchise agreement, however, had an arbitration clause limiting damages in arbitration to $50,000. In concluding that the underlying controversy, not the scope of the agreed-to arbitration, determined the jurisdictional amount, the Second Circuit instructed that district courts must "look through" the arbitration award to the underlying cause of action to determine whether the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.Id.at 160.

In the case before us, the controversy centered around (1) Dunlap's purchase of a ring from Friedman's, Inc., (2) the financing of the purchase, and (3) the inclusion of credit life and property insurance. Alleging that the purchase of insurance was concealed from him, Dunlap asserted a host of statutory violations, claiming penalties and other damages, including punitive damages. While the strict, contractual amounts involved were less than $75,000, Dunlap's request for punitive damages led to his claim for over $1 million.

There is no evidence in the record that Dunlap's claim in the underlying controversy was not made in good faith, and there is no suggestion by either the parties or the district court that it was "a legal certainty that [Dunlap's] claim [was] really for less than the jurisdictional amount."St. Paul Mercury,303 U.S. at 289,58 S.Ct. 586. Indeed, unless Friedman's, Inc. and the insurance companies are successful in compelling arbitration, there would be no legal limitation on the amount of Dunlap's claim. Rather than focusing on the underlying controversy, however, the district court focused on what could have been recovered from the arbitration, noting that the arbitration did not provide for punitive damages. Accordingly, the district court erroneously dismissed this case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, overlooking the express command of9 U.S.C. § 4that jurisdiction be determined from the underlying controversy "save for such [arbitration] agreement."

Not only has the majority failed to address subject matter jurisdiction — a necessary, first requirement,see Steel Co. v.Citizens for Better Environment,523 U.S. 83,94,118 S.Ct. 1003,140 L.Ed.2d 210(1998) ("On every writ of error or appeal, the first and fundamental question is that of jurisdiction, first, of this court, and then of the court from which the record comes" (quotingEx Parte McCardle,7 Wall. 506, 514,19 L.Ed. 264(1869))) — it has also introduced an issue not decided below and not briefed by the parties on appeal, a particularly risky proposition when it is doubtful that theRooker-Feldmandoctrine even applies in this case. First, Dunlap, who would be the party to assert the doctrine, won dismissal of his case on subject-matter jurisdictional grounds. He, therefore, would not be asserting what thePage 200majority has asserted for him. Moreover, he could not be seeking to apply theRooker-Feldmandoctrine because it was the plaintiffs (Friedman's, Inc. and the insurance companies) who filed this action as a parallel backup to the state court's decision, not Dunlap. This action cannot fit the premise that it was commenced to review a state court judgment.

Second, we have no record of the status of state court proceedings or the arbitration ordered in those proceedings.

Finally, because theRooker-Feldmandoctrine addresses the route to be taken forappealsof state court judgments, denying any route that takes appeals to lower federal courts, the doctrine addresses, with rare exception, efforts to review final state judgments.See Feldman,460 U.S. at 482,103 S.Ct. 1303(articulating the principle: "a United States District Court has no authority to reviewfinal judgmentsof a state court in judicial proceedings. Review of such judgments may be had only in this Court" (emphasis added)). This action does not seek to review any state judgment; it seeks to obtain in federal courtthe samerelief already obtained in state court. The fundamental purpose of theRooker-Feldmandoctrine — to prohibit appeals to federal courtto reviewa state court judgment — cannot be fulfilled in an action, not seeking to review a state court judgment, but to reinforce it with a parallel federal judgment.

Recognizing the circumstances that undermine application of theRooker-Feldmandoctrine — i.e., the plaintiff does not seektoreviewa state court judgment but rather to seek the same relief — the majority moves for cover, without explanation, to the doctrine of mootness. The majority opinion makes the transition as follows:
Friedman's federal action seeks precisely the same relief that it sought —and received— in its motion to compel arbitration in the state court.


* * * * * * *
Friedman's has not identified any relief that an arbitration order from federal district court would afford him that the state court's arbitration order does not. Indeed, there is no effective relief available in federal court that Friedman's has not already received in state court.


The majority then concludes that this case is moot.

But the majority's application of the doctrine of mootness is even more profoundly flawed than its application of theRooker-Feldmandoctrine. Mootness can apply only "when the issues presented are no longer `live' or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome."Powell v.McCormack,395 U.S. 486,496,89 S.Ct. 1944,23 L.Ed.2d 491(1969). The issue of whether the parties are required to arbitrate in this case is still "live" because the issue is still pending before the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals. Moreover, neither party has raised mootness as a defense and the record does not contain any evidence that supports mootness. As such, I respectfully submit that we cannot rely on that doctrine to dismiss the appeal.

But even if the West Virginia Supreme Court were to affirm the order to arbitrate this case, then the appropriate principle to apply would be eitherres judicataor full faith and credit, as provided for under28 U.S.C. § 1738. As the record is now constituted, however, we can only conclude that a live controversy continues to exist between the parties.

Thus, the majority's inappropriate application of two distinct doctrines does not somehow eliminate the deficiency in applying either doctrine. Neither theRooker-Feldmandoctrine nor the doctrine ofPage 201mootness applies in this case, and there is no precedent to support application of either to the circumstances of this case.

Judicial restraint and wisdom urge that we address the issue raised on appeal and remand this case to the district court to consider and decide any other matter that the parties may raise. Any other course unnecessarily threatens our judicial system's concept of dual sovereignty.

Because I would reverse the district court's judgment on jurisdictional grounds and remand, I respectfully dissent.
  1. Dunlap brought the action in West Virginia state court as the named plaintiff in a class action. Only Dunlap, however, is involved in this appeal. ↩
  2. Dunlap also urged the district court to abstain from exercising jurisdiction over the case, but the district court concluded that the question of whether one of the abstention doctrines applied was moot since federal jurisdiction was lacking. Additionally, Dunlap argued that Friedman's action should be dismissed because Friedman's failed to join necessary and indispensable parties to the litigation. The district court did not address this issue either. ↩
  3. We agree with our colleague that there was diversity and that the amount in controversy requirement was met. Even if this is so, however, federal courts have no authority to entertain this action, as we explain herein. ↩
  4. Our understanding of what theories the parties argued in state court is drawn from the parties' representations to the panel at oral argument. Both sides, however, agreed that the effect of the Federal Arbitration Act was argued in state court. Indeed, both Friedman's and Dunlap told us that West Virginia had no arbitration act of its own. Given that there is no dispute on this critical issue, we see nothing in this regard to clarify via a remand. ↩
  5. TheRooker-Feldmandoctrine was distilled from the Supreme Court's decisions inDistrict of Columbia Court ofAppeals v. Feldman,460 U.S. 462,103 S.Ct. 1303,75 L.Ed.2d 206(1983), andRooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.,263 U.S. 413,44 S.Ct. 149,68 L.Ed. 362(1923). ↩