Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Kawaauhau v. Geiger

523 U.S. 57

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1998-03-03
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that Section 523(a)(6) does not except from discharge debts arising from negligently or recklessly inflicted injuries
  • holding that § 523(a)(6) requires the actor to intend the injury, not just the act that leads to the injury
  • holding that the term "willful'' as used in § 523(a)(6), providing for the nondischarge-ability of a debt, requires a finding of specific intent.
  • holding that § 523(a)(6) requires a specific intent to injure and that recklessly inflicted injuries are insufficient
  • holding that Section 523(a)(6) renders non-dischargeable "only acts done with actual intent to cause injury”, not merely "acts, done intentionally, that cause injury”
  • holding that a mere deliberate or intentional act that causes injury is not sufficient to establish willfulness in the context of 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6)
  • holding that “523(a)(6)’s exemption from discharge ... is confined to debts 'based on what the law has for generations called an intentional tort.’ ”
  • holding that “[njegligent or reckless acts, [such as medical malpractice] do not suffice to establish that a resulting injury is willful and malicious”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Kawaauhau v. Geiger. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
1986 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Bankruptcy Law — Nondischargeability of Debts A debt arising from a medical malpractice judgment attributable to negligent or reckless conduct does not fall within the exception from discharge for "willful and malicious injury" under 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6) and is therefore dischargeable in bankruptcy. 523 U.S. at 59, 64
  2. Bankruptcy Law — Statutory Construction of § 523(a)(6) Under § 523(a)(6), the word "willful" modifies the word "injury," so that nondischargeability requires a deliberate or intentional injury, not merely a deliberate or intentional act that leads to injury; the provision does not reach debts for unintentionally inflicted injuries. 523 U.S. at 61
  3. Bankruptcy Law — Statutory Construction of § 523(a)(6) The formulation of § 523(a)(6) invokes the category of intentional torts, which generally require that the actor intend the consequences of an act, not simply the act itself. 523 U.S. at 61-62
  4. Bankruptcy Law — Discharge Exceptions to discharge should be confined to those plainly expressed and should not be construed so broadly as to encompass a wide range of situations in which an act is intentional but the injury is unintended, such as ordinary traffic accidents or knowing breaches of contract. 523 U.S. at 62
  5. Bankruptcy Law — Statutory Construction An interpretation of § 523(a)(6) that would render superfluous other provisions of the same law, such as the exemptions in §§ 523(a)(9) and 523(a)(12), is disfavored. 523 U.S. at 62
  6. Bankruptcy Law — Statutory Construction Tinker v. Colwell is confined to its holding that criminal conversation, a traditional intentional tort akin to trespass vi et armis, fell within the discharge exception, and it provides no warrant for departing from the current statutory requirement that a nondischargeable judgment debt be "for willful and malicious injury." 523 U.S. at 62-63
  7. Bankruptcy Law — Nondischargeability of Debts Negligent or reckless acts do not suffice to establish that a resulting injury is "willful and malicious" within the meaning of the discharge exception. 523 U.S. at 63-64 (citing Davis v. Aetna Acceptance Co., 293 U.S. 328, 332 (1934))
  8. Bankruptcy Law — Policy Whether, as a matter of policy, malpractice judgments should be excepted from discharge, at least where the debtor acted recklessly or carried no malpractice insurance, is a decision for Congress to make. 523 U.S. at 64
KAWAAUHAU v. GEIGER,523 U.S. 57(1998)
118 S.Ct. 974
MARGARET KAWAAUHAU, ET VIR, PETITIONERSv. PAUL W. GEIGER
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT
No. 97-115
Argued January 21, 1998
Decided March 3, 1998
When petitioner Kawaauhau sought treatment for her injured foot, respondent Dr. Geiger examined and hospitalized her to attend to the risk of infection. Although Geiger knew that intravenous penicillin would have been more effective, he prescribed oral penicillin, explaining in his testimony that he understood his patient wished to minimize treatment costs. Geiger then departed on a business trip, leaving Kawaauhau in the care of other physicians, who decided she should be transferred to an infectious disease specialist. When Geiger returned, he canceled the transfer and discontinued all antibiotics because he believed the infection had subsided. Kawaauhau's condition deteriorated, requiring amputation of her leg below the knee. After trial in the malpractice suit brought by Kawaauhau and her husband, the jury found Geiger liable and awarded the Kawaauhaus approximately $355,000 in damages. Geiger, who carried no malpractice insurance, moved to Missouri, where his wages were garnished by the Kawaauhaus. Geiger then petitioned for bankruptcy. The Kawaauhaus requested the Bankruptcy Court to hold the malpractice judgment nondischargeable under11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6), which provides that a "discharge [in bankruptcy] . . . does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt . . . for willful and malicious injury . . . to another." Concluding that Geiger's treatment fell far below the appropriate standard of care and therefore ranked as "willful and malicious," that court held the debt nondischargeable. The District Court affirmed, but the Eighth Circuit reversed, holding that § 523(a)(6)'s exemption from discharge is confined to debts for an intentional tort, so that a debt for malpractice remains dischargeable because it is based on negligent or reckless conduct.Held:Because a debt arising from a medical malpractice judgment attributable to negligent or reckless conduct does not fall within the § 523(a)(6) exception, the debt is dischargeable in bankruptcy. Section 523(a)(6)'s words strongly support the Eighth Circuit's reading that only acts done with the actual intent to cause injury fall within the exception's scope. The section's word "willful" modifies the word "injury," indicating that nondischargeability takes a deliberate or intentionalinjury, not merely, as the Kawaauhaus urge, a deliberate or intentionalactthat leads to injury. Had Congress meant to exempt debtsPage 58resulting from unintentionally inflicted injuries, it might have described instead "willful acts that cause injury" or selected an additional word or words,i.e., "reckless" or "negligent," to modify "injury." Moreover, § 523(a)(6)'s formulation triggers in the lawyer's mind the category "intentional torts," which generally require that the actor intend theconsequencesof an act, not simply the act itself. The Kawaauhaus' more encompassing interpretation could place within the excepted category a wide range of situations in which an act is intentional, but injury is unintended,i.e., neither desired nor in fact anticipated by the debtor. A construction so broad would be incompatible with the well-known guide that exceptions to discharge should be confined to those plainly expressed, and would render superfluous the exemptions from discharge set forth in §§ 523(a)(9) and 523(a)(12). The Kawaauhaus rely onTinkerv.Colwell,193 U.S. 473, which held that a damages award for the tort of "criminal conversation" survived bankruptcy under the 1898 Bankruptcy Act's exception from discharge for judgments in civil actions for "`willful and malicious injuries.'" TheTinkeropinion repeatedly recognized that at common law the tort in question ranked as trespassvi et armis, akin to a master's "`action of trespass and assault . . . for the battery of his servant.'"Tinkerplaced criminal conversation solidly within the traditional intentional tort category, and this Court so confines its holding; that decision provides no warrant for departure from the current statutory instruction that, to be nondischargeable, the judgment debt must be "for willful and maliciousinjury." See,e.g., Davisv.Aetna Acceptance Co.,293 U.S. 328,332. The Kawaauhaus' argument that, as a policy matter, malpractice judgments should be excepted from discharge, at least when the debtor acted recklessly or carried no malpractice insurance, should be addressed to Congress. Debts arising from reckless or negligently inflicted injuries do not fall within § 523(a)(6)'s compass. Pp. 60-64.113 F.3d 848, affirmed.

GINSBURG, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Norman W. Pressmanargued the cause for petitioners. With him on the briefs wereTeresa A. Generous, Ronald J. Mann, andEdwardB. Greensfelder.Laura K. Grandyargued the cause and filed a brief for respondent.fn*Page 59
JUSTICE GINSBURG delivered the opinion of the Court.
Section523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code provides that a debt "for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another" is not dischargeable.11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). The question before us is whether a debt arising from a medical malpractice judgment, attributable to negligent or reckless conduct, falls within this statutory exception. We hold that it does not and that the debt is dischargeable.
I
In January 1983, petitioner Margaret Kawaauhau sought treatment from respondent Dr. Paul Geiger for a foot injury. Geiger examined Kawaauhau and admitted her to the hospital to attend to the risk of infection resulting from the injury. Although Geiger knew that intravenous penicillin would have been more effective, he prescribed oral penicillin, explaining in his testimony that he understood his patient wished to minimize the cost of her treatment.

Geiger then departed on a business trip, leaving Kawaauhau in the care of other physicians, who decided she should be transferred to an infectious disease specialist. When Geiger returned, he canceled the transfer and discontinued all antibiotics because he believed the infection had subsided. Kawaauhau's condition deteriorated over the next few days, requiring the amputation of her right leg below the knee.

Kawaauhau, joined by her husband Solomon, sued Geiger for malpractice. After a trial, the jury found Geiger liable and awarded the Kawaauhaus approximately $355,000 in damages.1Geiger, who carried no malpractice insurance,2Page 60moved to Missouri, where his wages were garnished by the Kawaauhaus. Geiger then petitioned for bankruptcy. The Kawaauhaus requested the Bankruptcy Court to hold the malpractice judgment nondischargeable on the ground that it was a debt "for willful and malicious injury" excepted from discharge by11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(6). The Bankruptcy Court concluded that Geiger's treatment fell far below the appropriate standard of care and therefore ranked as "willful and malicious." Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court held the debt nondischargeable.In reGeiger,172 B.R. 916,922-923(Bkrtcy. Ct. ED Mo. 1994). In an unpublished order, the District Court affirmed. App. to Pet. for Cert. A-18 to A-22.

A three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reversed,93 F.3d 443(1996), and a divided en banc court adhered to the panel's position,113 F.3d 848(1997) (en banc). Section 523(a)(6)'s exemption from discharge, the en banc court held, is confined to debts "based on what the law has for generations called an intentional tort."Id., at 852. On this view, a debt for malpractice, because it is based on conduct that is negligent or reckless, rather than intentional, remains dischargeable.

The Eighth Circuit acknowledged that its interpretation of § 523(a)(6) diverged from previous holdings of the Sixth and Tenth Circuits. Seeid., at 853 (citingPerkinsv.Scharffe,817 F.2d 392,394(CA6), cert. denied,484 U.S. 853(1987), andIn re Franklin,726 F.2d 606,610(CA10 1984)). We granted certiorari to resolve this conflict,521 U.S. 1153(1997), and now affirm the Eighth Circuit's judgment.
II
Section523(a)(6) of the Bankruptcy Code provides:
"(a) A discharge under section 727, 1141, 1228(a), 1228(b), or 1328(b) of this title does not discharge an individual debtor from any debt —
Page 61

. . . . .
"(6) for willful and malicious injury by the debtor to another entity or to the property of another entity."


The Kawaauhaus urge that the malpractice award fits within this exception because Dr. Geiger intentionally rendered inadequate medical care to Margaret Kawaauhau that necessarily led to her injury. According to the Kawaauhaus, Geiger deliberately chose less effective treatment because he wanted to cut costs, all the while knowing that he was providing substandard care. Such conduct, the Kawaauhaus assert, meets the "willful and malicious" specification of § 523(a)(6).

We confront this pivotal question concerning the scope of the "willful and malicious injury" exception: Does § 523(a)(6)'s compass cover acts, done intentionally,3that cause injury (as the Kawaauhaus urge), or only acts done with the actual intent to cause injury (as the Eighth Circuit ruled)? The words of the statute strongly support the Eighth Circuit's reading.

The word "willful" in (a)(6) modifies the word "injury," indicating that nondischargeability takes a deliberate or intentionalinjury, not merely a deliberate or intentionalactthat leads to injury. Had Congress meant to exempt debts resulting from unintentionally inflicted injuries, it might have described instead "willful acts that cause injury." Or, Congress might have selected an additional word or words,i.e., "reckless" or "negligent," to modify "injury." Moreover, as the Eighth Circuit observed, the (a)(6) formulation triggers in the lawyer's mind the category "intentional torts," as distinguished from negligent or reckless torts. Intentional torts generally require that the actor intend "theconsequencesPage 62of an act," not simply "the act itself." Restatement (Second) of Torts § 8A, Commenta, p. 15 (1964) (emphasis added).

The Kawaauhaus' more encompassing interpretation could place within the excepted category a wide range of situations in which an act is intentional, but injury is unintended,i.e., neither desired nor in fact anticipated by the debtor. Every traffic accident stemming from an initial intentional act — for example, intentionally rotating the wheel of an automobile to make a left-hand turn without first checking oncoming traffic — could fit the description. See113 F.3d, at 852. A "knowing breach of contract" could also qualify. Seeibid. A construction so broad would be incompatible with the "well-known" guide that exceptions to discharge "should be confined to those plainly expressed."Gleasonv.Thaw,236 U.S. 558,562(1915).

Furthermore, "we are hesitant to adopt an interpretation of a congressional enactment which renders superfluous another portion of that same law."Mackeyv.Lanier CollectionAgency Service, Inc.,486 U.S. 825,837(1988). Reading § 523(a)(6) as the Kawaauhaus urge would obviate the need for § 523(a)(9), which specifically exempts debts "for death or personal injury caused by the debtor's operation of a motor vehicle if such operation was unlawful because the debtor was intoxicated from using alcohol, a drug, or another substance."11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(9); see alsoid. § 523(a)(12) (exempting debts for "malicious or reckless failure" to fulfill certain commitments owed to a federal depository institutions regulatory agency).4

The Kawaauhaus heavily rely onTinkerv.Colwell,193 U.S. 473(1904), which presented this question: Does an award of damages for "criminal conversation" survive bankruptcy under the 1898 Bankruptcy Act's exception fromPage 63discharge for judgments in civil actions for "`willful and malicious injuries to the person or property of another'"?Id., at 480. TheTinkerCourt held such an award a nondischargeable debt. The Kawaauhaus feature certain statements in theTinkeropinion, in particular: "[An] act is willful . . . in the sense that it is intentional and voluntary" even if performed "without any particular malice,"id., at 485; an act that "necessarily causes injury and is done intentionally, may be said to be done willfully and maliciously, so as to come within the [bankruptcy discharge] exception,"id., at 487. See alsoid., at 486 (the statute exempts from discharge liability for "`a wrongful act, done intentionally, without just cause or excuse'") (quoting from definition of malice inBromagev.Prosser, 4 Barn. Cress. 247, 107 Eng. Rep. 1051 (K. B. 1825)).

The exposition in theTinkeropinion is less than crystalline. Counterbalancing the portions the Kawaauhaus emphasize, theTinkerCourt repeatedly observed that the tort in question qualified in the common law as trespassory. Indeed, it ranked as "trespassvi et armis."193 U.S., at 482,483. Criminal conversation, the Court noted, was an action akin to a master's "action of trespass and assault . . . for the battery of his servant,"id., at 482.Tinkerthus placed criminal conversation solidly within the traditional intentional tort category, and we so confine its holding. That decision, we clarify, provides no warrant for departure from the current statutory instruction that, to be nondischargeable, the judgment debt must be "for willful and maliciousinjury."

Subsequent decisions of this Court are in accord with our construction. InMcIntyrev.Kavanaugh,242 U.S. 138(1916), a broker "deprive[d] another of his property forever by deliberately disposing of it without semblance of authority."Id., at 141. The Court held that this act constituted an intentional injury to property of another, bringing it within the discharge exception. But inDavisv.Aetna AcceptancePage 64Co.,293 U.S. 328(1934), the Court explained that not every tort judgment for conversion is exempt from discharge. Negligent or reckless acts, the Court held, do not suffice to establish that a resulting injury is "wilful and malicious." Seeid., at 332.

Finally, the Kawaauhaus maintain that, as a policy matter, malpractice judgments should be excepted from discharge, at least when the debtor acted recklessly or carried no malpractice insurance. Congress, of course, may so decide. But unless and until Congress makes such a decision, we must follow the current direction § 523(a)(6) provides.
* * *
We hold that debts arising from recklessly or negligently inflicted injuries do not fall within the compass of § 523(a)(6). For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit isAffirmed.Page 65
  1. Gary Kleinfiled a brief for the National Association of Consumer Bankruptcy Attorneys asamicus curiaeurging affirmance. ↩
  2. The jury awarded Margaret Kawaauhau $203,040 in special damages and $99,000 in general damages.In re Geiger,172 B.R. 916,919(Bkrtcy. Ct. ED Mo. 1994). In addition, the jury awarded Solomon Kawaauhau $18,000 in general damages for loss of consortium and $35,000 for emotional distress.Ibid. ↩
  3. Although the record is not clear on this point, it appears that Dr. Geiger was not required by state law to carry medical malpractice insurance. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 19. ↩
  4. The word "willful" is defined in Black's Law Dictionary as "voluntary" or "intentional." Black's Law Dictionary 1434 (5th ed. 1979). Consistently, legislative reports note that the word "willful" in § 523(a)(6) means "deliberate or intentional." See S.Rep. No. 95-989, p. 79 (1978); H.R. Rep. No. 95-595, p. 365 (1977). ↩
  5. Sections 523(a)(9) and (12) were added to the Bankruptcy Code in 1984 and 1990 respectively. See Pub.L.98-353,98 Stat. 364(1984), and Pub.L.101-647,104 Stat. 4865(1990). ↩