Landy v. Federal Deposit Insurance

How later courts describe this case

• noting that an appellate court can properly take judicial notice of any matter of which any court of original jurisdiction may properly take notice
• requiring proof that "the encouragement or assistance is a substantial factor in causing the resulting tort”
• indicating that accountant liability turns on foreseeability of plaintiff’s reliance
• stockholder free to initiate derivative action when receiver refuses to initiate suit necessary for protection of creditors
• discussion of only four alternatives sufficient as long as those alternatives are “sufficient to permit a reasoned choice”
• defendant liable "to all those persons whom he should reasonably have foreseen would be injured by his misrepresentation"
• an aider and abettor is liable if an independent wrong exists, he knew of the wrong, and substantial assistance was given in effecting it
• judicial notice frequently taken of developments not of record in the application of mootness doctrine by appellate courts