Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

United States v. Green

350 U.S. 415

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1956-03-26
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • explaining that "extortion ... in no way depends upon having a direct benefit conferred on the person who obtains the property"
  • upholding the Hobbs Act because Congress may prohibit violent actions that interfere with interstate commerce
  • upholding the Hobbs Act because "the legislation is directed at the protection of interstate commerce against injury[.]"
  • upholding Hobbs Act, which made it a crime to “obstruct[ ], delay[ ], or affect[ ] commerce or the movement of any article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion”
  • finding constitutional the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951, which punishes “interference with interstate commerce by extortion, robbery or physical violence [by] ... outlawing] such interference ‘in any way or degree.’ ”
  • rejecting the view that “the Hobbs Act covers only the taking of property from another for the extortioner’s personal advantage” because “extortion as defined in the [Hobbs Act] in no way depends upon having a direct benefit conferred on the person who obtains the property.”
  • “extortion as defined in the statute in no way depends upon having a direct benefit conferred on the person who obtains the property”
  • Hobbs Act prosecution upheld where force and violence were employed to compel concessions from the employer which the union had no legitimate right to demand

Citator

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Cited by
110 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Criminal Law & Procedure — Hobbs Act — Extortion Obstructing interstate commerce through a labor union's wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear to compel an employer to pay wages to union members for imposed, unwanted, superfluous, and fictitious services constitutes extortion in violation of the Hobbs Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1951. 350 U.S. at 416-421
  2. Criminal Law & Procedure — Hobbs Act — Scope of Extortion The coverage of 18 U.S.C. § 1951 is not confined to attempts to obtain money or other property for the extortioner's personal advantage, but extends to attempts by a union or its agents to obtain jobs and pay for its members through threats and violence. 350 U.S. at 418-420
  3. Criminal Law & Procedure — Hobbs Act — Legislative History The legislative history of the Hobbs Act demonstrates that Congress intended the statute to cover the employer-employee relationship, the exclusion clause of the prior Anti-Racketeering Act having been deliberately dropped to eliminate any basis for judicial conclusions that Congress did not so intend. 350 U.S. at 418-419
  4. Labor & Employment Law — Statutory Exemptions — Hobbs Act The Hobbs Act's provision that it shall not affect the Clayton Act, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, the Railway Labor Act, or the National Labor Relations Act affords no protection to unions or their officials who attempt to obtain personal property through threats of force or violence, as such means are not legitimate methods of improving labor conditions. 350 U.S. at 419-420
  5. Constitutional Law — Commerce Power — Extortion Because the Hobbs Act is directed at protecting interstate commerce against injury from extortion, it falls within the constitutional power of Congress, and racketeering affecting interstate commerce is subject to federal legislative control. 350 U.S. at 420-421
UNITED STATESv. GREEN,350 U.S. 415(1956)
76 S.Ct. 522
UNITED STATESv. GREEN ET AL.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF
ILLINOIS.
No. 54.
Argued February 27, 1956.
Decided March 26, 1956.
Obstruction of interstate commerce or an attempt to do so through the wrongful use by a labor union or its agents of actual or threatened force, violence or fear, in an attempt to compel an employer to pay "wages" to members of the union for imposed, unwanted, superfluous and fictitious "services," is a violation of the Hobbs Act,18 U.S.C. § 1951. Pp. 416-421.
(a) The coverage of18 U.S.C. § 1951is not confined to attempts to obtain money or other property for the extortioner's personal advantage; it applies also to attempts by a union or its agents to get jobs and pay for its members by threats and violence. Pp. 418-420.
(b) The legislative history of the Act shows that it was intended to cover the employer-employee relationship. Pp. 418-419.
(c) A different result is not required by the provision of Title II of the Hobbs Act that it should not affect the Clayton Act, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, the Railway Labor Act or the National Labor Relations Act, since there is nothing in those Acts indicating any protection for unions or their officials in attempts to get personal property through threats of force or violence. Pp. 419-420.
(d) Since this legislation is directed at the protection of interstate commerce against injury from extortion, it is within the power of Congress. Pp. 420-421.
135 F. Supp. 162, reversed.
Oscar H. Davisargued the cause for the United States. On the brief wereSolicitor General Sobeloff, AssistantAttorney General Olney, Beatrice RosenbergandCarl H.Imlay.Arthur M. Fitzgeraldargued the cause for appellees. With him on the brief wereSchaeffer O'NeillandWilliamP. Roberts.Page 416
MR. JUSTICE REED delivered the opinion of the Court.
An indictment was found in the Southern District of Illinois against appellees Green and a local union. The jury adjudged them guilty under counts one and two thereof. The court sustained their separate motions in arrest of judgment, setting out in its order that its action was "solely" on the following grounds:

"2. This court is without jurisdiction of the offense.
"(b) The facts alleged in the Indictment failed to set forth an offense against the United States such as to give this Court jurisdiction.
"(c) A proper construction of the statute in question clearly indicates that it does not cover the type of activity charged in this indictment; to interpret the Act in question as covering the type of activity charged in this Indictment is to extend the jurisdiction of this Court and the power of Congress beyond their Constitutional limits."


Appeal was taken by the United States directly to this Court under18 U.S.C. § 3731.1We noted probable jurisdiction.350 U.S. 813.

The two counts in question were based upon alleged violations of18 U.S.C. § 1951, popularly known as the Hobbs Act. The pertinent statutory provisions are subsections (a) and (b)(2) thereof, reading as follows:
"(a) Whoever in any way or degree obstructs, delays, or affects commerce or the movement of anyPage 417article or commodity in commerce, by robbery or extortion or attempts or conspires so to do, or commits or threatens physical violence to any person or property in furtherance of a plan or purpose to do anything in violation of this section shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned not more than twenty years, or both.


"(b) . . .
"(2) The term `extortion' means the obtaining of property from another, with his consent, induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force, violence, or fear, or under color of official right."


Each of the two counts charged appellees with acts of extortion under § 1951 directed against a different employer. The extortions alleged consisted of attempts to obtain from the particular employer.
"his money, in the form of wages to be paid for imposed, unwanted, superfluous and fictitious services of laborers commonly known as swampers, in connection with the operation of machinery and equipment then being used and operated by said [employer] in the execution of his said contract for maintenance work on said levee, the attempted obtaining of said property from said [employer] as aforesaid being then intended to be accomplished and accomplished with the consent of said [employer], induced and obtained by the wrongful use, to wit, the use for the purposes aforesaid, of actual and threatened force, violence and fear made to said [employer], and his employees and agents then and there being; in violation of Section 1951 of Title 18, United States Code."


Appellees each filed motions for acquittal or in the alternative for a new trial. These the trial court specifically denied. The opinion of the trial court,135 F. Supp. 162,Page 418says nothing as to failure of evidence to support the allegations of the indictment, or as to trial errors. Instead the court relied upon the absence of criminality in the acts charged, and it was therefore logical for the trial court to deny acquittal and new trial.2The court thought persuasive our recent cases which held union efforts to secure "made work" for their members were not unfair labor practices.3From its view that extortion as defined in the Hobbs Act covers only the taking of property from another for the extortioner's personal advantage, the necessity to arrest the judgment followed. Rule34, Fed. Rules Crim. Proc.

We do not agree with that interpretation of the section. The Hobbs Act was passed after this Court had construed § 2 of the Federal Anti-Racketeering Act of 1934,48 Stat. 979, inUnited Statesv.Local807,315 U.S. 521. Subsection (a) of § 2 barred, with respect to interstate commerce, exaction of valuable considerations by force, violence or coercion, "not including, however, the paymentPage 419of wages by a bona-fide employer to a bona-fide employee." We held inLocal 807that this exception covered members of a city truck drivers' union offering superfluous services to drive arriving trucks to their city destination with intent, if the truck owners refused their offer, to exact the wages by violence.4In the Hobbs Act,60 Stat. 420, carried forward as18 U.S.C. § 1951, which amended the Anti-Racketeering Act, the exclusion clause involved in theLocal 807decision was dropped. The legislative history makes clear that the new Act was meant to eliminate any grounds for future judicial conclusions that Congress did not intend to cover the employer-employee relationship.5The words were defined to avoid any misunderstanding.

Title II of the Hobbs Act provides that the provisions of the Act shall not affect the Clayton Act, §§ 6 and 20,Page 42038 Stat. 731, 738; the Norris-LaGuardia Act,47 Stat. 70; the Railway Labor Act,44 Stat. 577; or the National Labor Relations Act,49 Stat. 449.6There is nothing in any of those Acts, however, that indicates any protection for unions or their officials in attempts to get personal property through threats of force or violence. Those are not legitimate means for improving labor conditions.7If the trial court intended by its references to the Norris-LaGuardia and Wagner Acts to indicate any such labor exception, which we doubt, it was in error. Apparently what the court meant is more clearly expressed by its statement, set out in the last paragraph of note 2 above, that the charged acts would be criminal only if they were used to obtain property for the personal benefit of the union or its agent, in this case Green. This latter holding is also erroneous. The city truckers in theLocal 807case similarly were trying by force to get jobs and pay from the out-of-state truckers by threats and violence. The Hobbs Act was meant to stop just such conduct. And extortion as defined in the statute in no way depends upon having a direct benefit conferred on the person who obtains the property.

It is also stated in the opinion below that to interpret the Act as covering the activity charged would "extend the jurisdiction of the Court, and the power of Congress beyond their Constitutional limits."135 F. Supp., at 162. The same language is in the order. Since in our view the legislation is directed at the protection of interstate commerce against injury from extortion, the court's holding is clearly wrong. We said in theLocal 807casePage 421that racketeering affecting interstate commerce was within federal legislative control.315 U.S., at 536. Cf.Clevelandv.United States,329 U.S. 14,19;Mitchellv.Vollmer Co.,349 U.S. 427.

On this appeal the record does not contain the evidence upon which the court acted. The indictment charges interference with commerce by extortion in the words of the Act's definition of that crime. We rule only on the allegations of the indictment and hold that the acts charged against appellees fall within the terms of the Act. The order in arrest of judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the District Court.It is so ordered.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, with whom THE CHIEF JUSTICE and MR. JUSTICE BLACK concur, dissenting.
The Government has no right to a direct appeal to this Court under18 U.S.C. § 3731if the District Court judgment "was not placedsolelyupon the invalidity or construction of the statute."United Statesv.Wayne PumpCo.,317 U.S. 200,208. (Italics added.) The presence of any additional and independent ground for the District Court's order is fatal to direct review here. I am convinced that there is such an independent ground for the District Court's judgment in this case. It is evident from the district judge's memorandum opinion (135 F. Supp. 162) that his order granting the motions in arrest of judgment rested at least in part upon the insufficiency of the evidence to support the conviction. He considered facts not alleged in the indictment,e. g., that contractors in the community had customarily agreed to the employment of labor which allegedly was demanded by appellees, and that the trouble on the particular job was caused by a disagreement between the contractor and labor, not by an attempt to extort. I would therefore dismiss the Government's appeal.Page 422
  1. Page 416 "An appeal may be taken by and on behalf of the United States from the district courts direct to the Supreme Court of the United States in all criminal cases in the following instances:

    . . . . .

    "From a decision arresting a judgment of conviction for insufficiency of the indictment or information, where such decision is based upon the invalidity or construction of the statute upon which the indictment or information is founded." ↩
  2. Page 418 The opinion states:

    "It is now contended that the Indictment does not state a cause of action within the meaning of the above section. In the usual extortion case, the extorter is obtaining money or property of another for his own benefit. . . . In the case at hand, I conclude that Green's original activity in `attempting to obtain from Arthur W. Terry, Jr., his money in the form of wages to be paid for imposed, unwanted, superfluous and fictitious services of laborers' which said charge was seriously controverted, was of itself not a violation of this statute, and within his rights and responsibilities as a Union representative, which was not prohibited by this statute.

    . . . . .

    ". . . I conclude that the trouble in this Community and on this particular job was caused by a disagreement between the contractor and labor, and was in no wise an attempt to extort for the use of either the Union or the Defendant Green, any money or property of the contractor."135 F. Supp., at 163,164. ↩
  3. Page 418 SeeAmerican Newspaper Publishers Associationv.Labor Board,345 U.S. 100;Labor Boardv.Gamble Enterprises,345 U.S. 117. ↩
  4. Page 419 The exception was held also to permeate the entire Act. P. 527, n. 2. ↩
  5. Page 419 Beginning soon after our decision in theLocal 807case, a series of bills was introduced in Congress looking toward an amendment to the Anti-Racketeering Act of 1934. S. 2347, 77th Cong., 2d Sess.; H.R. 6872, 77th Cong., 2d Sess.; H.R. 7067, 77th Cong., 2d Sess.; H.R. 653, 78th Cong., 1st Sess.; H.R. 32, 79th Cong., 1st Sess. The last of these bills, H.R. 32,supra, was enacted and became the Hobbs Act,62 Stat. 793. The House Committee on the Judiciary, in its report on H.R. 32, stated:

    "It is not the intention of the committee that title III [enacted as title II] be interpreted as authorizing any unlawful acts, particularly those amounting to robbery or extortion. The need for the legislation was emphasized by the opinion of the Supreme Court in the case ofUnited Statesv.Local 807(315 U.S. 521)." H.R. Rep. No. 238, 79th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 10. See also S. Rep. No. 1516, 79th Cong., 2d Sess.

    Each of the prior bills had the same purpose — amending the Anti-Racketeering Act so as to change the terms which brought about the result reached in theLocal 807case. See H.R. Rep. No. 2176, 77th Cong., 2d Sess.; H.R. Rep. No. 66, 78th Cong., 1st Sess. And see 91 Cong. Rec. 11842, 11843, 11909, 11911, 11919, 11920. ↩
  6. Page 420 The Hobbs Act was enacted prior to the Labor Management Relations Act of 1947. ↩
  7. Page 420 Cf.United Statesv.Ryan,350 U.S. 299;United ConstructionWorkersv.Laburnum Corp.,347 U.S. 656;Allen-Bradley Localv.Wisconsin Board,315 U.S. 740;Labor Boardv.Fansteel Corp.,306 U.S. 240;United Statesv.Kemble,198 F.2d 889. ↩