Hurwitz v. United States

How later courts describe this case

• upholding the Department of Justice’s random drug testing plan for employees holding top secret national security clearances
• distinguishing random drug-testing program from one limited to single preemployment test
• “evidence of a nationwide drug problem cannot be generalized to subject innocent and hardworking federal employees to urinalysis”
• under Young, prison officials not immune from suit alleging violations of federal constitution and federal statutes
• “Joint action ... requires a substantial degree of cooperative action.”
• random testing of Justice Department employees with “top secret” clearance