Opinion · Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit

Peoples v. CCA Detention Centers

Peoples v. CCA Det. Ctrs., 422 F.3d 1090 (10th Cir. 2005)

Type
Opinion
Court
Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
2005-09-07
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • noting that recent cases suggest that Bivens is presumptively unavailable, whereas Carlson suggested that a Bivens claim is presumptively available
  • noting that recent cases suggest that Bivens is presumptively unavail able, whereas Carlson suggested that a, Bivens claim is presumptively available
  • stating that “no process is required if [a pretrial detainee] is placed in segregation not as punishment but for managerial reasons”
  • noting that the "panel decision is not vacated unless the court so orders."
  • stating that Supreme Court precedents do not mandate recognition of a Bivens action "simply because an alternative state law claim may be subject to a punitive damages cap to which a federal claim is not"
  • noting that even when a plaintiff is a pretrial detainee, “restraints that are reasonably related to the institution’s interest in maintaining jail security do not, without more, constitute unconstitutional punishment” (cleaned up)
  • placing a pretrial detainee in segregation for lack of bed space is not punishment
  • finding no right of action for damages under Bivens against employees of a private prison for alleged constitutional deprivations, when alternative state causes of action for damages are available to the plaintiff.

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Peoples v. CCA Detention Centers. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status
pending
Cited by
118 opinions
PEOPLES v. CCA DETENTION CENTERS,422 F.3d 1090(10th Cir. 2005)
Cornelius E. PEOPLES, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CCA DETENTION CENTERS; Fred
Lawrence, Warden; Roger Moore, Sr., Assistant Warden; James Perry, Chief
of Security; Jay Foskett, Captain of Security; Corrections Corporation of
America; Andre Ford, Chief of Security; Jacquelyn Banks, Assistant Warden;
Bruce Roberts, Lieutenant Classification Personnel; Gary Fuller, Legal
Services for Prisoners, Defendants-Appellees.
Nos. 04-3071, 04-3124.
United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.
September 7, 2005.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Kansas, Carlos Murguia and Kathryn H. Vratil, JJ.Page 1091
[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.]Page 1092

[EDITORS' NOTE: THIS PAGE CONTAINS HEADNOTES. HEADNOTES ARE NOT AN OFFICIAL PRODUCT OF THE COURT, THEREFORE THEY ARE NOT DISPLAYED.]Page 1093
Cornelius E. Peoples, pro se, in 04-3124.

Amanda H. Frost, (Brian Wolfman, with her on the briefs), Public Citizen Litigation Group, Washington, D.C., for Plaintiff-Appellant in No. 04-3071.

Michael P. Crow (Martha Burnett Crow, with him on the briefs), Crow, Clothier Bates, Leavenworth, KS, for Defendants-Appellees in Nos. 04-3071 04-3124.
Before TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge, BALDOCK, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.
TACHA, Chief Circuit Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Cornelius E. Peoples filed two separate claims for damages pursuant toBivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents,403 U.S. 388,91 S.Ct. 1999,29 L.Ed.2d 619(1971), alleging violations of his constitutional rights while being held in pretrial detention at a privately run prison under contract with the United States Marshal Service. In the first suit (Peoples I), Mr. Peoples alleged a violation of hisEighthAmendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment; in the second suit (Peoples II), he brought a variety of claims based on hisFifthAmendment right to due process. In both suits, Mr. Peoples named the Corrections Corporation of America ("CCA"), the operator of the private prison, and several of its employees ("individual Defendants") as defendants. On appeal, however, Mr. Peoples dropped the claims against CCA, and therefore only the individual Defendants are before us.

InPeoples I,the District Court dismissed the case against the individual Defendants for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.Peoplesv. CCA Detention Ctr.,2004 WL 74317 at *1 (D.Kan. Jan. 15, 2004) (unpublished). A different district court judge heardPeoples IIand took jurisdiction over Mr. Peoples'sBivensclaims against the individual Defendants but dismissed his suit for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P.12(b)(6).Peoples v. CCADetention Ctr.,2004 WL 2278667 at *7 (D.Kan. Mar. 26, 2004) (unpublished). Mr. Peoples timely appeals bothPeoples IandPeoples II.We take appellate jurisdiction under28 U.S.C. §§ 1291and1331and AFFIRM the dismissal of both complaints.
I. BACKGROUND
We present the facts as alleged in Mr. Peoples's complaints. At the times relevant to these appeals, Mr. Peoples was a federal prisoner held in pretrial detention. CCA is a private, for-profit corporation that operates the Leavenworth pretrial detention center under a contract with the United States Marshal Service. The Marshal Service directed that CCA hold Mr. Peoples at the Leavenworth CCA facility while he awaited trial in the Western District of Missouri. Mr. Peoples was placed in isolation upon his arrival at the CCA facility in July 2001.
A. Facts Relevant to Peoples I
After receiving clearance from the Marshal Service, Mr. Peoples was released into the general prison population. CCA staff placed him in Pod-H. Several members of the so-called Mexican Mafia gang were also housed in Pod-H. Because of his religion, Mr. Peoples feared that the members of the Mexican Mafia would physically assault him. Over several days, he filed several informal and formal grievances to this effect with CCA staff members. Nevertheless, he was not transferred to a new pod.

Early in the morning on August 1, 2001, Mr. Peoples was attacked by members of the Mexican Mafia. After the attack, Mr.Page 1094Peoples was not transferred to a new pod. Later that same day, at approximately 11 A.M., Mr. Peoples was attacked again. This time, the members of the Mexican Mafia struck him with padlocks, chains, and full soda cans. After this second incident, Mr. Peoples was reassigned to Pod-A.

Subsequently, Mr. Peoples, proceeding pro se, brought suit in the District of Kansas seeking compensatory and punitive damages.1His suit was construed as raising aBivensclaim, allegingEighthAmendment violations. The District Court inPeoples Iheld thatMaleskoprecluded federal jurisdiction over Mr. Peoples's suit against both CCA and the individual Defendants, and the court dismissed the claim. In ruling on the claim against the individual Defendants, the District Court held that because "other remedies are available — including state negligence actions — the Supreme Court would not extendBivensto private employees of government contractors" and dismissed the claim for lack of jurisdiction.Peoples I,2004 WL 74317 at *7. With the assistance of counsel, Mr. Peoples timely appeals the District Court's ruling.
B. Facts Relevant to Peoples II
Mr. Peoples was assigned to administrative segregation upon his arrival at CCA because of lack of bed space, and he remained in administrative segregation for a total of thirteen months by order of the Marshal Service. Mr. Peoples's continued segregation resulted from the Marshal Service's and CCA officials' determination that he was an escape risk. He did not receive written notice of the reasons for his segregation immediately upon his placement in segregation and he was not allowed a hearing on his segregation status for five months.

While in segregation, Mr. Peoples did not have access to a law library. He could obtain legal materials through Defendant-Appellee Gary Fuller, who is an attorney, but he was limited to obtaining case law for which he had exact citations. Mr. Peoples acknowledges that he contacted Mr. Fuller and requested various resources from him, which were provided.

Finally, while Mr. Peoples was in the CCA facility, the individual Defendants informed Mr. Peoples that inmate telephone calls are randomly monitored in an effort to deter inmates from using facility phones for criminal or other improper purposes. Mr. Peoples was also told that CCA does not monitor or record calls from an attorney's phone when the attorney has properly requested blocking. Mr. Peoples believes that his phone calls with his attorney were unconstitutionally monitored.

Mr. Peoples, again proceeding pro se, filed aBivensaction, asserting that this conduct violated hisFifthAmendment due process rights. Like the judge inPeoples I,the judge inPeoples IIviewed theBivensissue as jurisdictional. Though indicating that, afterMalesko,aBivensclaim is probably not available to a plaintiff suing an employee of a private prison who has other means of relief,see Peoples II,2004 WL 2278667 at * 3, the District Court nevertheless rejected the individual Defendants' jurisdictional arguments, stating "because the Tenth Circuit has not fully addressed this issue, the court will assumePage 1095arguendo that aBivensaction against the individual employees is available and will examine the sufficiency of plaintiff's complaint."Peoples II,2004 WL 2278667 at *4. The District Court then addressed Mr. Peoples's complaint in light of the individual Defendants' Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss. The court granted the motion on all of Mr. Peoples's claims. Mr. Peoples timely appeals this ruling, and, unlike the appeal inPeoples I,he proceeds pro se in thePeoples IIappeal.2
II. SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION
As noted, the District Court inPeoples Iheld that it did not have federal subject matter jurisdiction over Mr. Peoples's suit against both CCA and the individual Defendants and therefore dismissed the suit. The District Court inPeoples II,however, asserted jurisdiction over the claims but dismissed them for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Therefore, we begin our analysis by resolving this important jurisdictional issue, which we review de novo.See MerrillLynch Bus. Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Nudell,363 F.3d 1072,1074(10th Cir. 2004).

Article III of the Federal Constitution states that lower federal courts have original jurisdiction over "all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority." U.S. CONST., Art.III, §§1, 2. Congress currently provides that the "district courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States."28 U.S.C. § 1331.

InBell v. Hood,the Supreme Court explained that "where the complaint . . . is so drawn as to seek recovery directly under the Constitution or laws of the United States, the federal court, but for two possible exceptions[,] . . .mustentertain the suit."327 U.S. 678,681-82,66 S.Ct. 773,90 L.Ed. 939(1946) (emphasis added). The two "possible exceptions" are claims that "clearly appear to be immaterial and made solely for the purpose of obtaining jurisdiction" or claims that are "wholly insubstantial and frivolous."Id.at 682-83,66 S.Ct. 773;Simmatv. United States Bureau of Prisons,413 F.3d 1225,1231(10th Cir. 2005).

Mr. Peoples's claims easily meet the basic requirements for federal question jurisdiction. He alleges that CCA and the individual Defendants violated hisEighthAmendment right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment and hisFifthAmendment right to due process. "[I]t is clear from the way [the complaint] was drawn that [Mr. Peoples] seek[s] recovery squarely on the ground that respondents violated the [Fifth andEighthAmendments]."Bell,327 U.S. at 681,66 S.Ct. 773. Moreover, Mr. Peoples's claims are not immaterial, "but form the sole basis of the relief sought."Id.at 683,66 S.Ct. 773. "Nor can we say that the cause of action is so patently without merit as to justify . . . the court's dismissal for want to [sic] jurisdiction."Id.; see also Davis v.Passman,442 U.S. 228,236,99 S.Ct. 2264,60 L.Ed.2d 846(1979) ("It is clear that the District Court had jurisdiction under28 U.S.C. § 1331(a) to consider petitioner's [Bivens] claim [that respondents violated herFifthAmendment rights].");Massey v. Helman,196 F.3d 727,737-38(7th Cir.Page 10961999) (explaining that "the appropriate basis for dismissing aBivensclaim . . . is failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, not lack of subject matter jurisdiction.").3

Nonetheless, in bothPeoples IandPeoples IIthe District Court questioned whether jurisdiction lies when a plaintiff sues employees of a private corporation — as opposed to federal officials — who operate a prison pursuant to a contract with the United States. 2004 WL 74317 at * 3. Guided by the Supreme Court's pronouncements inCorrectional ServicesCorp. v. Malesko,534 U.S. 61,122 S.Ct. 515,151 L.Ed.2d 456(2001), the District Court inPeoples Iultimately held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction because Mr. Peoples had a state court remedy against the private employees.Id.at *7. The District Court inPeoples II,however, exercised jurisdiction over Mr. Peoples's claims but ultimately dismissed them under Rule 12(b)(6) — again citingMaleskoas the basis for its ruling.

While we reserve a full discussion ofMaleskofor Part III, we must point out here that contrary to the District Court's apparent understanding,Malesko'sholding that there is no private right of action for damages against private entities that engage in allegedly constitutional deprivations does not indicate that the federal courts lack jurisdiction to hear such a claim. Rather,Bivensand its progeny, includingMalesko,centered on the existence of a remedy for the alleged violation of federal rights. These cases explicitly answered the question left unanswered inBell— namely, "whether federal courts can grant money recovery for damages said to have been suffered as a result of federal officers violating theFourthandFifthAmendments."Bell,327 U.S. at 684,66 S.Ct. 773;see also Lake Country Estates, Inc. v. Tahoe RegionalPlanning Agency,440 U.S. 391,398,99 S.Ct. 1171,59 L.Ed.2d 401(1979) (distinguishing the "cause-of-action" argument from jurisdictional questions). In fact, there is no power to imply aBivenscause of action unless a court hasfirstsatisfied itself that jurisdiction exists.SeeMalesko,534 U.S. at 66,122 S.Ct. 515(stating that authority to imply aBivensaction "is anchored in our general jurisdiction to decide all cases `arising under the Constitution, laws or treaties of the United States.'");Simmat,413 F.3d at 1230(after properly finding jurisdiction, addressing whether plaintiff stated a claim upon which relief may be granted pursuant toBivens). As such, we hold that both district courts had jurisdiction to hear all of Mr. Peoples's constitutional claims. We need not remand in either case, however, because we also hold that Mr. Peoples fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.See Ross v. United States Marshal,168 F.3d 1190,1194n. 2 (10th Cir. 1999) (appellate court may affirm the district court's judgment on any ground supported by the record, provided the parties have had a fair opportunity to develop the record).
III.BIVENSCLAIMS AGAINST EMPLOYEES OF A PRIVATE PRISON
A.
Thirty-four years ago, the Supreme Court held that plaintiffs may sue federalPage 1097officials in their individual capacities for damages forFourthAmendment violations, even in the absence of an express statutory cause of action analogous to42 U.S.C. § 1983.Bivens,403 U.S. 388,91 S.Ct. 1999,29 L.Ed.2d 619. In that case, agents from the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, acting under color of federal law, unlawfully entered and searched Mr. Bivens' apartment and unlawfully arrested him. The Court concluded that although Congress had not statutorily provided a remedy for violations of theFourthAmendment and that the amendment "does not in so many words provide for its enforcement by an award of money damages for the consequences of its violation," federal courts have the power, in certain situations, to imply such a cause of action directly from the Constitution.Id.at 396,91 S.Ct. 1999.

In making this determination, the Court first noted that it had "long since rejected the notion that theFourthAmendment proscribes only such conduct as would, if engaged by private persons, be condemned by state law."Id.at 392,91 S.Ct. 1999. Second, the Court noted that Mr. Bivens might not have a cause of action under state law — namely, trespass — because a person is generally not considered to be a trespasser if the property owner has consented to the alleged trespasser's entry.Id.at 394,91 S.Ct. 1999. Finally, the Court explained that "damages have been regarded as the ordinary remedy for an invasion of personal interests in liberty,"id.at 395,91 S.Ct. 1999, and that the case at hand presented "no special factors counseling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress" such that an implied cause of action for damages should not be permitted,id.at 396,91 S.Ct. 1999.

SinceBivens,the Court has implied a cause of action for money damages directly under the Constitution on only two other occasions. InDavis v.Passman,442 U.S. 228,99 S.Ct. 2264,60 L.Ed.2d 846(1979), the Court employed nearly the same reasoning it used inBivensand held that the plaintiff stated a cause of action for money damages against her former employer, a member of the United States Congress, for violations of the Due Process Clause of theFifthAmendment. The Court emphasized the importance of the dearth of alternate remedies, stating "there are available no other alternative forms of judicial relief. For Davis, as for Bivens, `it is damages or nothing.'"442 U.S. at 245,99 S.Ct. 2264(quoting Justice Harlan's concurrence inBivens,403 U.S. at 410,91 S.Ct. 1999).

One year later, inCarlson v. Green,446 U.S. 14,100 S.Ct. 1468,64 L.Ed.2d 15(1980), the Court held that federal prison officials may be sued for violations of the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause of theEighthAmendment, notwithstanding the fact that unlike the plaintiffs inBivensandDavis,the plaintiff inCarlsonhad another remedy. Shifting slightly from its reasoning inBivensandDavis,the Court explained thatBivensactions are presumed to be available but that "[s]uch a cause of action may be defeated . . . in two situations."Carlson,446 U.S. at 18,100 S.Ct. 1468. First, the defendants may show the existence of "`special factors counselling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress.'"Id.(quotingBivens,403 U.S. at 396,91 S.Ct. 1999). Second, the defendants may "show that Congress has provided an alternative remedy which it explicitly declared to be asubstitutefor recovery directly under the Constitution and viewed as equally effective."Id.at 18-19,100 S.Ct. 1468.

Noting that the defendants inCarlsonwere not members of another branch of government, the Court concluded that there were no special factors counseling hesitation.Id.at 19,100 S.Ct. 1468. ThePage 1098Court then determined that Congress had not explicitly declared any other remedy to be a substitute for aBivensaction. Although the plaintiff could have brought suit against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act, the Court reasoned that it was "crystal clear that Congress views FTCA andBivensas parallel, complementary causes of action."Id.at 19-20,100 S.Ct. 1468.

The Court then went on to identify four other factors that demonstrated a lack of congressional intent that the FTCA should defeat aBivenscause of action.Id.at 20-21,100 S.Ct. 1468. First, because only the United States — as opposed to an individual official — could be sued under the FTCA,Bivens"is a more effective deterrent than the FTCA remedy."Id.at 21,100 S.Ct. 1468. Second, punitive damages might be available underBivens,but not under the FTCA.Id.at 21-22,100 S.Ct. 1468. Third, a plaintiff may have a jury inBivens,whereas only judges hear FTCA claims.Id.at 22,100 S.Ct. 1468. And fourth, the viability of an FTCA claim turns on the law of the state in which the action occurred, but "it is obvious that the liability of federal officials for violations of citizens' constitutional rights should be governed by uniform rules."Id.at 23,100 S.Ct. 1468.

SinceCarlsonwas decided in 1980, however, the Court has refused to recognize a cause of action for money damages directly from the Constitution in any other case. InChappell v. Wallace,462 U.S. 296,103 S.Ct. 2362,76 L.Ed.2d 586(1983), the Court declined to imply aBivensaction for enlisted military personnel who alleged that they had been injured by the unconstitutional actions of their superior officers and who had no remedy against the Government itself. The Court reasoned that "[t]aken together, the unique disciplinary structure of the military establishment and Congress' [unique] activity in the field constitute `special factors' which dictate that it would be inappropriate to provide enlisted military personnel aBivens-type remedy against their superior officers."Id.at 304,103 S.Ct. 2362(citation omitted);see alsoUnited States v. Stanley,483 U.S. 669,681,107 S.Ct. 3054,97 L.Ed.2d 550(1987) (holdingBivensactions inapplicable to military personnel "whenever the injury arises out of activity `incident to service.'").

That same year, the Court refused to recognize aBivensclaim forFirstAmendment violations "aris[ing] out of [a government] employment relationship that is governed by comprehensive procedural and substantive provisions giving meaningful remedies against the United States."Bush v.Lucas,462 U.S. 367,368,103 S.Ct. 2404,76 L.Ed.2d 648(1983). The Court held that because the congressionally installed administrative system "provide[d] meaningful remedies for employees who may have been unfairly disciplined for making critical comments about their agencies,"id.at 386,103 S.Ct. 2404(note omitted), aBivensaction was inappropriate even though it assumed aFirstAmendment violation had occurred and acknowledged that the administrative "remedies do not provide complete relief for the plaintiff,"id.at 388,91 S.Ct. 1999.

Similarly, inSchweiker v. Chilicky,487 U.S. 412,425,108 S.Ct. 2460,101 L.Ed.2d 370(1988), the Court considered the propriety ofBivensclaims filed by disabled social security beneficiaries who eventually received benefits but who had "not been given a remedy in damages for emotional distress or for other hardships suffered because of delays in their receipt of Social Security benefits." The Court reasoned that because "Congress . . . has addressed the problems created by state agencies' wrongful termination of disability benefits"Page 1099through the creation of wide-ranging administrative remedies, aBivensaction would be inappropriate.Id.at 429,108 S.Ct. 2460.

InFDIC v. Meyer,510 U.S. 471,473-74,114 S.Ct. 996,127 L.Ed.2d 308(1994), the Court considered whether aBivensaction could be brought directly against a federal agency, as opposed to the federal agents in their individual capacities. The Court declined to extendBivensto such an action because it would eviscerate theBivensremedy. It reasoned that if it "impl[ied] a damages action against federal agencies . . . there would be no reason . . . to bring damages actions against individual officers [and] . . . the deterrent effects of theBivensremedy would be lost."Id.at 485,114 S.Ct. 996. The Court also added that "unlike inBivens,there are `special factors counselling hesitation' in the creation of a damages remedy [against a federal agency]. If we were to recognize a direct action for damages against federal agencies, we would be creating a potentially enormous financial burden for the Federal Government."Id.at 486,114 S.Ct. 996(citation omitted).
B.
Four years ago, the Supreme Court inCorrectional Services Corp. v.Malesko,534 U.S. 61,122 S.Ct. 515,151 L.Ed.2d 456, underscored its hesitation to imply aBivenscause of action in a new circumstance. In that case, Mr. Malesko, a federal offender, sued Correctional Services Corporation ("CSC"), a private corporation under contract with the federal Bureau of Prisons to operate a halfway house. While Mr. Malesko was in CSC custody, its employees forced him to climb stairs to his fifth floor living quarters even though he had a known heart condition that entitled him to use the elevator. During his ascent, he suffered a heart attack, fell, and was injured. Mr. Malesko brought aBivensaction allegingEighthAmendment violations against CSC for actual and punitive damages. The Court held thatMeyer"forecloses the extension ofBivensto private entities."4534 U.S. at 66n. 2,122 S.Ct. 515.

In holding that Mr. Malesko did not have aBivensclaim against CSC, the Court applied the "core premise" ofBivens— which is concerned "solely with deterring the unconstitutional acts of individual officers" — without discussing the two-part test laid out inCarlson(i.e., whether there are "special factors counselling hesitation in the absence of affirmative action by Congress" or whether Congress "provided an alternative remedy which it explicitly declared to be asubstitutefor recovery directly under the Constitution and viewed as equally effective").See id.at 67, 71,122 S.Ct. 515. The Court explained that it implied a cause of action inDavis"chiefly because the plaintiff lackedany other remedyfor the alleged constitutional deprivation."Id.at 67,122 S.Ct. 515(emphasis added). And it implied a cause of action inCarlsonbecause the only other available remedy — the Federal Tort Claims Act — was an insufficient deterrent to individuals because only the United States was subject to suit under the FTCA. The Court then recognized that it has "consistently rejected invitations to extendBivens" except "to provide an otherwise nonexistent cause of action againstindividual officersalleged to have acted unconstitutionally [as inCarlson], or to provide a cause of action for a plaintiff who lackedany alternative remedy[as inPage 1100Davis]."Id.at 70,122 S.Ct. 515. Neither circumstance was present inMalesko.

The Court found that Mr. Malesko did not lack an alternative remedy in part because of the existence of a state law claim for negligence.Id.at 74,122 S.Ct. 515. The Court also explained that no federal prisoner "enjoyed [Mr. Malesko's] contemplated remedy" — namely, aBivenssuit against the prison or the United States — and that Congress, rather than the Court, was the more appropriate branch "to impose asymmetrical liability costs on private prison facilities."Id.at 71-72,122 S.Ct. 515.

Therefore, the Court determined that Mr. Malesko "is not a plaintiff in search of a remedy as inBivensandDavis.Nor does he seek a cause of action against an individual officer, otherwise lacking, as inCarlson."Id.at 74,122 S.Ct. 515. Moreover, the Court said that "[t]he caution toward extendingBivensinto any new context, a caution consistently and repeatedly recognized for three decades, forecloses such an extension here."Id.
C.
FollowingMalesko,three district courts — but no Court of Appeals — have considered whether the existence of a state-law cause of action for damages, standing alone, precludes aBivensclaim against an employee of a privately operated prison. The courts fall into two groups. The District of Rhode Island issued the lead opinion in the first group, holding that the existence of state-law relief does not necessarily bar aBivenscause of action against such individual defendants.Sarro v.Cornell Corrections, Inc.,248 F.Supp.2d 52(D.R.I. 2003);see also Jamav. INS,343 F.Supp.2d 338,362-63(D.N.J. 2004) (adoptingSarro);Purkeyv. Corrections Corp. of Am.,339 F.Supp.2d 1145,1148-51(D.Kan. 2004) (same). The case in the opposing group is one of the cases under review in which the District Court held that because "other remedies are available — including state negligence actions — the Supreme Court would not extendBivensto private employees of government contractors. This Court cannot ignoreMalesko'sstatement that where a state remedy is available, the Supreme Court will not imply a newBivensaction."PeoplesI,2004 WL 74317 at *7.5We start with theSarrodecision.

The facts inSarroare quite similar to those inPeoples I.The plaintiff was in pretrial detention at the Donald Wyatt Detention Center in Rhode Island, a privately run prison under contract with the Marshal Service. The plaintiff feared that he would be attacked by African-American inmates, and asked the guards several times to be put in protective custody. The guards refused. Then during a fire drill, the plaintiff was attacked and injured. The plaintiff brought aBivensclaim allegingEighthAmendment violations against the corporation and the individual guards. TheSarrocourt held thatMaleskobarred the suit against the corporation, but that the suit against the guards could proceed.

In considering the impact ofMalesko,theSarrocourt noted that the core purpose of aBivenssuit is to deter individuals and found that because the plaintiff was suing individual guards, this purpose wasPage 1101served.248 F.Supp.2d at 62-63. Next, the court found that allowing aBivenssuit against an individual guard would foster parity between prisoners held in BOP prisons and private prisons.Id.Finally, the court considered the effect of the availability of other remedies. The court noted that, unlikeMalesko,Mr. Sarro did not have access to alternative federal remedies because he was held in pretrial detention.Id.; seealso28 C.F.R. § 542.10(2001) (BOP administrative remedies "do not apply to inmates confined in other non-federal facilities.").

As to the possibility of a state tort claim, the court explained:
[W]hileMaleskoindicates that the existence of state law remedies may be a factor to be considered, in applyingBivens,state law remedies cannot be construed as a manifestation of Congressional intent to preclude the application ofBivens.Indeed, making the federal remedies available to a federal prisoner at a privately-operated institution contingent upon whether there are adequate alternative state law remedies would require a case-by-case analysis of state law and would cause the availability of aBivensremedy to vary according to the state in which the institution is located, a result thatBivens,itself sought to avoid.
Id.(citations omitted). Thus, theSarrocourt held that aBivensaction could be brought against guards of a privately run, federal, pretrial detention facility.Peoples Iwas decided afterSarro.After consideringSarro'sreasoning, the District Court concluded that it "has some appeal" but declined to follow it. 2004 WL 74317 at *7. Instead, the District Court determined that, underMalesko,if a state tort claim may be brought, thenBivensis not available; it reasoned that "Maleskomakes it clear that because [Mr. Peoples] has a negligence remedy, a majority of the Supreme Court would not imply aBivensclaim against individual CCA employees."Id.at *6. That is to say, the District Court held that the possibility of a state-law remedy is a sufficient reason, standing alone, not to imply aBivensaction. It then granted the defendants' motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.

As noted earlier, the District Court did, in fact, have jurisdiction to entertain Mr. Peoples'sEighthAmendment claim. We agree with the District Court, however, that there is no implied private right of action for damages underBivensagainst employees of a private prison for alleged constitutional deprivations when alternative state or federal causes of action for damages are available to the plaintiff. Such a claim is therefore properly dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6). We base our holding upon the Court's statements inMaleskothat the purpose ofBivensis only "to provide an otherwise nonexistent cause of action againstindividualofficersalleged to have acted unconstitutionally [as inCarlson], or to provide a cause of action for a plaintiff who lackedany alternativeremedy[as inDavis]."Malesko,534 U.S. at 70,122 S.Ct. 515. An alternative cause of action for damages against an individual defendant eliminates either of those two circumstances, and thereforeBivensand its limited progeny do not apply in such a case.

We recognize that at first blushCarlsonmay appear to control this case. InCarlson,because the United States was potentially liable under the FTCA, there appears to have been a state-law cause of action available against the private individual defendants for the particularPage 1102EighthAmendment violation at issue.6The Court nonetheless held thatBivenswas available, which might indicate that a state tort cause of action will not preclude aBivenscause of action.

Importantly, however, the Court inCarlsondid not address the specific question of whether a potential state law cause of action against and individual will preclude an impliedBivensclaim. Instead, the Court stated that the issue was whether "a remedy [is] available directly under the Constitution, given that respondent's allegations could also support a suitagainst the United Statesunder the Federal Tort Claims Act?"Carlson,446 U.S. at 16-17,100 S.Ct. 1468(emphasis added). Answering in the affirmative, the Court reasoned that Congress had not explicitly provided that the FTCA should supplantBivensclaims in part because only the United States — rather than the individual officers — could be sued under the FTCA.

Later, theMaleskoCourt underscored that this was the issue inCarlson,stating that "[i]nCarlson,we inferred a right of action against individual prison officials where the plaintiff's only alternative was a Federal Tort Claims Act (FTCA) claim against the United States. We reasoned that the threat of suit against the United States was insufficient to deter the unconstitutional acts of individuals."Malesko,534 U.S. 61,68,122 S.Ct. 515,151 L.Ed.2d 456(2001) (citations omitted). Indeed, according to theMaleskoCourt, thesolepurpose in extendingBivensinCarlsonwas "to provide an otherwise nonexistent cause of action against individual officers."Id.at 70,122 S.Ct. 515.

This is not to say, however, that we do not recognize the tension betweenCarlsonandMalesko.TheMaleskoCourt's reading ofCarlsonperhaps is not the only reading of that case, but we note that — indeed, as we described above — the Court has explained its approach toBivensclaims in a variety of ways in the thirty-four years sinceBivensitself was decided. We therefore think it prudent to follow the Court's most recent pronouncement on the issue.Cf. Harlow v. Fitzgerald,457 U.S. 800,822n. 2,102 S.Ct. 2727,73 L.Ed.2d 396(1982) (Burger, C.J., dissenting) (noting that the Supreme Court has "an obligation to try to harmonize its holdings").

Moreover, the Court has often focused upon the availability of alternative administrative procedures to provide meaningful, although not necessarily complete, redress for constitutional violations when determining whether aBivensclaim is available.See, e.g., Schweiker,487 U.S. at 421-23,108 S.Ct. 2460;Bush,462 U.S. at 380-81,388,103 S.Ct. 2404. It follows, then, that the presence of an alternative cause of action against individual defendants provides sufficient redress such that aBivenscause of action need not be implied. We also point out that in many cases, state law may provide more meaningful relief thanBivensitself; for example, the limitations imposed by the Prison Litigation Reform Act do not apply to state law claims.See, e.g.,18 U.S.C. § 3626(d) ("The limitations on remedies in this section shall not apply to relief entered by a State court based solely upon claims arising under State law.").

We also note that our holding is not contrary to the Supreme Court's admonition to avoid creating asymmetrical liability costs on privately operated facilities as compared to government-operated facilities.Page 1103Malesko,534 U.S. at 71-72,122 S.Ct. 515. There is no doubt that our holding renders federally employed guards subject to aBivensclaim while privately employed guards might not. This asymmetry, however, existed prior to today's holding; it was not created by this decision. An implied right, by definition, is created by the courts and therefore cannot exist until it is judicially announced. We are cognizant that it is not the prerogative of federal courts, asMaleskounderscored, to impose costs on one wrongdoer and not another. Our decision today — which simply declines to imply a cause of action directly from the Constitution such that a prisoner in a privately operated prison may sue a private employee of that prison for money damages for alleged constitutional violations notwithstanding the presence of an alternative cause of action — does not do so.

Finally, the dissent points out — and we agree — that there certainly are significant policy arguments that favor extendingBivensto the case at hand, including creating state-federal uniformity between42 U.S.C. § 1983suits andBivensclaims. In our view, however, extending this judicially-created remedy so that it more closely mirrors a statutory remedy is a decision best left for Congress.

In sum,Maleskoindicates that aBivensclaim should not be implied unless the plaintiff has no other means of redress or unless he is seeking an otherwise nonexistent cause of action against the individual defendant. Therefore, we will not imply aBivenscause of action for a prisoner held in a private prison facility when we conclude that there exists an alternative cause of action arising under either state or federal law against the individual defendant for the harm created by the constitutional deprivation. While there certainly are points to be made that would favor implying aBivensclaim in such a scenario, we are reminded that "[t]he caution toward extendingBivensremedies into any new context, a caution consistently and repeatedly recognized for three decades, forecloses such an extension here."Malesko,534 U.S. at 74,122 S.Ct. 515.
IV. MR. PEOPLES'SBIVENSCLAIMS AGAINST CCA EMPLOYEES
A.
The next step in our analysis, then, is to determine whether Mr. Peoples could bring a claim under Kansas law inPeoples IorPeoples II.We begin withPeoples I.Below, the District Court operated under the assumption that Mr. Peoples could bring a Kansas-law claim.See PeoplesI,2004 WL 74317 at *7 (characterizing Mr. Peoples's claim as "a quintessential claim of negligence."). On appeal, neither the individual Defendants nor Mr. Peoples directly address the viability of Mr. Peoples's claim under Kansas law. Because we find the answer to this question essential to ourBivensanalysis, we address the issue sua sponte and conclude that Kansas law gives rise to a negligence claim for the injury Mr. Peoples suffered from the allegedEighthAmendment violation.

Under Kansas law, to recover for negligence, a plaintiff must establish the existence of a duty, a breach of that duty, an injury, and a causal connection between the breached duty and the injury.McGee v. Chalfant,248 Kan. 434,806 P.2d 980,983(1991). Here, Mr. Peoples argues that the individual Defendants owed a duty to protect him from injuries caused by the Mexican Mafia inmates. Under Kansas law, however, absent a special relationship between the parties, one does not owe another a duty to protect against injuries caused by third parties.SeeWilliam E. Westerbeke Stephen R. McAllister,SurveyPage 1104of Kansas Tort Law: Part I,49 U. KAN. L.REV. 1037, 1065-71 (2001).

Such a special relationship does arise between the guards of astate-runprison and a prisoner. InWashington v. State,17 Kan.App.2d 518,839 P.2d 555(1992), the Kansas Court of Appeals considered whether a prisoner-plaintiff could bring a negligence claim against the state and prison officials after a fellow prisoner stabbed him in the eye. The court held that state "prison officials owe a duty of ordinary or reasonable care to safeguard a prisoner in their custody or control from attack by other prisoners."Id.at 559;7see also Cupples v. State,18 Kan.App.2d 864,861 P.2d 1360,1369(1993).8Nonetheless, the state's "duty to protect inmates from foreseeable harm does not make it the insurer of the safety of a prisoner from unforeseeable harm."Cupples,861 P.2d at 1369(citingWashington,839 P.2d at 559). Thus, to establish a duty to prevent injuries caused by a fellow inmate, a plaintiff must establish "that the danger [to the plaintiff] was known or, in the exercise of ordinary care, should have been known by a prison official."Washington,839 P.2d at 559. Accordingly, prison officials may "become liable in the event that damage proximately results from a failure to exercise reasonable care to prevent harm."Id.

We conclude that the duty established inWashingtonbetween a state-run prison and a prisoner would apply to a privately run prison and a prisoner as well. The first step in theWashingtoncourt's analysis was to determine if the plaintiff's claim could be brought under the Kansas Tort Claims Act ("KTCA").Washington,839 P.2d at 557-58. The KTCA provides that the state shall be liable for the acts of its employees "under circumstances where [the state], if a private person, would be liable under the laws of this state." Kan. Stat. Ann. §75-6103(a). Because theWashingtoncourt held under the KTCA that the state owed a duty to prisoners to prevent reasonably foreseeable injuries caused by fellow inmates, by implication the court found that "a private person" owes the same duty. As such, we conclude that under Kansas law CCA and the individual Defendants owed a duty to Mr. Peoples to prevent reasonably foreseeable injuries caused by fellow inmates.9

Finally, we do not readMaleskoor prior decisions of the Court to mandate that we imply a cause of action directlyPage 1105from the Constitution simply because an alternative state law claim may be subject to a punitive damages cap10to which a federal claim is not. On the contrary, the Supreme Court has refused to imply aBivenscause of action when there are alternative administrative remedies, even when, like a cap on punitive damages, those "remedies do not provide complete relief for the plaintiff."Bush,462 U.S. at 388,103 S.Ct. 2404. Moreover, the Court has consistently held that the purpose of aBivensclaim is to deter the conduct of an individual official, and we conclude that compensatory damages plus the availability ofsomepunitive damages further this goal.Cf. Carlson,446 U.S. at 22,100 S.Ct. 1468(concluding that a claim under the FTCA is not as effective a deterrent asBivensbecausenopunitive damages are available in a FTCA suit). Finally, we again are reminded thatMaleskoexplained that it had implied aBivensclaim in only two situations in the last thirty years: "to provide an otherwise nonexistent cause of action against individual officers alleged to have acted unconstitutionally, or to provide a cause of action for a plaintiff who lacked any alternative remedy."534 U.S. at 70,122 S.Ct. 515(emphases omitted). That Mr. Peoples's alternative negligence claim under Kansas law may be subject to a cap on punitive damages is thus not a reason to imply aBivensclaim in this case.

Therefore, because Kansas law gives rise to a cause of action for damages for the injuries Mr. Peoples suffered as the result of the alleged deprivation of hisEighthAmendment rights, we will not imply an additional cause of action directly under the Constitution inPeoples I.We therefore dismiss Mr. Peoples's complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6).11
B.
We turn now to Mr. Peoples's three allegations ofFifthAmendment Due Process Clause violations inPeoples II— namely, that he was placed in segregation without a hearing, denied access to a law library, and denied unmonitored phone calls to his attorney. With respect to the first two claims, we need not even look to state law causes of action because we agree with the District Court that Mr. Peoples's allegations, even liberally construed, do not rise to the level of a constitutional violation and should be dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6). With respect to Mr. Peoples's third due process claim, we conclude that Kansas law provides an alternative cause of action and therefore, a cause of action underBivenswill not be implied. We turn first to Mr. Peoples's claim that he was placed in segregation without aPage 1106hearing, in violation of his due process rights.

Mr. Peoples asserts that the individual Defendants violated his due process rights as a pretrial detainee by placing him in segregation upon his arrival at CCA and keeping him in segregation for approximately thirteen months. Due process requires that a pretrial detainee not be punished prior to a lawful conviction.Bell v. Wolfish,441 U.S. 520,535,99 S.Ct. 1861,60 L.Ed.2d 447(1979);Littlefield v. Deland,641 F.2d 729,731(10th Cir. 1981).12However, the government may subject those awaiting trial to the conditions and restrictions of incarceration so long as those conditions and restrictions do not amount to punishment.Bell,441 U.S. at 536-37,99 S.Ct. 1861.

The determination of whether a condition of pretrial detention amounts to punishment turns on whether the condition is imposed for the purpose of punishment or whether it is incident to some other legitimate government purpose.Id.at 538,99 S.Ct. 1861. If an act by a prison official, such as placing the detainee in segregation, is done with an intent to punish, the act constitutes unconstitutional pretrial punishment.Id.Similarly, "if a restriction or condition is not reasonably related to a legitimate [governmental] goal — if it is arbitrary or purposeless — a court permissibly may infer that the purpose of the governmental action is punishment."Id.at 539,99 S.Ct. 1861. On the other hand, restraints that "are reasonably related to the institution's interest in maintaining jail security do not, without more, constitute unconstitutional punishment, even if they are discomforting."Id.at 540,99 S.Ct. 1861. Obviously, "ensuring security and order at the institution is a permissible nonpunitive objective, whether the facility houses pretrial detainees, convicted inmates, or both."Id.at 561,99 S.Ct. 1861. Thus, "no process is required if [a pretrial detainee] is placed in segregation not as punishment but for managerial reasons."Higgs v. Carver,286 F.3d 437,438(7th Cir. 2002).

According to the complaint, however, Mr. Peoples was first placed in segregation because CCA lacked bed space in the general population. As the Seventh Circuit has held, and to which we agree, if the "only vacant cell left in the jail [is] in the segregation ward when a new prisoner arrive[s]; placing him in that cell would be a managerial decision . . . [in which] no [due process] hearing would be required."Id.

Mr. Peoples then admits that he remained in segregation due to his plot to escape from his previous pretrial detention facility, but argues that his continued segregation was intended as punishment. A detention center, however, has a legitimate interest in segregating individual inmates from the general population for nonpunitive reasons, including "threat[s] to the safety and security of the institution."Brown-El v.Delo,969 F.2d 644,647(8th Cir. 1992) (citingHewitt v. Helms,459 U.S. 460,474-76,103 S.Ct. 864,74 L.Ed.2d 675(1983));see also Bell,441 U.S. at 540,99 S.Ct. 1861. A substantiated escape threat, as is found here, is a legitimate nonpunitive rationale for Mr. Peoples's continued segregation.

Therefore, we agree with the District Court that although Mr. Peoples allegesPage 1107that his segregation was intended as a punishment,
[a] review of the facts plaintiff has alleged does not show that CCA and its employees intended to punish plaintiff by placing him in administrative segregation. Rather, it appears that CCA authorities acted in furtherance of legitimate penal objectives of safety and security of the institution in placing plaintiff in administrative segregation, notably, on the advice of the [Marshal Service] and based on concerns that plaintiff is an escape risk. Therefore, the court is unable to find any due process violation from plaintiff's assignment to and placement in administrative segregation.
Peoples II,2004 WL 2278667 at *5. As such, we affirm the dismissal of this claim.

Next, Mr. Peoples asserts that he was denied adequate, effective and meaningful access to the courts while in pretrial detention because CCA did not provide him with a law library and because the lawyer who assisted him would only retrieve case law when a specific citation was provided.See generally Love v. Summit County,776 F.2d 908,912(10th Cir. 1985). "[T]he fundamental constitutional right of access to the courts requires prison authorities to . . . provid[e] prisoners with adequate law libraries or adequate assistance from persons trained in the law."Bounds v. Smith,430 U.S. 817,828,97 S.Ct. 1491,52 L.Ed.2d 72(1977). As the Court has made clear, detainees are entitled to meaningful, but not total or unlimited, access to the courts.Id.at 823,97 S.Ct. 1491. Moreover, an inmate's contentions of deprivation of access to courts must show actual injury, not mere deprivation, as a "constitutional prerequisite" to bringing a claim.Lewis v. Casey,518 U.S. 343,351,116 S.Ct. 2174,135 L.Ed.2d 606(1996). Finally, it has been noted that "[t]he choice among various methods of guaranteeing access to the courts lies with prison administrators, not inmates or the courts."Arney v. Simmons,26 F.Supp.2d 1288,1296(D.Kan. 1998).

We fully adopt the District Court's analysis of Mr. Peoples's claim on this issue:
[Mr. Peoples] does not allege that he is being denied total access to legal assistance. [Mr. Peoples] does not claim that CCA obstructed in any way his attempt to prosecute a claim, and he admits that CCA provided him with access to a person trained in the law, Mr. Fuller, and that he consulted with Mr. Fuller and requested case law from him. [Mr. Peoples] has not alleged that he has missed court dates, been unable to make timely legal filings, been denied legal assistance to which he was entitled, or lost a case which could have been won. In fact, [Mr. Peoples] appears to have been afforded the necessary resources to file the complaint in this action and has submitted additional pleadings that contain case law citations and analysis of relevant case law. The court concludes that CCA's provision of a person trained in the law instead of a law library has afforded [Mr. Peoples] the necessary resources to prosecute his claims. The court finds that [Mr. Peoples] has failed to allege an actual injury resulting from the alleged denial of legal resources, and thus, his claim that defendants violated his due process right of access to the courts cannot withstand defendants' motion to dismiss.
Peoples II,2004 WL 2278667 at *6 (internal citation omitted).

As such, we affirm the District Court's dismissal of thisFifthAmendment claim.

As to Mr. Peoples'sthirdFifthAmendmentBivensclaim, the failure to provide him unmonitored calls to his attorney, we conclude that Kansas law providesPage 1108him with a cause of action for damages for such conduct. Kansas law criminally prohibits third parties from unlawfully monitoring phone calls without the permission of at least one of the communicants.SeeKan. Stat. Ann. §21-4001(eavesdropping); Kan. Stat. Ann. §21-4002(breach of privacy);State v. Roudybush,235 Kan. 834,686 P.2d 100,108(1984). Moreover, in the view of the Kansas Attorney General, a violation of either criminal statute could subject one to civil liability for "intrusion upon seclusion."SeeKan. Op. Atty. Gen. No. 93-93 (1993). Monitoring a phone call between an inmate and his lawyer in violation of theFifthAmendment, as Mr. Peoples alleges, falls within section 21-4002(a)(1)'s prohibition against "knowingly and without lawful authority . . . [i]ntercepting, without the consent of the sender or receiver, a message by telephone." We conclude, then, that Mr. Peoples could have brought suit under Kansas law.13Therefore, we will not imply aBivensclaim as to this allegation.
VI. CONCLUSION
We hold that underMalesko,federal prisoners have no implied right of action for damages against an employee of a privately operated prison under contract with the United States Marshals Service when state or federal law affords the prisoner an alternative cause of action for damages for the alleged injury. We agree with the District Court inPeoples Ithat Mr. Peoples has such a state-law remedy and conclude, as to Mr. Peoples'sEighthAmendment claim, that he has not stated a claim upon which relief can be granted. InPeoples II,we similarly hold that, as to Mr. Peoples'sFifthAmendment due process claim regarding alleged injury stemming from the monitoring of his phone calls, Mr. Peoples has a state-law remedy and therefore he has not stated a claim upon which relief may be granted. Last, we agree with the District Court inPeoplesIIthat Mr. Peoples's remaining claims fail to allege facts sufficient to state a claim under theFifthAmendment and therefore affirm the District Court's dismissal of those claims. We AFFIRM.
EBEL, Circuit Judge, concurring and dissenting.
Although I agree that the question before us does not implicate jurisdictional issues, I simply reach a different result regarding the availability of aBivens1remedy against employees of private prison facilities. Accordingly, I join Part II of the majority's analysis but must respectfully dissent from the remainder of the opinion.2Precedent

The majority's conclusion that aBivensaction is unavailable in this case purports to rest upon on a reading of the Supreme Court's precedent. My reading of that precedent, however, dictates a contrary result. In particular, the majority relies heavily on the following language fromCorrectional Services Corp. v. Malesko,Page 1109534 U.S. 61,122 S.Ct. 515,151 L.Ed.2d 456(2001):
In 30 years ofBivensjurisprudence, the Court has extended its holding only twice, to provide an otherwise nonexistent cause of action againstindividual officersalleged to have acted unconstitutionally, [e.g., Carlson], and to provide a cause of action for a plaintiff who lackedanyalternative remedyfor harms caused by an individual officer's unconstitutional conduct, [e.g., Davis]. Where such circumstances are not present, the Court has consistently rejected invitations to extendBivens,often for reasons that foreclose its extension here.
Id.at 70,122 S.Ct. 515. "An alternate cause of action for damages against an individual defendant," the majority reasons, "eliminates either of those two circumstances. . . ." In my view, however, the "otherwise nonexistent cause of action" theMaleskocourt references does not refer simply to the presence ofanycause of action. Rather, the alternate "cause of action" sufficient to preclude aBivensaction must be aconstitutionalcause of action.Bivens,after all, is aremedyimplied for aconstitutionalviolation. A state tort cause of action (not predicated on a constitutional violation) is not an adequate alternative remedy for a constitutional violation.

The problem with the majority's approach is that it treats all causes of action for damages as fungible units. Such an analysis is contrary to the Supreme Court's holding inCarlson v. Green,446 U.S. 14,100 S.Ct. 1468,64 L.Ed.2d 15(1980), where the Court implied aBivensremedy despite the availability of relief against the United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA"),28 U.S.C. § 1346.Carlson,446 U.S. at 24,100 S.Ct. 1468. Because the FTCA applies only in instances where a private person would be liable under state law, see28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1), the plaintiff inCarlson(just like Plaintiff here) could also have asserted a state-law tort claim against the individual officers. Yet inCarlson,the Court allowed aBivenscause of action.446 U.S. at 24,100 S.Ct. 1468.

If the presence of a tort claim against individual officers was not sufficient to preclude aBivensremedy against those officers inCarlson,so too should the availability of state-law tort claims against the instant defendants here be an insufficient substitute for the constitutional cause of actionBivensprovides. If a state tort suit brought against a federal employee is not a meaningful substitute for a constitutional right of action, then an identical suit brought against a private prison employee similarly should not be a meaningful substitute for a constitutional right of action.

Indeed, it was the lack of a constitutional cause of action (and the concomitant reliance on state tort law as a mechanism for enforcing federal constitutional rights) that gave rise toBivensin the first place. As theBivensCourt noted, a remedial scheme based on state tort law
[seeks] to treat the relationship between a citizen and a federal agent unconstitutionally exercising his authority as no different from the relationship between two private citizens. In so doing, [this approach] ignore[s] the fact that power, once granted does not disappear like a magic gift when it is wrongfully used. An agent acting — albeit unconstitutionally — in the name of the United States possesses a far greater capacity for harm than an individual trespasser exercising no authority other than his own.
Bivens,403 U.S. at 391-92,91 S.Ct. 1999. The majority inBivensrested its conclusion, in part, on a rejection of the notion that the constitution "proscribes only such conduct as would, if engaged by privatePage 1110persons, be condemned under state law."Id.at 392,91 S.Ct. 1999(referencing theFourthAmendment). Furthermore, the Court was clear that the constitution limits federal officials' power, "regardless of whether the State in whose jurisdiction that power is exercised would prohibit or penalize the identical act if engaged in by a private citizen."Id.

The majority's opinion abandons these principles, even though the Supreme Court has never overruledBivensor any of its progeny. To the contrary, the Court's opinion inMalesko,which foreclosed the availability of aBivensremedy against the private prison entity itself, clearly assumed the availability of the remedy against the employees of that prison.

InMalesko,the plaintiff'sBivensaction originally named both the private prison facility and ten individual employees as defendants.534 U.S. at 64-65,122 S.Ct. 515. The district court, however, dismissed the complaint as to the individual defendants on statute of limitations grounds, and Malesko did not appeal that ruling.Id.at 65,122 S.Ct. 515. Thus, when the case reached the Supreme Court, the only remaining defendant was the correctional facility itself.Id.In rejecting the possibility of aBivensremedy against a corporate entity, the Court compared the reliefMaleskosought to that available to other federal prisoners housed in public prisons:
If a federal prisoner in a [Bureau of Prisons] facility alleges a constitutional deprivation, he may bring aBivensclaim against the offending individual officer, subject to the defense of qualified immunity. The prisoner may not bring aBivensclaim against the officer's employer, the United States, or the BOP.With respect to thealleged constitutional deprivation, his only remedylies against the individual; a remedyMeyer3found sufficient, and which[Malesko] did not timely pursue.


Id. at 72,122 S.Ct. 515(emphasis, footnote added). The italicized language clearly indicates that the Court based its refusal to extendBivensliability to a private prison, in part, on an assumption that such a remedy would be appropriate against theemployeesof that private prison. The dissenters, led by Justice Stevens, also noted this aspect of the majority opinion:
Both CSC[, the private prison,] and [Malesko] have assumed thatBivenswould apply to [CSC employees], and the United States asamicusmaintains that such liability would be appropriate underBivens.. . . [T]he reasoning of the Court's opinion relies, at least in part, on the availability of a remedy against employees of private prisons.
Id.at 79 n. 6,122 S.Ct. 515(Stevens, J., dissenting).

Taken together,Bivens, Carlson,andMaleskoall support the proposition that a damages remedy is available against employees of private prison facilities. Doctrinal reasons aside, however, there are a number of other factors weighing in favor of such a holding as well.Parallelism

The majority's opinion undercuts the important policy objective of promoting public-private symmetry, a desire that was clearly at work inMalesko.InMalesko,the majority, noting that federal prisoners could not sue the United States as operator of public federal prisons underBivens,refused to impose any different standard of liability on private operators of federalPage 1111prisons.See Malesko,534 U.S. at 72,122 S.Ct. 515("Whether it makes sense to impose asymmetrical liability costs on private prison facilities alone is a question for Congress, not us, to decide.").

On the other hand, a desire to promote state-federal symmetry was also one of the major concerns shared by the dissenters inMalesko:
Indeed, it is the Court's decision that creates asymmetry — between federal and state prisoners housed in private correctional facilities. Under42 U.S.C. § 1983, a state prisoner may sue a private person for deprivation of constitutional rights, yet the Court denies such a remedy to that prisoner's federal counterpart. It is true that we have never expressly held that the contours ofBivensand § 1983 are identical. The Court, however, has recognized sound jurisprudential reasons for parallelism, as different standards for claims against state and federal actors would be incongruous and confusing.
Id.at 81,122 S.Ct. 515(Stevens, J., dissenting) (citations, quotations omitted).4

Thus, there existed inMaleskoa tension between furthering public-private symmetry and state-federal symmetry. That tension, however, is not present in the instant case. The chart below summarizes the availability of aBivens/§ 1983 remedy against various types of defendants:DefendantBivensaction§ 1983 action
Governmentally-runNo5No6prison
Privately-runNo7Yes8prison
Officer inYes9Yes10governmentally-runprison
Officer in??? Yes11privately-runprison
Page 1112

Reading the table horizontally tells us whether state-federal symmetry exists. Reading it vertically tells us whether public-private symmetry exists. Thus, public-private symmetry exists inBivenssuits against both governmentally-run and privately-run federal prisons. There is also symmetry in § 1983 actions against the officials who manage both governmentally-run and privately-run state prisons. State-federal symmetry exists with suits against both governmentally-run prisons and against the officers who manage them. There is an asymmetry betweenBivensactions against privately-run federal prisons (which are not allowed) and § 1983 actions against privately-run state prisons (which are).

Parallelism was a difficult policy objective to satisfy inMaleskobecause at the time that case was decided, it was impossible to satisfy both state-federal symmetry and public-private symmetry. Permitting theBivensaction there asserted would have meant that private inmates had more rights than public inmates. Denying the remedy would have meant (and in fact does mean) that state inmates have more rights than federal inmates. Thus, inMalesko,it was impossible to satisfy both types of symmetry, and it seems that the Court simply made a decision as to which of the two was the more important. But the case before us does not present this type of irreconcilable conflict.

Here, the only way to accomplish both public-private symmetry and state-federal symmetry is to permit theBivensaction against private officials. Any other outcome would create asymmetry on both the public-private and state-federal levels, something which both the majority and dissenters inMaleskosought to avoid.Uniformity

By making the availability of aBivensremedy against private prison guards dependent upon the absence of any state-law remedy, the majority's opinion ignores the Supreme Court's observation inCarlson,that
it is obvious that the liability of federal officials for violations of citizens' constitutional rights should be governed by uniform rules. The question whether [a plaintiff's] action for violations by federal officials of federal constitutional rights should be left to the vagaries of the laws of the several States admits of only a negative answer in the absence of a contrary congressional resolution.
446 U.S. at 23,100 S.Ct. 1468(citation omitted). While the above-quoted statement was offered as a justification for extending theBivensright into theEighthAmendment context, theCarlsonCourt further reinforced this point in the final section of its opinion when it held that only a uniform federal rule of survivorship could govern the availability of constitutional remedies when the plaintiff has died.Id.

Non-uniform rules of liability, such as the majority embraces today, do little to protect constitutional rights and may undermine the settled expectations of prisoners and prison guards, who may be transferred among different privately-run federal prison facilities located in different states.

Under the majority's approach, not only does the standard of liability depend on the varying contours of state law, it is, as evidenced by the instant case, an intensely fact-driven endeavor. Here, in dealing with Plaintiffs' Due Process claims, the majority only identifies a state-law analogue for one of the three asserted claims — Plaintiff's allegation that CCA officials monitored telephone conversationsPage 1113with his attorney. As to the other two (placement in administrative segregation and access to the law library), the majority simply proceeds directly to the merits in affirming the district court's dismissal. But if these two remaining claims had been meritorious, the majority does not say whether aBivensremedy would have been appropriate. And even taking the one claim that the majority found to be addressed by state law (monitoring attorney conversations), if the facts were slightly different, the Kansas statutes the majority cites would not apply. Imagine, for instance, that CCA officials had not listened in to phone conversations, but rather had insisted that a prison guard and court reporter be present in the room whenever Plaintiff met with his lawyer. Such conduct would likely amount to a Due Process violation, but Kan. Stat. Ann. §§21-4001and21-4002would not prohibit this conduct.

Thus, what we have here under the majority opinion is a framework where some, but not all, due process violations should be brought asBivensactions and some should be brought as state-law tort suits. This is precisely the problem that arises when courts attempt to use state tort law as a substitute for constitutional protections and serves as yet another reason why the majority's reasoning is flawed.Deterrence

My final objection to the majority opinion is that its result undermines the policy objective of individual deterrence that is a primary goal of theBivensremedy. As the court inMaleskonoted, "if a corporate defendant is available for suit, claimants will focus their collection efforts on it, and not the individual directly responsible for the alleged injury."534 U.S. at 71,122 S.Ct. 515. Here, it is true that a state-law tort remedy could be brought against the individual prison guards as to one of the claims, but perhaps not as to the other two claims which involve different conduct, and therefore there is no deterrence as to that conduct. Further, any state claim may be more limited than would be aBivensaction. Accordingly, any deterrent value provided by individualized tort suits against private prison guards is significantly undercut.Conclusion

For the reasons stated above, I respectfully dissent.
  1. Because Mr. Peoples was a pretrial detainee at the time of the alleged incidents, his claims technically are for violation of his substantive due process rights.See Lopez v. LeMaster,172 F.3d 756,759n. 2 (10th Cir. 1999). "In determining whether [a pretrial detainee's] rights were violated, however, we apply an analysis identical to that applied inEighthAmendment cases. . . ."Id.Thus, we refer to Mr. Peoples's claim as anEighthAmendment claim for ease of use. ↩
  2. After examining the briefs and the appellate record, this three-judge panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not be of material assistance in the determination ofPeoples II. SeeFed.R.App.P.34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G).Peoples IIis therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. ↩
  3. We also note that jurisdiction is not defeated if the complaint could have stated a cause of action for violation of a state law.SeeBell,327 U.S. at 680,66 S.Ct. 773. Nor is jurisdiction defeated "by the possibility that the averments might fail to state a cause of action on which [Mr. Peoples] could actually recover."See id.at 682,66 S.Ct. 773("[I]t is well settled that the failure to state a proper cause of action calls for a judgment on the merits and not a dismissal for want of jurisdiction."). ↩
  4. Importantly, however, the Court did not address whether aBivensclaim could be brought against the individual guard. ↩
  5. Although the District Court ultimately dismissed for "lack[of] subject matter jurisdiction,"see Peoples I,2004 WL 74317 at *7, dismissal was based on the faulty premise that jurisdiction only exists if the plaintiff can state a cause of action pursuant toBivens.An indispensable portion of the District Court's analysis, therefore, was whetherMaleskobars the extension ofBivensto this case. Ultimately, we agree with this portion of the District Court's analysis. ↩
  6. The FTCA states that the United States shall be liable for enumerated acts of its employees "under circumstances where the United States, if aprivate person,would be liable to the claimant in accordance with thelaw of the place[i.e., the state] where the act or omission occurred."28 U.S.C. § 1346(b)(1) (emphasis added). ↩
  7. "While not binding on this court, decisions by a state's intermediate appellate courts provide evidence of how the state's highest court would rule on the issue, and we can consider them as such."Cravenv. Univ. of Colo. Hosp. Auth.,260 F.3d 1218,1231(10th Cir. 2001) (quotations omitted). As we find no indicia that the Kansas Supreme Court would apply a different rule,see Hesler v. Osawatomie State Hosp.,266 Kan. 616,971 P.2d 1169,1174(1999) (applyingWashingtonin the context of involuntarily committed psychiatric patients), we follow the Kansas Court of Appeals. ↩
  8. Several other states in the Tenth Circuit appear to impose a similar duty.See Methola v. Eddy County,95 N.M. 329,622 P.2d 234(1980);People ex rel. Coover v. Guthner,105 Colo. 37,94 P.2d 699(1939);Taylor v. Slaughter,171 Okla. 152,42 P.2d 235(1935). Utah, as a matter of sovereign immunity, requires willful and malicious conduct before a prison official may be found liable to an inmate for injuries caused by a third party.Sheffield v. Turner,21 Utah 2d 314,445 P.2d 367(1968). Wyoming has yet to address the issue. ↩
  9. We recognize that the Supreme Court, in dicta, suggested that the government contractor defense might apply to a state-law tort claim against a privately-operated federal prison when "the government has directed the contractor to do the very thing that is the subject of the claim."Malesko,534 U.S. at 74n. 6,122 S.Ct. 515. The record here, however, provides no basis for such a defense. ↩
  10. Under Kansas law, punitive damages generally are limited to the "annual gross income earned by the defendant." Kan. Stat. Ann. §60-3702(e)(1). In addition, Kansas law also limits the amount of recovery for pain and suffering in personal injury actions to $250,000.Id.§ 60-19a01(b). We need not consider the effect of this provision, however, because Mr. Peoples does not seek damages for pain and suffering. ↩
  11. We note that aBivensclaim will also not be implied unless the defendants acted "under color of federal law or authority."See Dry v.United States,235 F.3d 1249,1255(10th Cir. 2000). We do not reach that issue inPeoples I,however, because we conclude that dismissal is warranted due to the existence of a state law cause of action.See Rossv. United States Marshal,168 F.3d at 1194n. 2 (appellate court may affirm the district court's judgment on any ground supported in the record). Because we also conclude inPeoples IIthat Mr. Peoples's allegations, even if true, do not constitute a constitutional violation, we similarly do not reach the issue in our discussion of that case. ↩
  12. Sandin v. Conner,515 U.S. 472,115 S.Ct. 2293,132 L.Ed.2d 418(1995), leavesBell,which is the Court's watershed case involving pretrial detainees, untouched.See, e.g., Fuentes v. Wagner,206 F.3d 335,342n. 9 (3d Cir. 2000);Rapier v. Harris,172 F.3d 999,1005(7th Cir. 1999). ↩
  13. No other factors appear to prevent Mr. Peoples from filing suit under Kansas law. As we discussed above, the government contractor doctrine is not applicable because there is nothing in the record indicating that the Marshal Service specifically ordered the monitoring of Mr. Peoples's calls to his attorney. ↩
  14. Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau ofNarcotics,403 U.S. 388,389,91 S.Ct. 1999,29 L.Ed.2d 619(1971). ↩
  15. The majority has written a very fine opinion on what it concedes to be a very close case. Perhaps this question, which will undoubtedly arise again given the increasing privatization of prison facilities, ultimately ought to be decided by the Supreme Court. ↩
  16. Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. Meyer,510 U.S. 471,473,114 S.Ct. 996,127 L.Ed.2d 308(1994) (declining to imply aBivensremedy against the government itself, as opposed to individual officers). ↩
  17. This point touches on a deeper issue in Constitutional law, the notion that restrictions imposed upon the states in the name of furthering constitutional rights should, for structural reasons, be imposed to the same degree on the federal government. This helps explain why, for instance, the Supreme Court ordered desegregation of the District of Columbia schools on the same day as it issuedBrown v. Boardof Education,347 U.S. 483,74 S.Ct. 686,98 L.Ed. 873(1954).SeeBolling v. Sharpe,347 U.S. 497,500,74 S.Ct. 693,98 L.Ed. 884(1954) ("In view of our decision that the Constitution prohibits the states from maintaining racially segregated public schools, it would be unthinkable that the same Constitution would impose a lesser duty on the Federal Government"). ↩
  18. See Meyer,510 U.S. at 484-86,114 S.Ct. 996. ↩
  19. Such an action would be barred by state sovereign immunity.SeeQuern v. Jordan,440 U.S. 332,338-40,99 S.Ct. 1139,59 L.Ed.2d 358(1979). ↩
  20. Malesko,534 U.S. at 66,122 S.Ct. 515. ↩
  21. See Lugar v. Edmondson Oil. Co.,457 U.S. 922,941-42,102 S.Ct. 2744,73 L.Ed.2d 482(1982) (permitting suit under § 1983 against private corporations exercising state action). ↩
  22. See Bivens,403 U.S. at 389,91 S.Ct. 1999. ↩
  23. See42 U.S.C. § 1983. ↩
  24. See Rosborough v. Mgmt. Training Corp.,350 F.3d 459,461(5th Cir. 2003) (holding that employees of private prison-management company may be sued under § 1983 because confinement of wrongdoers — though sometimes delegated to private entities — is a fundamentally governmental function);Street v. Corrections Corp. of Am.,102 F.3d 810,814(6th Cir. 1996) (holding that employees of private prison-management company were acting under color of state law for § 1983 purposes in that they were performing a "traditional state function");Ancata v. Prison HealthServs.,769 F.2d 700,703(11th Cir. 1985) (holding that employees of a private medical service responsible for treating state prisoners engaged in state action subjecting it to suit under § 1983 because it performed "a function which is traditionally the exclusive prerogative of the state");see alsoRobin Miller, Annotation,Rights of Prisoners inPrivate Prisons,119 A.L.R. 5th 1, 28-29 (2004). ↩