Opinion · Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

Upson v. Otis

155 F.2d 606

Type
Opinion
Court
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1946-05-23
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • applying Delaware substantive law but noting that, under New York substantive law, directors may be held liable for conversion upon a breach of fiduciary duty

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UPSON v. OTIS,155 F.2d 606(2nd Cir. 1946)
UPSON v. OTIS et al.
No. 267.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
April 26, 1946.
As Revised on Denial of Rehearing May 23, 1946.
Page 607
Appeal from the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.

Stockholders' derivative action by George A. Upson against Edward V. Otis and others. From a judgment dismissing the complaint on the merits, George A. Miller and another appeal.

Reversed and remanded.

Plaintiff, Upson, brought this stockholders' derivative action as a stockholder of defendant British Type Investors, Inc. (B.T.I.), for the benefit of that corporation and its subsidiaries, the defendants Allied International Investing Corporation and Automatic Products Corporation, and for the benefit of the stockholders of those subsidiaries, against the individual defendants, the directors or officers of all or some of the corporations and Marie T. Tracey, wife of one of the individual defendants. The complaint, as amended, alleged the following:

All the corporate defendants are Delaware corporations. At all pertinent times, the defendants, Franklin, Otis and Hutchinson, were directors of all three corporations, the defendant Bailly-Blanchard was director of Allied, and the defendants Tracey, Kuth and Harrison were directors of Automatic. B.T.I. has two classes of stock, A and B. The holders of Class-B alone have voting power. All the outstanding B-stock was issued for less than $7,500. B.T.I. was a shareholder of Allied, which in turn was a shareholder of Automatic. Defendants Otis and Franklin and members of their families have at all times owned 85% of the Class-B stock of B.T.I. and B.T.I. owned more than 43% of the preferred stock and more than 59% of the common stock of Allied which in turn owned more than 38% of the outstanding stock of Automatic. Otis and Franklin have at all times dominated and controlled B.T.I. and, through it, have dominated and controlled Allied and Automatic, and have elected, designated and controlled the directors and officers of all three corporate defendants. Automatic authorized Otis and Franklin to examine and report on the possibility of the acquisition by Automatic from Allen B. DuMont Laboratories, Inc., of the latter's holdings of certain securities (including an option) of Majestic Radio Television Corporation. Thereafter, on January 23, 1943, defendants Otis and Franklin reported to Automatic that DuMont was not interested in selling said securities and option, and recommended no further consideration be given to the acquisition. Later, on April 26, 1943, Automatic purchased for the sum of $137,000 the securities and option aforesaid from DuMont and exercised the option for 100,000 shares of Majestic common stock for the sum of $100,000. The securities consisted of the equivalent of 194,414fn*shares of common stock of Majestic at an average cost to Automatic of $1.20 per share. The market value at the time was $1.50 per share. Otis, Franklin, Hutchinson, Kuth, Harrison and Tracey and their wives (including Marie L. Tracey) then caused Automatic to sell them 102,500 shares of Majestic stock at the price of $1.20 per share. These defendants did not at that time pay the purchase price of those shares, but caused Automatic to advance the sums necessary, without interest and without security other than the said stock. These individual defendants realized profits on the 102,500 shares of Majestic stock of about $175,000. The individual defendants caused Automatic, between January 23, 1943 and the date of Automatic's purchase from DuMont, to liquidate more than $200,000 of securities it owned, constituting more than 20% of itsPage 608assets. Between May 15 and June 4, 1943, at a time when Automatic had net assets of $8.16 per share for its 205,000 shares of common stock then outstanding, Otis and Franklin caused Automatic, through its directors, to execute agreements giving them the right to purchase 100,000 shares of Automatic unissued common stock at $4 per share. They then caused B.T.I. and Allied to engage in substantial stock trading, substantially increasing the market price of Automatic stock and enhancing the value of that option. The complaint prayed that the individual defendants be required to account for the profits realized by them and for all loss or damage caused to the corporate defendants; it also sought an injunction to prevent the exercise of the option on the Automatic common stock.

No answers were filed or served. Otis and Franklin cancelled their subscriptions for the purchase of the shares of Automatic, and returned the Automatic shares they had purchased on repayment to them of the purchase price of $4. As to the other matters alleged in the complaint, the individual defendants made offers of settlement which, if accepted, would lead to dismissal of the complaint. An order to show cause, procured by plaintiff, Upson, why this settlement should not be accepted, was served on the corporate defendants, and notice thereof was mailed to all their stockholders of record. Pursuant thereto a hearing was held in the court below, based upon the moving papers and affidavits. The appellants, holders of Class-A shares of B.T.I., appeared at the hearing by their counsel and objected to the settlement. After argument, the district judge entered an order approving the offers as "fair, adequate and reasonable," directing that the settlement be consummated in accordance with the terms of the offers, and dismissing the complaint on the merits. From that order appellants brought this appeal.

Of the 102,500 shares of Majestic, 71,500 had been purchased by Tracey and his wife, and 31,000 by the other individual defendants. The settlement offer was as follows: (1) Defendants Otis, Franklin, Hutchinson, Bailly-Blanchard, Kuth and Harrison were to return the 9,500 shares of Majestic stock still in their hands (upon repayment of $1.20 per share which they had paid Automatic for such stock) and to pay over to Automatic all the profits realized by them on their resale of 21,500 shares of Majestic stock, or $29,543.63. (2) Defendants Tracey and his wife were to pay over to Automatic all the profits realized by them on their resale of 41,500 shares of Majestic stock or $66,481.63, but were not to account for the proceeds of the balance of 30,000 shares purchased by them from Automatic. The offer made by the individual defendants other than the Traceys specifically required that the corporations give them releases of all claims with respect to all matters directly or indirectly covered by Upson's complaint; the Traceys' offer called for releases similar to those described in the other offer.

The affidavits showed that Tracey, as partial consideration for entering into an employment contract with Majestic, in December, 1941 had received an option from DuMont on 40,000 Majestic shares at an average price of $2.25 per share; that DuMont was unable to make its contract with Automatic unless this option was cancelled; and that Tracey, on April 21, 1943, had agreed to its cancellation and, on or about May 18, 1943, had received an option from Automatic on 10,000 Majestic shares at an average price of $2.25 per share.

In the oral argument before the district judge, counsel for the defendants other than Tracey said of the transaction with DuMont: "DuMont had been interested in the Majestic Company for some time and Franklin and Otis worked very closely with them. They had given to Mr. Tracey an option on their stock of Majestic Radio, but [in] the amount of 40,000 shares, there had been some talk about this acquiring of the stock but that had been dropped. The matter was taken up by the DuMont Company with Mr. Franklin but they insisted that Mr. Tracey's option would have to be taken care of and Mr. Tracey would have to release it. So Franklin said under those circumstances the only thing to do was to deal with Mr. Tracey." Counsel for Tracey said at that argument: "If your Honor please, Mr. Tracey was president of Majestic Radio. He was also a director of Automatic Products. Automatic Products owns or at thatPage 609time did own the controlling interest in Majestic Radio and when this stock was acquired from DuMont Mr. Tracey handled the negotiations. There was some question as to whom he was representing in the negotiations. The Majestic Radio people said he was their agent and that the entire deal — I mean the Automatic Products people said the entire deal should have been Automatic Products' because Mr. Tracey was a director of Automatic Products. However, Mr. Tracey was also and at the same time a partner in the Reeves Ely Laboratories and Mr. Raibourne who handled the negotiations on behalf of DuMont and in connection with the sale not only got in touch with Mr. Franklin of Automatic Products when he got ready to sell but he also got in touch with Mr. Ely of the Reeves Ely Laboratories and it seems Mr. Franklin referred Mr. Raibourne to Mr. Tracey and it seems Mr. Ely also referred Mr. Raibourne to Mr. Tracey. So when the deal was finally settled there was some disagreement when it was closed as to whom Mr. Tracey was representing. He took the position he was representing himself. Reeves Ely took the position he was representing them. Automatic Products took the position that he was their agent."

It was undisputed that, after the individual defendants had sold the Majestic stock acquired from Automatic, the market price of that stock had substantially increased.

Appellants assert that Allied and Automatic, in 1941, gave Tracey options on certain Majestic shares not here involved; that no adequate consideration was given by Tracey for those options; and that claims against Tracey on account of that transaction would be released by the releases which are part of his settlement offer.

In the oral argument in the district court, the following was shown: After the institution of this suit, Tracey filed an application before the S.E.C. for an order, under § 17(b) of the Investment Company Act of 1940, 15 U.S.C.A. § 80a — 17(b), exempting from the provisions of § 17(a)(2) of that Act his proposed exercise of certain options on Majestic stock given him by Automatic and Allied; the S.E.C., on April 27, 1945, made such an order; its accompanying opinion shows that it did not pass upon the transactions involved in the instant suit or upon Tracey's settlement offer made therein.

In that oral argument it was also disclosed that, before Upson began this suit (November 15, 1944), the S.E.C., on October 24, 1944, had filed in the court below a complaint (not found in this record) presumably against the same defendants, containing the same allegations and an allegation that Automatic had unlawfully failed, up to the filing of the complaint, to register under the Investment Company Act. It was said that in that complaint no money recovery was sought, the prayer being to enjoin exercise of the options on the Automatic stock, to compel Automatic to register, for relief for violations of § 17(a), and for the appointment of trustees or receivers for the three corporate defendants. It was also said that, as a result of negotiations with the S.E.C., Automatic subsequently registered, the options on the Automatic stock were cancelled, and B.T.I. had agreed to confer voting power on its Class-A stock; it was further said that, for these reasons and on the basis of the settlement offers made in the instant suit, the S.E.C. had agreed with the defendants in its suit to discontinue it and that, pursuant to a stipulation to that effect, the judge sitting in the S.E.C. suit had entered an order dismissing it with retention of jurisdiction for the purpose of making such an order as might be necessary in connection with the consummation of the plan to give voting power to holders of the Class-A stock of B.T.I.

The principal office of Automatic is in Delaware; all the meetings of its directors and stockholders shown in the record were held in Delaware; in particular, the directors' meeting which voted Tracey the option on 10,000 Majestic shares was held there. No other evidence appears in the record showing where the sales of the Majestic stock to the directors occurred.
Abraham Marcus, of New York City, for plaintiff-appellee.

Spence, Hotchkiss, Parker Duryee, of New York City (Kenneth M. Spence, ofPage 610New York City, and Leo T. Norville, of Chicago, Ill., Julius J. Teller and David B. Tolins, both of New York City, of counsel), for individual defendants-appellees.

Simpson, Thacher Bartlett of New York City (Robert H. O'Brien and Davis S. Junker, both of New York City, of counsel), for corporate defendants-appellees.

Samuel Marion, of New York City, for appellants.
Before L. HAND, SWAN and FRANK, Circuit Judges.
FRANK, Circuit Judge.
As Automatic had not registered under the Investment Company Act at the time of the occurrence of the transactions covered by the complaint, § 17(a) of that Act has no bearing here.1Under Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins,304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188, 114 A.L.R. 1487, we must therefore look to New York decisions. It would seem that they follow the usual conflict of laws rule in referring to Delaware "law" to determine the fiduciary obligations of directors of a Delaware corporation.2

The Delaware decisions are in accord with Irving Trust Company v. Deutsch, 2 Cir.,73 F.2d 121; see Guth v. Loft, Inc.,23 Del. Ch. 255, 5 A.2d 503, 511; cf. Bovay v. H.M. Byllesby Co., Del. Sup., 38 A.2d 808. Whether, on the facts now presented, the individual defendants would have been liable had they bought the Majestic stock from DuMont we need not consider.3For Automatic bought that stock from DuMont, and these directors not only bought it from Automatic but borrowed the purchase price from that company. Thus (on the facts as now presented), in the most flagrant and inexcusable manner, they violated their obvious fiduciary obligations. Even if New York internal "law" applied, the directors would be liable in such circumstances. See Blaustein v. Pan American Petroleum Co.,293 N.Y. 281,56 N.E.2d 705.

The Delaware courts, applying to wrongdoing directors the rules of accountability applicable to wrongdoing trustees, hold that a wrongful sale by directors to themselves of property owned by their corporation is treated as a conversion. Consequently, they hold that, where a director has improperly purchased stock from his company and then resold it, the company may elect either to hold the director for the profits he has made or ask a recovery which will restore the company "to the status quo ante as nearly as the facts and circumstances * * * will permit"; if it elects the latter, it may recover "the highest intermediate value of the stock from the time of its conversion up to a reasonable time after knowledge is acquired of the unlawfulPage 611act or conversion." Cahall v. Burbage,14 Del. Ch. 55, 121 A. 646, 649.

So far as appears on this record, the improper purchases by the directors of the Majestic stock from Automatic seem to have occurred in Delaware; if so, the Delaware rule as to damages applies. But it might be urged that, as the evidence concerning the place of those purchases is not clear, we should assume that they occurred in New York. Were that true, probably the New York courts would follow Delaware in treating those purchases as conversions, on the ground that the law of the place of incorporation determines the nature of the wrong; but, since the wrongs occurred in New York, the New York rule of damages in conversion cases would control. That rule, however, is the same as Delaware's. Baker v. Drake,53 N.Y. 211, 13 Am.Rep. 507; Griggs v. Day,158 N.Y. 1, 22,52 N.E. 692; Mayer v. Monzo,221 N.Y. 442, 117 N.E. 948. We reach the same result if we assume that the New York courts would apply New York internal "law" in determining the nature of the wrong. For New York, like Delaware, treats directors, for most purposes, as trustees; Continental Securities Co. v. Belmont,206 N.Y. 7, 16,99 N.E. 138, 51 L.R.A., N.S., 112, Ann.Cas. 1914A, 777; People ex rel. Manice v. Powell,201 N.Y. 194, 201,94 N.E. 634; and conduct by a trustee, similar to that of the directors here, is held in New York to call for damages as on a conversion. People ex rel. Manice v. Powell, supra; Hart v. Ten Eyck, 2 Johns.Ch. 62, 115, 116; Mooney v. Byrne,163 N.Y. 86, 96, 97,57 N.E. 163.

One way or another, then, the critical question is the date when a "reasonable time" began to run. Clearly here it ran from the time when Automatic was first able to take steps, independent of the domination of the individual defendants, to go into the market to purchase the number of shares unlawfully acquired and resold by those defendants. As the market price rose after the resales by those defendants and as the price rise occurred when Automatic was not free of the domination of these defendants,3Automatic would plainly be better off to elect to ask for recovery on the basis of the "highest intermediate value" rather than for the profits made by those defendants. We reject the suggestion that, if these defendants had not dominated Automatic, it might, at some earlier date, have sold the Majestic stock as the result of disinterested business judgment; since the misconduct of defendants renders it impossible to ascertain whether Automatic would have done so, they may not assert that it would or might.5It followsPage 612that, on the facts presented to the district judge, the liability of the individual defendants was indubitable and the amount of recovery beyond doubt greater than that offered in the settlement. Accordingly, it was an abuse of discretion to approve the settlement. This conclusion relates not only to the individual defendants other than Tracey but also to 31,500 of the shares bought by Tracey.

As to the other 40,000 shares which Tracey and his wife purchased, the situation is somewhat different. As, on the facts now presented, Tracey surrendered his option, previously obtained from DuMont, on 40,000 shares, in order to enable DuMont to sell to Automatic, there would have been no wrong, had he received from Automatic an option on 40,000 shares on the same terms as the surrendered option, i.e., at an average of $2.25 per share. He did receive such an option from Automatic as to 10,000; with respect thereto he is not liable. But the remaining 30,000, he bought from Automatic at a price of $1.20 per share. Consequently, on those shares, he made an unlawful profit of $1.05 a share or $31,500. As he showed no defense against that liability, to that extent the approval of the settlement also constituted an abuse of discretion.

Since the release which Tracey was to receive was not to be a general release, it would have had no effect on any claims against him with respect to the other options to which appellants refer; accordingly, we need not here consider the effect of the S.E.C. exemption order, which expressly excepted the transactions alleged in Upson's complaint. As the S.E.C. suit did not terminate in a decree on the merits, we need not consider whether, if it had, it would have barred recovery in the instant suit. Nor need we on this appeal explore the issue whether Automatic's sale of assets, the proceeds of which were used to buy the Majestic stock, was wrongful, and, if so, whether Majestic sustained resultant recoverable damages.

The district court's order must be vacated, with the consequence that the action will proceed as if no settlement had been offered. In the circumstances, appellants should be permitted to intervene.

Reversed and remanded.
On Petitions for Rehearing
PER CURIAM.
1. In their petitions for rehearing, the individual defendants state that "the theory of liability and the measure of damages adopted by this court was neither briefed nor argued in this court or below by any of the counsel in the case." But the fact is that, in the court below, counsel for appellants argued that these defendants were liable "on the theory of conversion," and in his brief here cited cases based on that theory. Counsel for plaintiff-appellee in his brief filed in this court, describing appellants' argument, said, "Basis for such rule of damage was stated to be `on the theory of conversion,'" and then proceeded for several pages to discuss decisions relating to "conversion of stock."

2. These defendants also object that in our opinion we said that they acquired the Majestic shares from Automatic; all the Majestic shares bought by these defendants, they now assert, were bought by them directly. Our version of the facts was based on the record as interpreted by and with the acquiescence of these defendants.

The record consists of (a) plaintiff's amended complaint, (b) a notice of the proposed settlement, (c) the proposed settlement, (d) affidavits, filed below, with attached exhibits, and (e) oral statements of counsel in the hearing in the district court, which preceded that court's order. That complaint, which is verified, explicitly states that Automatic had acquired the shares and sold them to these defendants;Page 613plaintiff's counsel so stated in an affidavit filed below. In a colloquy in the district court hearing, he made the following statement of the facts on which the settlement offers were based:

"Mr. Marcus: Thereafter the transaction occurred which is the subject of complaint in this first transaction and that is, Automatic was caused to purchase these securities and option from DuMont. * * *"

"The Court: I see. The transaction did go through?"

"Mr. Marcus: It did go through but apparently not entirely for the benefit of Automatic. * * *"

"The Court: That money was paid by Automatic?"

"Mr. Marcus: That money was paid by Automatic. And that occurred somewhere about the end of April or the beginning of May, 1943. The 194,000 shares were taken in and the defendants Otis and Franklin and their co-directors allotted 102,500 shares out of that 194,000 shares to themselves, their wives and associates. So that the 102,500 shares were diverted from Automatic to these individuals. * * *"

"The Court: At which point did the diversion take place? Before or after the consummation of the transaction?"

"Mr. Marcus: The transaction with DuMont was consummated and I believe it was simultaneously that these shares were allotted to the individuals by Automatic."

In his brief in this court, counsel for plaintiff-appellee repeated the allegation of the complaint and, in explaining the amounts offered in settlement, said, "Since stocks acquired by the defendants from others than Automatic were also sold by them, the calculation was based on the price of all the stocks sold by the defendants during the period there involved," which plainly meant that the shares in question here were acquired by the defendants from Automatic.

In their brief filed in this court, these defendants did not challenge the statements of counsel for plaintiff-appellee, nor did they suggest that the allegation of the complaint, as to their purchases from Automatic, was incorrect.1

Thus this appeal was argued with the record facts interpreted by the parties to mean that Automatic bought 192,909 Majestic shares,2and simultaneously sold to the individual defendants 102,500 of the shares thus acquired. The fact that, as stated by plaintiff's counsel to the court below, the transactions were simultaneous, explains the fact, indicated by exhibits in the record,3that stock certificates for 102,500 Majestic shares were transferred directly into the names of these defendants and their designees. Of course, if Automatic bought these shares and sold them to the defendants, it is immaterial that there were no formal transfers of the certificates into the name of Automatic; sales of shares are often made without such formal transfers.

In support of their contention, made in their petitions for rehearing, that these defendants acquired no Majestic shares from Automatic, they now stress an exhibit containing an extract from the minutes of a meeting of the Automatic Board of Directors held April 20, 1943, which stated that the company "had been given the opportunity to acquire, as part of a group," from DuMont, the 192,909 shares and that those shares "had been subscribed for by the undermentioned persons for payment on or before November 30, 1943"; there follows a list of "Subscriptions For Shares" which shows "subscriptions" for 102,500 shares by these defendants, 25,000 shares by Automatic, and other shares byPage 614Allied and B.T.I. Defendants now contend that this exhibit demonstrates that Automatic acquired merely 25,000 shares, and that the individual defendants acquired their Majestic shares directly, borrowing the needed funds from Automatic. But another extract from the minutes of the same meeting states the following:"The stock acquired by this corporation from theDuMont interests is subject to an option to E.A. Tracey topurchase 20,000 shares at $2 per share, and 20,000 shares at$2.50 per share."4Obviously, if Automatic itself acquired only 25,000 shares, that acquisition was not subject to options on 40,000 shares. The explanation of these minutes would seem to be that given by plaintiff-appellee's counsel in the district court, i.e., the acquisition by Automatic and the resales by it to these defendants occurred simultaneously.

3. We have not decided this appeal as if it were from a judgment on the merits. We have merely considered whether, on the facts presented to the court below, when it was asked to approve the settlement, there was sufficient doubt, in the light of the pertinent legal rules, about the liability and amount of damages to justify its approval order. In the district court, plaintiff and the defendants may now offer further proof in support of the settlement and then again ask for approval; or they may tender a different settlement for approval. In the alternative, they may seek judgment on the merits; any resulting decision will, of course, then turn on the correct legal rules applicable to the facts thus established.5

If they should seek approval in the district court of the present offers, or some others, they should have this in mind: (1) A record consisting in considerable part of colloquies between counsel and the judge is never satisfactory,6as we have several times advised the bar.7Indeed, on that ground alone we might have refused to affirm here. (2) Where court approval is asked of settlement of a suit by beneficiaries against fiduciaries, far more than a slight indication of doubt as to the likelihood of successful recovery in full against them is required; for equity closely scrutinizes settlements between fiduciaries and cestuis,8and, were the suit to go to trial, the fiduciaries would usually bear a heavy burden of proof as to all crucial issues.9To justify judicial sanction of such a settlement,Page 615the fiduciaries must make a fairly detailed disclosure of the evidence which, on a trial, they would use defensively.10

Petitions for rehearing denied.
  1. The correct figure was 192,909. ↩
  2. § 17(a) is 15 U.S.C.A. § 80a — 17(a) which reads as follows:

    "Transactions of certain affiliated persons and underwriters. (a) It shall be unlawful for any affiliated person or promoter of or principal underwriter for a registered investment company (other than a company of the character described in section 80a — 12(d)(3)(A) and (B), or any affiliated person of such a person, promoter, or principal underwriter, acting as principal —

    "(1) knowingly to sell any security or other property to such registered company or to any company controlled by such registered company, unless such sale involves solely (A) securities of which the buyer is the issuer, (B) securities of which the seller is the issuer and which are part of a general offering to the holders of a class of its securities, or (C) securities deposited with the trustee of a unit investment trust or periodic payment plan by the depositor thereof;

    "(2) knowingly to purchase from such registered company, or from any company controlled by such registered company, any security or other property (except securities of which the seller is the issuer); or

    "(3) to borrow money or other property from such registered company or from any company controlled by such registered company (unless the borrower is controlled by the lender) except as permitted in section 80a — 21(b)." ↩
  3. Restatement of Conflict of Laws, § 199; New York Annotations of Restatement of Conflict of Laws (1935) pp. 165, 166; German-American Coffee Co. v. Diehl (No. 2),86 Misc. 547, 149 N.Y.S. 413, affirmed168 App. Div. 913, 152 N.Y.S. 1113; Stratton v. Bertles,238 App. Div. 87, 263 N.Y.S. 466. See also German-American Coffee Co. v. Diehl,216 N.Y. 57,109 N.E. 875. ↩
  4. In all probability they would, under the Delaware decisions on the facts now before us. The same would seem to be true under the New York decisions. ↩
  5. We leave open, for determination in the district court, the date when Automatic can be said to have been free of such domination. ↩
  6. Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pictures, Inc., 66 S.Ct. 574; Package Closure Corp. v. Sealright Co., 2 Cir.,141 F.2d 972, 979.

    In the Bigelow case, supra [66 S.Ct. 580], the Supreme Court said: "The most elementary conceptions of justice and public policy require that the wrongdoer shall bear the risk of the uncertainty which his own wrong has created. See Package Closure Corp. v. Sealright Co., 2 Cir.,141 F.2d 972, 979. That principle is an ancient one, Armory v. Delamirie, 1 Str. 505, and is not restricted to proof of damage in antitrust suits, although their character is such as frequently to call for its application. In cases of collision where the offending vessel has violated regulations prescribed by statute, see The Pennsylvania, 19 Wall. 125, 136, 22 L.Ed. 148, and in cases of confusion of goods, Great Southern Gas Oil Co. v. Logan Natural Gas Fuel Co., 6 Cir., 155 F. 114, 115; cf. F.W. Woolworth Co. v. N.L.R.B., 2 Cir.,121 F.2d 658, 663, the wrongdoer may not object to the plaintiff's reasonable estimate of the cause of injury and of its amount, supported by the evidence, because not based on more accurate data which the wrongdoer's misconduct has rendered unavailable. And in cases where a wrongdoer has incorporated the subject of a plaintiff's patent or trade-mark in a single product to which the defendant has contributed other elements of value or utility, and has derived profits from the sale of the product, this Court has sustained recovery of the full amount of defendant's profits where his own wrongful action has made it impossible for the plaintiff to show in what proportions he and the defendant have contributed to the profits. Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co. v. Wagner Electric Mfg. Co.,225 U.S. 604, 32 S.Ct. 691, 56 L.Ed. 1222, 41 L.R.A., N.S., 653; Hamilton-Brown Shoe Co. v. Wolf Brothers Co.,240 U.S. 251, 36 S.Ct. 269, 60 L.Ed. 629; see also Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Corp.,309 U.S. 390, 406, 60 S.Ct. 681, 687, 84 L.Ed. 825. * * * Any other rule would enable the wrongdoer to profit by his wrongdoing at the expense of his victim. It would be an inducement to make wrongdoing so effective and complete in every case as to preclude any recovery, by rendering the measure of damages uncertain. Failure to apply it would mean that the more grievous the wrong done, the less likelihood there would be of a recovery." See also Griggs v. Day,158 N.Y. 1, 20,52 N.E. 692. ↩
  7. Although these defendants now tell us, in their rehearing petitions, that that allegation was erroneous in that it deviated from that contained in the complaint in the S.E.C. action (not in the record), counsel for these defendants, referring to plaintiff's complaint, had told the district court, "It is a copy of the S.E.C. complaint," and in their brief here said the allegations of the two complaints were "substantially the same." ↩
  8. 100,000 of these shares were acquired through the exercise of an option which was bought from DuMont as part of the transaction. ↩
  9. We have, of course, disregarded nonrecord matter contained in affidavits filed in this court in connection with the rehearing petitions. ↩
  10. Emphasis added. ↩
  11. A letter to this court from the Solicitor of the S.E.C. states that B.T.I., at the time of the transactions in question, was registered as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. But, as that fact is not in the record, we cannot consider what, if proved, its legal effect would be. ↩
  12. To illustrate: Here the alleged fact that DuMont insisted on the release of Tracey's option as a condition precedent to the sale rests on statements by counsel in the district court and a statement in the notice of settlement. We note in passing that even those statements are ambiguous, being open to the construction that DuMont insisted on the release only as a condition precedent to the sale of the 40,000 shares under option to Tracey, not to the sale of the balance. ↩
  13. In re Syracuse Stutz Co., Inc., 2 Cir.,55 F.2d 914, 917; In re National Public Service Corp., 2 Cir.,68 F.2d 859, 861; In re Adolf Gobel, Inc., 2 Cir.,80 F.2d 849, 853; Syracuse Engineering Co. v. Haight, 2 Cir.,97 F.2d 573, 575; Royal Petroleum Corp. v. Smith, 2 Cir.,127 F.2d 841, 843.

    In Re Syracuse Stutz Co., supra [55 F.2d 917], we said: "In conclusion we wish to express our thorough disapproval of the manner in which this record on appeal is made up. Fully one-third of it embraces so-called `Minutes,' apparently a stenographic report of the colloquy between court and counsel at the hearing. Such a colloquy has no place in an equity record."

    In Royal Petroleum Corp. v. Smith, supra [127 F.2d 843], we said: "If in the rambling discussion anything `essential' had appeared, it should have been selected and put in such form as to be comprehensible. We cannot undertake to grope our way through a heap of rubbish on the odd chance of picking up a bit of sound metal here and there." ↩
  14. Cf. Adams v. Cowen,177 U.S. 471, 484, 20 S.Ct. 668, 44 L.Ed. 851; Ingram v. Lewis, 10 Cir.,37 F.2d 259, 263, 70 A.L.R. 702; Comstock v. Herron, 6 Cir., 55 F. 803, 810. ↩
  15. Thus, if we assume that, in connection with a renewed effort to procure approval of the settlements, it should satisfactorily be shown below that the individual defendants bought no Majestic shares from Automatic, then an issue as to lost business opportunity would arise. These defendants assert that in the district court enough has already been shown to raise ample doubt in their favor on that issue. We do not agree. All that was there shown was that Automatic and its affiliates already owned a very considerable block of Majestic stock. Defendants, in their petitions for rehearing, add a reference to Gluck v. Otis,265 App. Div. 244,38 N.Y.S.2d 541; in the opinion in that case it appears that B.T.I. and affiliates in 1937 to 1939 had invested in securities, including some Majestic shares, and that these investments as a whole had been unprofitable; but the opinion does not disclose to what extent the Majestic shares shrank in value, and states that, by 1940, the investments had become profitable. Such facts alone we regard as insufficient to raise the needed doubt. ↩
  16. Cf. Cohen v. Young, 6 Cir.,127 F.2d 721; Winkelman v. General Motors Corp., D.C.,48 F. Supp. 490, 496. ↩