Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

United States v. Lewis

340 U.S. 590

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1951-04-30
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • "Income taxes must be paid on income received (or accrued) during an annual accounting period.’’
  • employee received salary bonus under a bona fide claim of right, even though employee was subsequently required to return the bonus when it was discovered that the bonus was based on incorrect salary computations

Citator

United States v. Lewis has been questioned or limited by later authorities: relies on overruled authority: 66 S. Ct. 546 (overruled by James v. United States). Read them before relying on it. 239 later decisions cite it.

Authority status
caution
Cited by
239 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Tax Law — Income A taxpayer who receives earnings under a claim of right and without restriction as to their disposition has received income that must be returned, even though it may still be claimed that the taxpayer is not entitled to retain the money and even though the taxpayer may still be adjudged liable to restore its equivalent. 340 U.S. at 591–592 (quoting North American Oil v. Burnet, 286 U.S. 417, 424)
  2. Tax Law — Income The claim-of-right doctrine admits no exception merely because the taxpayer was mistaken as to the validity of the claim; a good-faith but mistaken belief that the taxpayer was entitled to the full amount received does not prevent the receipt from constituting income in the year received. 340 U.S. at 592
  3. Tax Law — Income Income taxes must be paid on income received or accrued during an annual accounting period, and the claim-of-right interpretation of the tax laws serves to give finality to that period; the resulting advantage or disadvantage to a particular taxpayer is no reason to depart from that well-settled interpretation. 340 U.S. at 592
UNITED STATESv. LEWIS,340 U.S. 590(1951)
71 S.Ct. 522
UNITED STATESv. LEWIS.
CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF CLAIMS.
No. 347.
Argued March 2, 1951.
Decided March 26, 1951.
In his 1944 income tax return, respondent reported $22,000 received that year as an employee's bonus, which he claimed in good faith and used unconditionally as his own. In subsequent litigation, it was decided that the bonus had been computed improperly; and, under compulsion of a judgment, respondent returned $11,000 to his employer in 1946. He then sued in the Court of Claims for refund of an alleged overpayment of his 1944 income tax.Held:Under the "claim of right" doctrine announced inNorth AmericanOilv.Burnet,286 U.S. 417, the entire $22,000 was income in 1944, and respondent was not entitled to recompute his 1944 tax. Pp. 590-592.

117 Ct. Cl. 336,91 F. Supp. 1017, reversed.
The case is stated in the opinion. The judgment below
isreversed, p. 592.
Ellis N. Slackargued the cause for the United States. With him on the brief wereSolicitor General Perlman,Assistant Attorney General CaudleandI. Henry Kutz.Sigmund W. Davidargued the cause and filed a brief for respondent.
MR. JUSTICE BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
Respondent Lewis brought this action in the Court of Claims seeking a refund of an alleged overpayment of his 1944 income tax. The facts found by the Court of Claims are: In his 1944 income tax return, respondent reported about $22,000 which he had received that year as an employee's bonus. As a result of subsequent litigation in a state court, however, it was decided that respondent's bonus had been improperly computed; under compulsion of the state court's judgment he returned approximately $11,000 to his employer. Until paymentPage 591of the judgment in 1946, respondent had at all times claimed and used the full $22,000 unconditionally as his own, in the good faith though "mistaken" belief that he was entitled to the whole bonus.

On the foregoing facts the Government's position is that respondent's 1944 tax should not be recomputed, but that respondent should have deducted the $11,000 as a loss in his 1946 tax return. See G. C. M. 16730, XV-1 Cum. Bull. 179 (1936). The Court of Claims, however, relying on its own case,Greenwaldv.United States, 102 Ct. Cl. 272,57 F. Supp. 569, held that the excess bonus received "under a mistake of fact" was not income in 1944 and ordered a refund based on a recalculation of that year's tax. 117 Ct. Cl. 336,91 F. Supp. 1017. We granted certiorari,340 U.S. 903, because this holding conflicted with many decisions of the courts of appeals, see,e. g., Haberkornv.United States,173 F.2d 587, and with principles announced inNorth American Oilv.Burnet,286 U.S. 417.

In theNorth American Oilcase we said: "If a taxpayer receives earnings under a claim of right and without restriction as to its disposition, he has received income which he is required to return, even though it may still be claimed that he is not entitled to retain the money, and even though he may still be adjudged liable to restore its equivalent."286 U.S. at 424. Nothing in this language permits an exception merely because a taxpayer is "mistaken" as to the validity of his claim. Nor has the "claim of right" doctrine been impaired, as the Court of Claims stated, byFreulerv.Helvering,291 U.S. 35, orCommissionerv.Wilcox,327 U.S. 404. TheFreulercase involved an entirely different section of the Internal Revenue Code, and its holding is inapplicable here.291 U.S. at 43. And inCommissionerv.Wilcox, supra, we held that receipts from embezzlement did not constitute income, distinguishingNorth American Oilon the groundPage 592that an embezzler asserts no "bona fide legal or equitable claim."327 U.S. at 408.

Income taxes must be paid on income received (or accrued) during an annual accounting period. Cf. I. R. C., §§ 41, 42; and seeBurnetv.Sanford Brooks Co.,282 U.S. 359,363. The "claim of right" interpretation of the tax laws has long been used to give finality to that period, and is now deeply rooted in the federal tax system. See cases collected in 2 Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation, § 12.103. We see no reason why the Court should depart from this well-settled interpretation merely because it results in an advantage or disadvantage to a taxpayer.fn*Reversed.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS, dissenting.
The question in this case is not whether the bonus had to be included in 1944 income for purposes of the tax. Plainly it should have been because the taxpayer claimed it as of right. Some years later, however, it was judicially determined that he had no claim to the bonus. The question is whether he may then get back the tax which he paid on the money.

Many inequities are inherent in the income tax. We multiply them needlessly by nice distinctions which have no place in the practical administration of the law. If the refund were allowed, the integrity of the taxable year would not be violated. The tax would be paid when due; but the Government would not be permitted to maintain the unconscionable position that it can keep the tax after it is shown that payment was made on money which was not income to the taxpayer.Page 593
  1. Page 592 It has been suggested that it would be more "equitable" to reopen respondent's 1944 tax return. While the suggestion might work to the advantage of this taxpayer, it could not be adopted as a general solution because, in many cases, the three-year statute of limitations would preclude recovery. I. R. C., § 322(b). ↩