Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co.

Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co., 333 U.S. 138 (1948)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1948-02-16
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • upholding rent limits on certain accommodations in "defense-rental areas" as a valid exercise of the war power
  • rejecting an equal protection challenge to a rent control law that did not control all rents, and upholding the law as an exercise of war powers
  • Congress “need not control all rents or none. It can select those areas or those classes of property where the need seems the greatest”
  • "The constitutionality of action taken by Congress does not depend on recitals of the power which it undertakes to exercise.”
  • “The question of the constitutionality of action taken by Congress does not depend on recitals of the power which it undertakes to exercise.”
  • “[T]he constitutionality of action taken by Congress does not depend on recitals of the power which it undertakes to exercise.”
  • “The constitutionality of action taken by Congress does not depend on recitals of power which it undertakes to exercise.”
  • quoted in EEOC v. Wyoming, 460 U.S. 226, 243-44 n. 18, 103 S.Ct. 1054, 1064 n. 18, 75 L.Ed.2d 18 (1983) and Ramirez v. Puerto Rico Fire Serv., 715 F.2d 694, 698 (1st Cir.1983)

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Woods v. Cloyd W. Miller Co.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
239 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — War Power The war power of Congress extends beyond the cessation of hostilities and includes the power to remedy the evils that arose from the war's rise and progress; it continues for the duration of the emergency created by the war, so that legislation enacted after the effective date of a presidential proclamation terminating hostilities remains a valid exercise of the war power where it addresses conditions of which the war was a direct and immediate cause. 333 U.S. at 141–143
  2. Constitutional Law — Scope of War Power Congress may, even after hostilities have ceased, exercise the war power to control the forces set in motion by conditions that the war effort substantially intensified, such as a housing deficit caused by heavy demobilization and wartime curtailment of residential construction; to hold otherwise would drastically limit the Necessary and Proper Clause in its application to the war powers and leave Congress powerless to remedy conditions necessarily following from mobilization of men and materials for the war. 333 U.S. at 143
  3. Constitutional Law — War Power Limitations A decision sustaining the use of the war power to address conditions directly and immediately caused by the war effort does not imply that the war power may be invoked in peacetime to treat all the wounds war inflicts on society, and the question whether the war power has been properly employed in a given case remains open to judicial inquiry. 333 U.S. at 143–144
  4. Constitutional Law — Basis of Congressional Action The constitutionality of action taken by Congress does not depend on recitals of the power it undertakes to exercise; it is enough that the legislative history shows Congress was invoking the war power to cope with a current condition, and its judgment is entitled to the same respect given legislation enacted pursuant to the police power. 333 U.S. at 144
  5. Constitutional Law — Nondelegation Doctrine A statute authorizing the Housing Expediter to remove rent controls in any defense-rental area when in his judgment the need no longer exists does not unconstitutionally delegate legislative power where the powers delegated are less extensive than those previously sustained and adequate standards are prescribed for the guidance of administrative action. 333 U.S. at 144–145
  6. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection Congress need not control all rents or none; it may select those areas or classes of property where the need seems greatest, and a rent-control statute's exemption of certain classes of housing accommodations does not violate the Fifth Amendment merely because it lacks uniformity in application. 333 U.S. at 145
  7. Constitutional Law — War Power and Property Values The fact that regulated property suffers a decrease in value is no more fatal to an exercise of the war power than it is where the police power is invoked to the same end. 333 U.S. at 146
WOODSv. MILLER CO.,333 U.S. 138(1948)
68 S.Ct. 421
WOODS, HOUSING EXPEDITER,v. CLOYD W. MILLER CO. ET AL.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN
DISTRICT OF OHIO.
No. 486.
Argued February 6, 1948.
Decided February 16, 1948.
1. Title II of the Housing and Rent Act of 1947, enacted after the effective date of the Presidential Proclamation terminating hostilities on December 31, 1946, and limiting the rent which may be charged for certain housing accommodations in "defense-rental areas," is a valid exercise of the war power of Congress.Hamiltonv.KentuckyDistilleries Co.,251 U.S. 146;Ruppertv.Caffey,251 U.S. 264;Stewartv.Kahn, 11 Wall. 493. Pp. 141-146. 2. The constitutionality of action taken by Congress does not depend on recitals of the power which it undertakes to exercise; and the legislative history shows that Congress was invoking its war power to cope with a current condition of which the war was a direct and immediate cause. P. 144.Page 1393. The Act prescribes adequate standards for the guidance of administrative action and does not unconstitutionally delegate legislative power. Pp. 144-145. 4. By its exemption of certain classes of housing accommodations, the Act does not violate theFifth Amendment. P. 145. 5. The fact that the property regulated suffers a decrease in value is no more fatal to the exercise of the war power than it is where the police power is invoked to the same end. P. 146.74 F. Supp. 546, reversed.
The Housing Expediter sued to enjoin violations of Title II of
the Housing and Rent Act of 1947. The District Court denied a
permanent injunction on the ground that the Act was
unconstitutional.74 F. Supp. 546. On direct appeal to this
Court,reversed, p. 146.
Solicitor General Perlmanargued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief wereRobert L. Stern, Robert W. Ginnane,Irving M. GruberandEd Dupree.Paul S. Knightargued the cause and filed a brief for appellees.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
The case is here on a direct appeal, Act of August 24, 1937,50 Stat. 752, 28 U.S.C. § 349a, from a judgment of the District Court holding unconstitutional Title II of the Housing and Rent Act of 1947.61 Stat. 193,196.

The Act became effective on July 1, 1947, and the following day the appellee demanded of its tenants increases of 40% and 60% for rental accommodations in the Cleveland Defense-Rental Area, an admitted violation of the Act and regulations adopted pursuant thereto.1AppellantPage 140thereupon instituted this proceeding under § 206(b) of the Act2to enjoin the violations. A preliminary injunction issued. After a hearing it was dissolved and a permanent injunction denied.

The District Court was of the view that the authority of Congress to regulate rents by virtue of the war power (seeBowlesv.Willingham,321 U.S. 503) ended with the Presidential Proclamation terminating hostilities on December 31, 1946,3since that proclamation inaugurated "peace-in-fact" though it did not mark termination of the war. It also concluded that, even if the war power continues, Congress did not act under it because it did not say so, and only if Congress says so, or enacts provisions so implying, can it be held that Congress intended to exercise such power. That Congress did notPage 141so intend, said the District Court, follows from the provision that the Housing Expediter can end controls in any area without regard to the official termination of the war,4and from the fact that the preceding federal rent control laws (which were concededly exercises of the war power) were neither amended nor extended. The District Court expressed the further view that rent control is not within the war power because "the emergency created by housing shortage came into existence long before the war." It held that the Act "lacks in uniformity of application and distinctly constitutes a delegation of legislative power not within the grant of Congress" because of the authorization to the Housing Expediter to lift controls in any area before the Act's expiration. It also held that the Act in effect provides "low rentals for certain groups without taking the property or compensating the owner in any way." See74 F. Supp. 546.

We conclude, in the first place, that the war power sustains this legislation. The Court said inHamiltonv.KentuckyDistilleries Co.,251 U.S. 146,161, that the war power includes the power "to remedy the evils which have arisen from its rise and progress" and continues for the duration of that emergency. Whatever may be the consequences when war is officially terminated,5the war power does not necessarily end with the cessation of hostilities. We recently held that it is adequate to support the preservation of rights created by wartime legislation,Flemingv.Mohawk WreckingPage 142Lumber Co.,331 U.S. 111. But it has a broader sweep. InHamiltonv.Kentucky Distilleries Co., supra, andRuppertv.Caffey,251 U.S. 264, prohibition laws which were enacted after the Armistice in World War I were sustained as exercises of the war power because they conserved manpower and increased efficiency of production in the critical days during the period of demobilization, and helped to husband the supply of grains and cereals depleted by the war effort. Those cases followed the reasoning ofStewartv.Kahn, 11 Wall. 493, which held that Congress had the power to toll the statute of limitations of the States during the period when the process of their courts was not available to litigants due to the conditions obtaining in the Civil War.

The constitutional validity of the present legislation followsa fortiorifrom those cases. The legislative history of the present Act makes abundantly clear that there has not yet been eliminated the deficit in housing which in considerable measure was caused by the heavy demobilization of veterans and by the cessation or reduction in residential construction during the period of hostilities due to the allocation of building materials to military projects.6Since the warPage 143effort contributed heavily to that deficit, Congress has the power even after the cessation of hostilities to act to control the forces that a short supply of the needed article created. If that were not true, the Necessary and Proper Clause, Art. I, § 8, cl. 18, would be drastically limited in its application to the several war powers. The Court has declined to follow that course in the past.Hamiltonv.Kentucky Distilleries Co., supra, pp. 155, 156;Ruppertv.Caffey, supra, pp. 299, 300. We decline to take it today. The result would be paralyzing. It would render Congress powerless to remedy conditions the creation of which necessarily followed from the mobilization of men and materials for successful prosecution of the war. So to read the Constitution would be to make it self-defeating.

We recognize the force of the argument that the effects of war under modern conditions may be felt in the economyPage 144for years and years, and that if the war power can be used in days of peace to treat all the wounds which war inflicts on our society, it may not only swallow up all other powers of Congress but largely obliterate the Ninth and theTenth Amendmentsas well. There are no such implications in today's decision. We deal here with the consequences of a housing deficit greatly intensified during the period of hostilities by the war effort. Any power, of course, can be abused. But we cannot assume that Congress is not alert to its constitutional responsibilities. And the question whether the war power has been properly employed in cases such as this is open to judicial inquiry.Hamiltonv.Kentucky Distilleries Co., supra; Ruppertv.Caffey, supra.

The question of the constitutionality of action taken by Congress does not depend on recitals of the power which it undertakes to exercise. Here it is plain from the legislative history that Congress was invoking its war power to cope with a current condition of which the war was a direct and immediate cause.7Its judgment on that score is entitled to the respect granted like legislation enacted pursuant to the police power. SeeBlockv.Hirsh,256 U.S. 135;Marcus Brown Co. v.Feldman,256 U.S. 170;Chastleton Corp. v.Sinclair,264 U.S. 543.

Under the present Act the Housing Expediter is authorized to remove the rent controls in any defense-rental area if in his judgment the need no longer exists by reason of new construction or satisfaction of demand in other ways.8The powers thus delegated are far less extensive than those sustained inBowlesv.Willingham, supra, pp. 512-515. Nor is there here a grant of unbridled administrativePage 145discretion. The standards prescribed pass muster under our decisions. SeeBowlesv.Willingham, supra, pp. 514-516, and cases cited.

Objection is made that the Act by its exemption of certain classes of housing accommodations9violates theFifth Amendment. A similar argument was rejected under theFourteenth Amendmentwhen New York made like exemptions under the rent-control statute which was here for review inMarcus BrownCo. v.Feldman, supra, pp. 195, 198-199. Certainly Congress is not under greater limitations. It need not control all rents or none. It can select those areas or those classes of property where the need seems the greatest. SeeBarclay Co. v.Edwards,267 U.S. 442,450. This alone is adequate answer to the objection, equally applicable to the original Act sustained inBowlesv.Willingham, supra, that the present Act lacks uniformity in application.Page 146

The fact that the property regulated suffers a decrease in value is no more fatal to the exercise of the war power (Bowlesv.Willingham, supra, pp. 517, 518) than it is where the police power is invoked to the same end. SeeBlockv.Hirsh, supra.Reversed.
MR. JUSTICE FRANKFURTER
concurs in this opinion because it decides no more than was decided inHamiltonv.Kentucky DistilleriesCo.,251 U.S. 146, andJacob Ruppertv.Caffey,251 U.S. 264, and merely applies those decisions to the situation now before the Court.
MR. JUSTICE JACKSON, concurring.
I agree with the result in this case, but the arguments that have been addressed to us lead me to utter more explicit misgivings about war powers than the Court has done. The Government asserts no constitutional basis for this legislation other than this vague, undefined and undefinable "war power."

No one will question that this power is the most dangerous one to free government in the whole catalogue of powers. It usually is invoked in haste and excitement when calm legislative consideration of constitutional limitation is difficult. It is executed in a time of patriotic fervor that makes moderation unpopular. And, worst of all, it is interpreted by judges under the influence of the same passions and pressures. Always, as in this case, the Government urges hasty decision to forestall some emergency or serve some purpose and pleads that paralysis will result if its claims to power are denied or their confirmation delayed.

Particularly when the war power is invoked to do things to the liberties of people, or to their property or economy that only indirectly affect conduct of the war and do notPage 147relate to the management of the war itself, the constitutional basis should be scrutinized with care.

I think we can hardly deny that the war power is as valid a ground for federal rent control now as it has been at any time. We still are technically in a state of war. I would not be willing to hold that war powers may be indefinitely prolonged merely by keeping legally alive a state of war that had in fact ended. I cannot accept the argument that war powers last as long as the effects and consequences of war, for if so they are permanent — as permanent as the war debts. But I find no reason to conclude that we could find fairly that the present state of war is merely technical. We have armies abroad exercising our war power and have made no peace terms with our allies, not to mention our principal enemies. I think the conclusion that the war power has been applicable during the lifetime of this legislation is unavoidable.
  1. Page 139 Section 204(b) of the Act provides that "no person shall demand, accept, or receive any rent for the use or occupancy of any controlled housing accommodations greater than the maximum rent established Page 140 under the authority of the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, as amended, and in effect with respect thereto on June 30, 1947." Controlled Housing Rent Regulation,12 Fed. Reg. 4331, contains similar provisions. §§ 2(a), 4(a). Provisions of this statute and regulation, not here material, allow adjustment of maximum rentals when necessary to correct inequities and permit a 15% increase if negotiated between landlord and tenant and incorporated in a lease of a designated term. ↩
  2. Page 140 Section 206(a) makes it unlawful "to offer, solicit, demand, accept, or receive any rent for the use or occupancy of any controlled housing accommodations in excess of the maximum rent prescribed under section 204." Section 206(b) authorized the Housing Expediter to apply to any federal, state, or territorial court of competent jurisdiction for an order enjoining "any act or practice which constitutes or will constitute a violation of subsection (a) of this section." ↩
  3. Page 140 Proclamation 2714,12 Fed. Reg. 1. That proclamation recognized that "a state of war still exists." On July 25, 1947, on approving S.J. Res. 123 terminating certain war statutes, the President issued a statement in which he declared that "The emergencies declared by the President on September 8, 1939, and May 27, 1941, and the state of war continue to exist, however, and it is not possible at this time to provide for terminating all war and emergency powers." ↩
  4. Page 141 Section 204(c) provides: "The Housing Expediter is hereby authorized and directed to remove any or all maximum rents before this title ceases to be in effect, in any defense-rental area, if in his judgment the need for continuing maximum rents in such area no longer exists due to sufficient construction of new housing accommodations or when the demand for rental housing accommodations has been otherwise reasonably met." ↩
  5. Page 141 SeeCommercial Trust Co. v.Miller,262 U.S. 51,57. ↩
  6. Page 142 See H.R. Rep. No. 317, 80th Cong., 1st Sess., pp. 1, 2, 3, 10-11.

    The Report states, p. 2:

    "There are several factors, in addition to the normal increase in population, which have contributed to the existing housing shortage. These include demobilization of a large number of veterans, shifts in population, less intensive use of housing accommodations, amount of new housing construction, trend away from construction of rental units, and change from tenant to owner occupancy."

    As to the effect of demobilization of veterans the Report states, p. 2:

    "Heavy demobilization of members of our armed forces, particularly in late 1945 and the first half of 1946, made effective an important demand for housing accommodations. In 1945 an estimated 6,279,000 veterans of World War II were returned to civilian life, Page 143 in 1946 the number so returned was 5,659,000, and in 1947 to February 28 an additional 212,000 veterans were demobilized. Statistics are not available as to the number of new family units created by returning veterans but undoubtedly the figure is substantial and in many cases creation of new family units was delayed until these veterans were returned to civilian life. The importance and delayed impact of the 11,938,000 veterans returned to civilian life in 1945 and 1946 on an already acute housing shortage is readily apparent."

    The effect of the war upon the construction of new dwelling units is shown by the following table:Total non-farm dwelling units constructed

    1937 ................... 336,000 1943 ................... 350,000 1938 ................... 406,000 1944 ................... 169,000 1939 ................... 515,000 1945 ................... 247,000 1940 ................... 603,000 1946 ................... 776,200 1941 ................... 715,000 1947 (11 months) ....... 799,000 1942 ................... 497,000

    The figures for the years 1937-1945 inclusive are taken from H.R. Rep. No. 317,supra, p. 3. Those for 1946 and 1947 are taken from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Construction, Dec. 1947, p. 4. ↩
  7. Page 144 See H.R. Rep. No. 317,supra, note 6, and statement of Representative Wolcott, Chairman of the House Committee on Banking and Currency which reported the rent bill,93 Cong. Rec. 4395. ↩
  8. Page 144 See note 4,supra. ↩
  9. Page 145 Sec. 202(c) provides: "The term `controlled housing accommodations' means housing accommodations in any defense-rental area, except that it does not include — (1) those housing accommodations, in any establishment which is commonly known as a hotel in the community in which it is located, which are occupied by persons who are provided customary hotel services such as maid service, furnishing and laundering of linen, telephone and secretarial or desk service, use and upkeep of furniture and fixtures, and bellboy service; or (2) any motor court, or any part thereof; or any tourist home serving transient guests exclusively, or any part thereof; or (3) any housing accommodations (A) the construction of which was completed on or after February 1, 1947, or which are additional housing accommodations created by conversion on or after February 1, 1947, except that contracts for the rental of housing accommodations to veterans of World War II and their immediate families, the construction of which was assisted by allocations or priorities under Public Law 388, Seventy-ninth Congress, approved May 22, 1946, shall remain in full force and effect, or (B) which at no time during the period February 1, 1945, to January 31, 1947, both dates inclusive, were rented (other than to members of the immediate family of the occupant) as housing accommodations." ↩