Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Christopher v. Brusselback

Christopher v. Brusselback, 302 U.S. 500 (1938)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1938-01-03
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • describing the equitable roots of representative suits

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Christopher v. Brusselback. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status
pending
Cited by
52 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Banking & Financial Services — Shareholder Liability — Enforcement Where a statute imposes double liability on shareholders of joint stock land banks but provides no administrative machinery for levying or collecting an assessment, the only means of enforcing the liability for creditors is an adversary suit in equity against the stockholders wherever they may be found. 302 U.S. at 502
  2. Banking & Financial Services — Shareholder Liability — Personal Jurisdiction The statutory liability of a stockholder is personal and may be enforced only in a court having jurisdiction to render a judgment against him in personam. 302 U.S. at 502
  3. Banking & Financial Services — Shareholder Liability — Essential Elements A judicial determination of the bank's inability to pay its debts and of the amount to be assessed against the stockholders to meet the deficiency are prerequisites to enforcement of the statutory liability and are essential parts of the only cause of action the statute gives to creditors; these facts cannot be dispensed with as to any stockholder unless they are matters already adjudicated as between the parties. 302 U.S. at 502
  4. Civil Procedure — Failure to State a Cause of Action A bill by creditors against stockholders that seeks to collect an assessment decreed in another suit, but shows on its face that the defendants, though named, were not served with process in that suit, and omits to allege the existence and extent of the bank's insolvency, fails to state a cause of action. 302 U.S. at 502
  5. Business & Corporate Law — Shareholder Membership — Binding Corporate Action A stockholder is so far an integral part of the corporation that he may be bound, and his rights foreclosed, by authorized corporate action taken without his knowledge or participation, including a valid decree against the corporation directing performance of a corporate duty. 302 U.S. at 503
  6. Constitutional Law — Due Process Where a statute authorizes a procedure under which the corporation may be brought into court for determination of its insolvency and of the amount to be assessed against stockholders, and declares the judgment binding on them, stockholders are deemed by virtue of their membership to have subjected themselves to that procedure and are bound by the determination although not nominal parties; such a procedure accords due process and, when it ripens into a judgment, is entitled to full faith and credit. 302 U.S. at 503-504
  7. Constitutional Law — Due Process Absent a statutory procedure subjecting stockholders to an in-absentia determination, stockholders' membership in the corporation cannot be deemed conditioned on surrender of the right to contest every step essential to establishing liability, and a court may not dispense with those steps merely because the liability is asserted against them as stockholders. 302 U.S. at 504-505
  8. Remedies — Class Actions — Federal Equity Rule 38 Equity Rule 38, permitting one or more parties to sue or defend for the whole in a class suit, is procedural only; it was adopted to prescribe the procedure in equity in cases within the jurisdiction of the federal courts and does not enlarge that jurisdiction. 302 U.S. at 505
  9. Remedies — Class Actions — Binding Absent Parties Federal courts of equity retain jurisdiction in a class suit to render a decree binding upon absent defendants affecting their interest in property within the jurisdiction of the court. 302 U.S. at 505
CHRISTOPHERv. BRUSSELBACK,302 U.S. 500(1938)
58 S.Ct. 350
CHRISTOPHER ET AL.v. BRUSSELBACK ET AL.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT.
No. 108.
Argued December 16, 1937.
Decided January 3, 1938.
1. Sec. 16 of the Federal Farm Loan Act of July 17, 1916, declares that shareholders of every joint stock land bank organized under the Act shall be held individually responsible, equally and ratably, and not one for another, for the debts of the bank to the extent of the amount of stock owned by them at the par value thereof, in addition to the amount paid in and represented by their shares.Held:(1) That the only means of enforcing the liability for creditors is an adversary suit in equity against the stockholders wherever they may be found. P. 502. (2) The liability of each stockholder is personal, enforceable only in a court having jurisdiction to render a judgment against himin personam, and a judicial determination of the inability of the bank to pay its debts and of the amount to be assessed against the stockholders to meet the deficiency are prerequisites to the enforcement of liability, and are essential parts of the only cause of action which the statute gives to the creditors.Id. (3) A bill against stockholders which sought to collect an assessment decreed in another suit but which showed on its face that, though named as defendants, they were not served with process in that suit, and which omitted to allege the existence and extent of insolvency of the bank, failed to state a cause of action. P. 502. 2. The purpose of Equity Rule 38, providing that in a class suit "one or more may sue or defend for the whole," was procedural, not to enlarge jurisdiction of federal courts. P. 505. 3. This rule preserves the jurisdiction of federal courts of equity in a class suit to render a decree binding upon absent defendants affecting their interest in property within the jurisdiction of the court. P. 505.87 F.2d 761, reversed.
CERTIORARI,post, p. 672, to review the reversal of a
judgment for stockholders of a Federal Joint Stock Land Bank, the
present petitioners, in a suit against them by the
Page 501
creditors of the bank, the respondents here, to collect a
stockholders' liability assessment.
Mr. Wellmore B. Turner, with whomMessrs. Roy G.Fitzgerald, Robert E. Cowden, Howard P. Williamson, Joseph W.Sharts, Eugene G. Kennedy, Irvin G. Bieser, F.N.R. RedfernandJames E. Thomaswere on the brief, for petitioners.Mr. J. Arthur Millerfor respondents.
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
Respondents, creditors of a Federal Joint Stock Land Bank located in Illinois, brought the present suit in the district court for southern Ohio to collect a 100% assessment of the statutory double liability of its shareholders, which had previously been decreed in a suit brought by respondents in the district court for northern Illinois. In the Illinois suit the bank and all its stockholders were named as parties defendant, but the present defendants, petitioners here, who are stockholders residing in Ohio, were not served with process. A motion in the district court to dismiss the present suit raised the question whether the bill of complaint, which sets up the decree of the court in the Illinois suit in which it states petitioners were not served with process, but does not allege that the bank is insolvent or show any necessity for the assessment, states a cause of action. The district court gave judgment for petitioners which the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed.Brusselbackv.Arnovitz,87 F.2d 761. We granted certiorari, to resolve a conflict between the decision of the court below and that of the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit inHolmbergv.Carr, 86 F.2d 727. CompareBrusselbackv.Cago Corporation,85 F.2d 20.

The question decisive of the case is whether petitioners are bound by the Illinois adjudication, in their absence,Page 502of the bank's insolvency, and the amount of the assessment. Section 16, Federal Farm Loan Act, July 17, 1916, c. 245,39 Stat. 360, 374, 12 U.S.C. § 812, provides, "Shareholders of every joint stock land bank organized under this Act shall be held individually responsible, equally and ratably, and not one for another, for all contracts, debts, and engagements of such bank to the extent of the amount of stock owned by them at the par value thereof, in addition to the amount paid in and represented by their shares."

Before respondents had brought the Illinois suit this Court inWheelerv.Greene,280 U.S. 49, had before it the provisions of the Federal Farm Loan Act which authorize the Farm Loan Board to declare a Joint Stock Land Bank insolvent, and to place it in the hands of a receiver. § 29, Federal Farm Loan Act, July 17, 1916; c. 245,39 Stat. 381;12 U.S.C. § 961, 963. We held that those provisions do not confer upon the Federal Farm Loan Board any power to levy an assessment on the stockholders, or give to the receiver authority to maintain suit for the enforcement of their statutory liability, or otherwise set up any machinery comparable to that of the National Banking Act for enforcing the stockholders' liability. CompareRankinv.Barton,199 U.S. 228,232;Caseyv.Galli,94 U.S. 673,681. The only means of enforcing the liability left to creditors of a Joint Stock Land Bank, as the Court pointed out in theWheelercase, is an adversary suit in equity against the stockholders wherever they may be found.

The obligation which the statute imposes upon the stockholders is personal, and petitioners can be held to respond to it only by a suit maintained in a court having jurisdiction to render a judgment against themin personam. As the liability of the stockholders is to pay the debts of the bank to creditors "equally and ratably," judicial determination of the inability of the bank to payPage 503its debts and the amount to be assessed against the stockholders to meet the deficiency are prerequisites to the enforcement of liability, and are essential parts of the only cause of action which the statute gives to the creditors. It is plain that in such a suit the existence and extent of insolvency are facts, the allegation and proof of which cannot be dispensed with as to any stockholder unless, as between the parties to the suit, they are matters already adjudicated.

A stockholder is so far an integral part of the corporation of which he is a member, that he may be bound and his rights foreclosed by authorized corporate action taken without his knowledge or participation.Sangerv.Upton,91 U.S. 56,58. The subscriber to corporate stock, whose subscription is payable on call of the directors, as required for corporate purposes, is bound by the action of the board in making the call as he is bound by a valid decree of a court against the corporation, although made in his absence, which directs performance of the corporate duty to make the call.Hawkinsv.Glenn,131 U.S. 319,329;Great Western Telegraph Co. v.Purdy,162 U.S. 329,336; cf.Kerrisonv.Stewart,93 U.S. 155. Similarly, where a procedure is authorized by statute, under which a corporation may be brought into court for determination of its insolvency and the amount to be assessed against stockholders for the payment of its debts, and the judgment is declared by statute to be binding upon them, they are deemed by virtue of their membership in the corporation to have so far subjected themselves to the prescribed procedure and its consequences as to be bound by the determination although not nominal parties to the proceeding.Bernheimerv.Converse,206 U.S. 516;Conversev.Hamilton,224 U.S. 243;Seligv.Hamilton,234 U.S. 652;Marinv.Augedahl,247 U.S. 142;Chandlerv.Peketz,297 U.S. 609.

Whether it be said that by purchasing or retaining his stock in the face of such a procedure the stockholder hasPage 504consented that the corporation represent him for the purposes of the adjudication,Bernheimerv.Converse, supra, 529, 532, 533;Marinv.Augedahl, supra, 150, or more realistically that as stockholder he has voluntarily assumed a corporate relationship which is subject to the local regulatory power, in the exercise of which the procedure has been attached, as an incident, to his membership in the corporation,Conversev.Hamilton, supra, 260, in either case the procedure conforms to accepted principles, involves no want of due process,Conversev.Hamilton, supra; Seligv.Hamilton, supra; Chandlerv.Peketz, supra, and at least when it ripens into a judgment is entitled to full faith and credit.Marinv.Augedahl, supra. It is enough that in every case the stockholder has assumed or retained his membership in the corporation after the warning of the statute, or of rules governing the corporation, of which he knew or had opportunity to know, that the benefits of membership carry with them the risk that the corporation may stand in judgment for him.

In the present case no such warning has been given, for no such procedure has been prescribed. The statutes have fixed only the conditions on which liability of the stockholders is to attach, leaving to creditors as their only recourse the usual procedure of courts as the means of asserting the liability. There is nothing in the statute relating to the organization of Federal Land Banks and the imposition of the stockholders' liability to suggest that by virtue of their membership in the corporation the stockholders can be said to have subjected themselves to a procedure for determining in their absence the essential conditions of liability, or to have relinquished their right to contest, as in any other litigation, every step essential to its establishment. As we cannot say that petitioners' membership in the bank was conditioned upon their surrender of the benefits of a procedure which would otherwisePage 505be required, there is no basis for a court to dispense with it more than in other cases in which a personal judgment is sought.

Equity Rule 38, providing that in a class suit "one or more may sue or defend for the whole," was adopted in the exercise of the authority conferred on this Court by R.S. § 913, and of its own inherent power to regulate by rules "the modes of proceeding in suits of equity." Their purpose was to prescribe the procedure in equity to be followed in cases within the jurisdiction of the federal courts and not to enlarge their jurisdiction. The omission from old Rule 48, amended and promulgated as Rule 38 in 1912,226 U.S. 659, of the phrase ". . . the decree shall be without prejudice to the rights and claims of all the absent parties" preserved unimpaired the jurisdiction of federal courts of equity in a class suit to render a decree binding upon absent defendants affecting their interest in property within the jurisdiction of the court.Smithv.Swormstedt, 16 How. 288; cf.Hartford Life Ins. Co. v.Ibs,237 U.S. 662,672.

In the circumstances the decree in the Illinois suit was notres adjudicataas to petitioners in any respect. For that reason the bill of complaint failed to state a cause of action, and the decree isReversed.

MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS and MR. JUSTICE CARDOZO took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.Page 506