Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Best & Co. v. Maxwell

Best & Co. v. Maxwell, 311 U.S. 454 (1940)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1940-12-23
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that taxation of local retailing was within the reach of the Commerce Clause
  • holding that a North Carolina statute that taxed out-of-state retailers for hotel room use was discriminatory in practical effect because it discriminated in favor of intrastate businesses
  • annual flat tax on those who were not regular retail merchants in the State invalid because its actual effect “is to discriminate in favor of intrastate businesses, whatever may be the ostensible reach of the language”
  • “The commerce clause forbids discrimination, whether forthright or ingenious. In each case it is our duty to determine whether the statute under attack, whatever its name may be, will in its practical operation work discrimination against interstate commerce”

Citator

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Cited by
151 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A state statute that levies an annual privilege tax of $250 on every person or corporation, not a regular retail merchant in the state, who displays samples in a hotel room or other temporarily rented quarters to secure retail orders is invalid under the Federal Constitution as a discrimination against interstate commerce, at least as applied to a nonresident merchant who takes orders in the state and ships goods interstate directly to customers, where the only corresponding fixed-sum license tax imposed on "regular retail merchants" is $1 per annum for the privilege of doing business. 311 U.S. at 456
  2. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause The commerce clause forbids discrimination against interstate commerce whether forthright or ingenious; in each case the court must determine whether the statute under attack, whatever its name, will in its practical operation work discrimination against interstate commerce. 311 U.S. at 455–456
  3. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A privilege tax that on its face applies equally to all persons who are not regular retail merchants in the state, residents and nonresidents alike, nonetheless discriminates against interstate commerce where the state's regular retail merchants—the natural outlets for merchandise and the actual local competitors of the taxed out-of-state sellers—are either exempt from the tax or subject only to a nominal fixed-sum license fee. 311 U.S. at 456
  4. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A fixed-sum license tax bearing no relation to actual or probable sales, payable in advance by out-of-state retailers but not required of their real local competitors, operates only to discourage and hinder interstate commerce in the state's retail market and cannot survive the commerce clause. 311 U.S. at 456–457
  5. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause The freedom of commerce that allows the merchants of each state a regional or national market for their goods may not be fettered by legislation whose actual effect is to discriminate in favor of intrastate businesses, whatever the ostensible reach of the statutory language. 311 U.S. at 457
BEST CO.v. MAXWELL,311 U.S. 454(1940)
61 S.Ct. 334
BEST COMPANY, INC.v. MAXWELL, COMMISSIONER OF REVENUE OF NORTH
CAROLINA.
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA.
No. 61.
Argued November 22, 1940.
Decided December 23, 1940.
1. A state statute which levies an annual privilege tax of $250 on every person or corporation, not a regular retail merchant in the State, who displays samples in any hotel room or house rented or occupied temporarily for the purpose of securing retail orders,heldinvalid under the Federal Constitution as a discrimination against interstate commerce. P. 456. So held as applied to a nonresident merchant who took orders in the State and shipped interstate directly to customers; and where the only corresponding fixed-sum license tax exacted of "regular retail merchants" was $1 per annum for the privilege of doing business. 2. The freedom of commerce which allows the merchants of each State a regional or national market for their goods may not be fettered by legislation the actual effect of which is to discriminate in favor of intrastate businesses. P. 457.216 N.C. 114;3 S.E.2d 292, reversed.
APPEAL from a judgment reversing a judgment for the plaintiff
in a suit for refund of a license tax. See also217 N.C. 134;
6 S.E.2d 893.
Mr. Lorenz Reich, Jr., with whomMr. M. James Spitzerwas on the brief, for appellant.Mr. I.M. Bailey, with whomMessrs. Harry McMullan, Attorney General of North Carolina,T.W. Bruton, Assistant Attorney General, andW.C. Lassiterwere on the brief, for appellee.
MR. JUSTICE REED delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellant, a New York retail merchandise establishment, rented a display room in a North Carolina hotel for several days during February, 1938, and took ordersPage 455for goods corresponding to samples; it filled the orders by shipping direct to the customers from New York City. Before using the room appellant paid under protest the tax required by chapter 127, § 121(e), of the North Carolina Laws of 1937, which levies an annual privilege tax of $250 on every person or corporation, not a regular retail merchant in the state, who displays samples in any hotel room rented or occupied temporarily for the purpose of securing retail orders.1Appellant not being a regular retail merchant of North Carolina admittedly comes within the statute. Asserting, however, that the tax was unconstitutional, especially in view of the commerce clause, it brought this suit for a refund and succeeded in the trial court. The Supreme Court of North Carolina reversed and then, being evenly divided on rehearing, allowed the reversal to stand.2The prevailing opinion characterized the tax as one on the commercial use of temporary quarters, which in its operation did not discriminate against interstate commerce and therefore did not come into conflict with the commerce clause.

The commerce clause forbids discrimination, whether forthright or ingenious.3In each case it is our duty toPage 456determine whether the statute under attack, whatever its name may be, will in its practical operation work discrimination against interstate commerce. This standard we think condemns the tax at bar. Nominally the statute taxes all who are not regular retail merchants in North Carolina, regardless of whether they are residents or nonresidents. We must assume, however, on this record that those North Carolina residents competing with appellant for the sale of similar merchandise will normally be regular retail merchants. The retail stores of the state are the natural outlets for merchandise, not those who sell only by sample. Some of these local shops may, like appellant, rent temporary display rooms in sections of North Carolina where they have no permanent store, but even these escape the tax at bar because the location of their central retail store somewhere within the state will qualify them as "regular retail merchants in the State of North Carolina." The only corresponding fixed-sum license tax to which appellant's real competitors are subject is a tax of $1 per annum for the privilege of doing business.4Nonresidents wishing to display their wares must either establish themselves as regular North Carolina retail merchants at prohibitive expense, or else pay this $250 tax that bears no relation to actual or probable sales but must be paid in advance no matter how small the sales turn out to be. Interstate commerce can hardly survive in so hostile an atmosphere. A $250 investment in advance, required of out-of-state retailers but not ofPage 457their real local competitors, can operate only to discourage and hinder the appearance of interstate commerce in the North Carolina retail market. Extrastate merchants would be compelled to turn over their North Carolina trade to regular local merchants selling by sample. North Carolina regular retail merchants would benefit, but to the same extent the commerce of the Nation would suffer discrimination.

The freedom of commerce which allows the merchants of each state a regional or national market for their goods is not to be fettered by legislation, the actual effect of which is to discriminate in favor of intrastate businesses, whatever may be the ostensible reach of the language.5Reversed.
  1. Page 455 "(c) Every person, firm, or corporation, not being a regular retail merchant in the State of North Carolina, who shall display samples, goods, wares, or merchandise in any hotel room, or in any house rented or occupied temporarily, for the purpose of securing orders for the retail sale of such goods, wares, or merchandise so displayed, shall apply for in advance and procure a State license from the Commissioner of Revenue for the privilege of displaying such samples, goods, wares, or merchandise, and shall pay an annual privilege tax of two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00), which license shall entitle such person, firm or corporation to display such samples, goods, wares, or merchandise in any county in this State." ↩
  2. Page 455216 N.C. 114;3 S.E.2d 292;217 N.C. 134;6 S.E.2d 893. ↩
  3. Page 455Weltonv.Missouri,91 U.S. 275,282-283;Guyv.Baltimore,100 U.S. 434;Webberv.Virginia,103 U.S. 344;Halev.Bimco Trading Co.,306 U.S. 375. InMcGoldrickv.Berwind-White Co., Page 456309 U.S. 33, we pointed out that the line of decisions followingRobbinsv.Shelby County,120 U.S. 489, read in their proper historical setting, rested on the actual and potential discrimination inherent in certain fixed-sum license taxes (pp. 55-57). There is no occasion now to reexamine the particular tax statutes involved in those cases. ↩
  4. Page 456 North Carolina Laws of 1937, c. 127, § 405. ↩
  5. Page 457 Cf.Bacardi Corporationv.Domenech, ante, pp. 150, 156-157. ↩