Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Delgadillo v. Carmichael

332 U.S. 388

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1947-11-10
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that a nonresident does not make an “entry” into the United States when he had no intent to “depart,” or left involuntarily
  • holding that alien’s return from Cuba was not an entry because merchant ship on which he was sailing was torpedoed by German submarine, resulting in alien being rescued and taken to Cuba temporarily
  • granting habeas and rejecting the immigration service's interpretation of the statutory term "entry"
  • rejecting on habeas the Government's interpretation of the statutory term "entry"
  • recognizing the harsh consequences of deportation
  • habeas review of deportation order determining that a noncitizen’s return to the United States under “fortuitous and capricious” circumstances did not constitute an “entry”
  • "Deportation can be the equivalent of banishment or exile. The stakes are indeed high and momentous for the alien who has acquired his residence here."
  • "[t]he stakes are indeed high and momentous for the alien who has acquired his residence here."

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Delgadillo v. Carmichael. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
208 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Immigration — Removal For purposes of deportation under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917, as amended, an alien's return to the United States does not constitute an "entry" where the alien reached foreign soil not by his own voluntary act or design but through the exigencies of war, notwithstanding that he knowingly chose to come back from that foreign place. 332 U.S. at 389-391
  2. Immigration — Removal While a coming of an alien from a foreign country into the United States is generally an "entry" whether first or subsequent, that principle applies to cases where the alien plainly expected or planned to enter a foreign port or place; it does not reach a return compelled by wholly fortuitous circumstances such as being torpedoed, rescued, and carried to a foreign port the alien had no part in selecting. 332 U.S. at 390 (distinguishing United States ex rel. Volpe v. Smith, 289 U.S. 422, and United States ex rel. Claussen v. Day, 279 U.S. 398)
  3. Immigration — Removal Because deportation can be the equivalent of banishment or exile, courts will not attribute to Congress a purpose to make an alien's right to remain in the United States dependent on circumstances so fortuitous and capricious as the hazards of war at sea; the hazards to which the alien would thereby be subjected are too irrational to square with the statutory scheme. 332 U.S. at 390-391 (citing Bridges v. Wixon, 326 U.S. 135, 147)
  4. Immigration — Judicial Review Grounds advanced for the first time in support of a deportation order are not open for consideration on the record before the reviewing court. 332 U.S. at 391
DELGADILLOv. CARMICHAEL,332 U.S. 388(1947)
68 S.Ct. 10
DELGADILLOv. CARMICHAEL, DISTRICT DIRECTOR, IMMIGRATION AND
NATURALIZATION SERVICE.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
No. 63.
Argued October 22, 1947.
Decided November 10, 1947.
More than five years after he had entered the United States legally, an alien shipped as a seaman on an American ship bound from Los Angeles to New York. The ship was torpedoed and he was rescued and taken to Havana, whence he was returned to the United States. He was convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude committed within five years thereafter and was sentenced to imprisonment for a term of one year to life. Proceedings were instituted for his deportation.Held:He is not subject to deportation, since his return to the United States was not "the entry of the alien to the United States" within the meaning of § 19, (a) of the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917, as amended. Pp. 389-391.159 F.2d 130, reversed.
On a petition for a writ of habeas corpus, the District Court
discharged a resident alien who was being held for deportation
under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917, as
amended, 8 U.S.C. § 155 (a). The Circuit Court of Appeals
reversed.159 F.2d 130. This
Page 389
Court granted certiorari.331 U.S. 801. William A. Carmichael was
substituted for Albert Del Guercio as respondent.332 U.S. 806.
Reversed, p. 391.
Fred Okrandargued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief wasA.L. Wirin.Robert W. Ginnaneargued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief wereSolicitor General Perlman, Robert S. ErdahlandSheldon E. Bernstein.
MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
Petitioner is detained by respondent under a deportation order, the validity of which is challenged by a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The District Court granted the petition and discharged petitioner. The Circuit Court of Appeals reversed.159 F.2d 130. The case is here on a petition for a writ of certiorari which we granted because of the seeming conflict between the decision below andDi Pasqualev.Karnuth,158 F.2d 878, from the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

Petitioner is a Mexican citizen who made legal entry into this country in 1923 and resided here continuously until 1942. In June of that year, when this nation was engaged in hostilities with Germany and Japan, he shipped out of Los Angeles on an intercostal voyage to New York City as a member of the crew of an American merchant ship. The ship was torpedoed after passing through the Panama Canal on its way to New York City. Petitioner was rescued and taken to Havana, Cuba, where he was taken care of by the American Consul for about one week. On July 19, 1942, he was returned to the United States through Miami, Florida, and thereafter continued to serve as a seaman in the merchant fleet of this nation. In March 1944 he was convicted in California of second-degreePage 390robbery and sentenced to imprisonment for a term of one year to life. While he was confined in the California prison, proceedings for deportation were commenced against him under § 19(a) of the Immigration Act of February 5, 1917,39 Stat. 874, as amended54 Stat. 671, 8 U.S.C. § 155 (a).

That section provides in part:
". . . any alien who is hereafter sentenced to imprisonment for a term of one year or more because of conviction in this country of a crime involving moral turpitude, committed within five years after the entry of the alien to the United States . . . shall, upon the warrant of the Attorney General, be taken into custody and deported. . . ."


Those requirements for deportation are satisfied if petitioner's passage from Havana, Cuba, to Miami, Florida, on July 19, 1942, was "the entry of the alien to the United States" within the meaning of the Act.

InUnited States ex rel. Claussenv.Day,279 U.S. 398,United States ex rel. Stapfv.Corsi,287 U.S. 129, andUnited States ex rel. Volpev.Smith,289 U.S. 422, there is language which taken from its context suggests that every return of an alien from a foreign country to the United States constitutes an "entry" within the meaning of the Act. Thus in theSmithcase it was stated,289 U.S. p. 425, that "any coming of an alien from a foreign country into the United States whether such coming be the first or any subsequent one" is such an "entry." But those were cases where the alien plainly expected or planned to enter a foreign port or place. Here he was catapulted into the ocean, rescued, and taken to Cuba. He had no part in selecting the foreign port as his destination. His itinerary was forced on him by wholly fortuitous circumstances. If, nonetheless, his return to this country was an "entry" into the United States within the meaning of the Act, thePage 391law has been given a capricious application asDi Pasqualev.Karnuth, supra, suggests.

In that case an alien traveled between Buffalo and Detroit on a railroad which, unknown to him, passed through Canada. He was asleep during the time he was in transit through Canada and was quite unaware that he had left or returned to this country. The court refused to hold that the alien had made an "entry," for to do so would impute to Congress a purpose to subject aliens "to the sport of chance." 158 F.2d 879. In this case petitioner, of course, chose to return to this country, knowing he was in a foreign place. But the exigencies of war, not his voluntary act, put him on foreign soil.1It would indeed be harsh to read the statute so as to add the peril of deportation to such perils of the sea. We might as well hold that if he had been kidnapped and taken to Cuba, he made a statutory "entry" on his voluntary return. Respect for law does not thrive on captious interpretations.

Deportation can be the equivalent of banishment or exile. SeeBridgesv.Wixon,326 U.S. 135,147. The stakes are indeed high and momentous for the alien who has acquired his residence here. We will not attribute to Congress a purpose to make his right to remain here dependent on circumstances so fortuitous and capricious as those upon which the Immigration Service has here seized. The hazards to which we are now asked to subject the alien are too irrational to square with the statutory scheme.

Other grounds are now sought to be advanced for the first time in support of the deportation order. They are not open on the record before us.Reversed.Page 392
  1. Page 391 If his intercoastal voyage had continued without interruption, it is clear that he would not have made an "entry" when he landed at its termination.United States ex rel. Claussenv.Day,supra, p. 401. ↩