Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. Savage

How later courts describe this case

• error in excluding defense evidence harmless where substance of excluded evidence was eventually allowed into evidence
• multiple bank fraud charges were not multiplicitous where they related to a series of fraudulently obtained loans
• each time an identifiable sum of money is obtained by a specific fraudulent transaction, there is likely to be a separate execution of a scheme to defraud
• officer may use deadly force where he has probable cause to believe that the suspect "poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer"
• in order to prove knowledge based on alleged “willful blindness,” it must be shown that the defendant was aware of a high probability of the fact in question and deliberately avoided learning the fact; mere negligence is not enough
• limiting the reasonableness inquiry to the moments force was used
• conspiracy may be a continuing. agreement