Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Minnesota v. Blasius

290 U.S. 1

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1933-11-06
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that storage of inventory awaiting orders served owner’s business purpose
  • explaining that the purpose of the stoppage was central to determining whether property remained in transit
  • emphasizing that because commerce might be “subject to the regulating power of the Congress,” does not mean the state cannot lay a nondiscriminatory tax
  • “If the interstate movement has not begun, the mere fact that such a movement is contemplated does not withdraw the property from the state’s power to tax it.”
  • “[I]f a treaty fairly admits of two constructions, one restricting the rights 9 which may be claimed under it, and the other enlarging it, the more liberal construction is to be 10 preferred.”
  • repacking and blending of flour

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Minnesota v. Blasius. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
201 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause Because a flow of interstate commerce is subject to the regulating power of Congress, it does not necessarily follow that, absent a conflict with the exercise of that power, a State may not lay a non-discriminatory tax upon property which, although connected with that flow as a general course of business, has come to rest and has acquired a situs within the State. 290 U.S. 1, 9-10
  2. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause The States may not impose direct burdens upon interstate commerce by regulating or restraining that which by its nature should be under the control of the national authority; this limitation applies to the exertion of the State's taxing power as well as to other state interference with the essential freedom of interstate commerce, and the States may not tax interstate commerce by laying the tax upon the business constituting such commerce or the privilege of engaging in it, or upon the receipts derived from it. 290 U.S. 1, 9
  3. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Property in Transit The States may not tax property in transit in interstate commerce, but by reason of a break in the transit the property may come to rest within a State and become subject to the State's power to impose a non-discriminatory property tax; such an exertion of state power belongs to the class of cases in which, by virtue of the nature and importance of local concerns, the State may act until Congress, if it has paramount authority over the subject, substitutes its own regulation. 290 U.S. 1, 9
  4. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Continuity of Transit The crucial question in determining whether a State's taxing power may be exerted over property connected with interstate commerce is the continuity of transit. 290 U.S. 1, 9 (quoting Carson Petroleum Co. v. Vial, 279 U.S. 95, 101)
  5. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Commencement of Interstate Movement If the interstate movement has not begun, the mere fact that such a movement is contemplated does not withdraw the property from the State's power to tax it. 290 U.S. 1, 9-10
  6. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Continuation of Transit If the interstate movement has begun, it may be regarded as continuing, so as to maintain the immunity of the property from state taxation, despite temporary interruptions due to the necessities of the journey or for the purpose of safety and convenience in the course of the movement; formalities such as the forms of billing and mere changes in the method of transportation do not affect the continuity of the transit. 290 U.S. 1, 10
  7. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Interruption of Transit Whether an interruption in transit is sufficient to subject property to a State's taxing power is always a question of substance, and in each case it is necessary to consider the particular occasion or purpose of the interruption during which the tax is sought to be levied. 290 U.S. 1, 10
  8. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Power of Owner to Divert The mere power of the owner to divert a shipment already started does not take it out of interstate commerce if it appears that the journey has already begun in good faith and the temporary interruption of the passage is reasonable and in furtherance of the intended transportation. 290 U.S. 1, 10 (citing Hughes Bros. Co. v. Minnesota, 272 U.S. 469, 476)
  9. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Property at Rest Where property has come to rest within a State, being held there at the pleasure of the owner for disposal or use so that he may dispose of it either within the State or for shipment elsewhere as his interest dictates, it is deemed to be a part of the general mass of property within the State and is thus subject to its taxing power. 290 U.S. 1, 10
  10. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Goods Held for Sale in Open Market Coal mined in one State and sent by water to a market in another State to be sold there in the open market had come to its place of rest for final disposal or use and was a commodity in the market of the destination State, and thus subject to taxation under the general laws of that State, even though after arrival the property might be sold for shipment to a foreign port. 290 U.S. 1, 10-11 (discussing Brown v. Houston, 114 U.S. 622)
  11. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Storage for Business Purposes Where oil gathered from one State was stored at a depot in another State for division and distribution to various points for the business purposes and profit of the company, the first shipment had ended and the storage facility had become a depot in the company's oil business for preparing the oil for another interstate journey. 290 U.S. 1, 11 (discussing General Oil Co. v. Crain, 209 U.S. 211)
  12. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Withdrawal from Transit for Private Benefit Where a taxpayer withdrew grain from carriers and stored it in his private elevator for inspection, weighing, grading, and mixing, with power to change its ownership, consignee, or destination or to restore it to the carrier for delivery in another State, the grain was at rest within his complete power of disposition and was taxable by the State; his storing of the grain was not to facilitate interstate shipment or save it from the danger of the journey but established a local facility for his own benefit, so that while the grain was there at rest it was properly included with his other property in an assessment for taxation made in the usual way without discrimination. 290 U.S. 1, 11-12 (discussing Bacon v. Illinois, 227 U.S. 504)
  13. Constitutional Law — State Taxation — Situs of Livestock Purchased in Market Where cattle consigned from another State to a stock market had reached that destination, been sold, and were being held in stockyard pens at the buyer's expense and subject to his free disposition, they had acquired a situs for local state taxation as the buyer's property, even though in the course of his business he was offering them for resale in the same market when the tax was imposed and sold them shortly afterward for interstate consignment; the original shipment was ended rather than suspended, the buyer was free to sell within or outside the State, and the cattle were not held to promote their safe or convenient transit. 290 U.S. 1, 12
MINNESOTAv. BLASIUS,290 U.S. 1(1933)
54 S.Ct. 34
MINNESOTAv. BLASIUS.
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF MINNESOTA.
No. 7.
Argued October 11, 1933.
Decided November 6, 1933.
1. When cattle, consigned from one State to a stock market in another State, had reached that destination and been sold, and were being held in the stockyard pens at the expense of the buyer and subject to his free disposition, they had acquired a situs for local state taxation as the buyer's property, though in the course of his business he was offering them for resale, in the same market, when the tax was imposed, and sold them soon afterwards for interstate consignment. Pp. 6, 12. 2. The existence of regulatory power in Congress over a current of interstate commerce, including related local transactions in the exchange markets through which the commerce flows, is not inconsistent with the imposition of non-discriminatory state taxes on goods which, though connected with such current as a general course of business, have come to rest in the State and are held there at the pleasure of their owner, for disposal or use, when the tax is imposed. Pp. 8, 10. 3. The crucial question in such cases is the continuity of transit. This is always a question of substance; and in each case, it is necessary to consider the particular occasion or purpose of the interruption during which the tax is sought to be levied. P. 9.187 Minn. 420;245 N.W. 612, reversed.
The Supreme Court of Minnesota reversed a judgment recovered
by the State in an action to collect a tax on livestock.
Certiorari was granted,289 U.S. 717.
Page 2
Mr. Harry H. Peterson, Attorney General of Minnesota, andMr. Harold E. Stassen, with whomMr. William S. Ervin, Assistant Attorney General, was on the brief, for petitioner.

The cattle were at rest. The continuity of their interstate journey was broken and they were subject to the taxing power of the State.Hughes Bros. Timber Co. v.Minnesota,272 U.S. 469;Missouri Pacific R. Co. v.Schnipper,51 F.2d 749;Brownv.Houston,114 U.S. 622;Pittsburgh Southern CoalCo. v.Bates,156 U.S. 577;Diamond Match Co. v.Ontonagon,188 U.S. 82;American Steel Wire Co. v.Speed,192 U.S. 500;General Oil Co. v.Crain,209 U.S. 211. Cf.Carson Petroleum Co. v.Vial,279 U.S. 95;Gulf RefiningCo. v.Phillips,11 F.2d 967;Baconv.Illinois,227 U.S. 504;Susquehanna Coal Co. v.South Amboy,228 U.S. 665;Myersv.Baltimore Co.,83 Md. 385;Statev.BurlingtonLumber Co.,118 Minn. 329. Distinguishing:Coev.Errol,116 U.S. 517;Kelleyv.Rhoads,188 U.S. 1;Champlain RealtyCo. v.Brattleboro,260 U.S. 366;Hughes Bros. Timber Co. v.Minnesota,272 U.S. 469;Eureka Pipe Line Co. v.Hallanan,257 U.S. 265.

Cases such as theSwiftandStaffordcases which dealt with the extent of the federal commerce power are not applicable, since in this case we have to say whether a given exercise of state power was such as to conflict with the federal power. SeeBaconv.Illinois,227 U.S. 504.

Even if the cattle were in interstate commerce at the time of the levy, the tax was valid; it was so indirect as not to amount to a regulation of interstate commerce.Mr. D.L. Grannisfor respondent.

In the modern economic system, large central markets for the sale and purchase of livestock for slaughter or feeding are essential both to the business of the large packing houses and to that of the dealers and traders in thePage 3East and Middle West who are continually purchasing cattle from the Northwest.

When the producer consigns livestock to the St. Paul stockyards, he does not intend, and there can be no intention, that the stockyards should be the final destination. The cattle are sent there for the purpose of finding a buyer, and then to be slaughtered or continued on their journey. The very nature of livestock requires that its journey from State to State be interrupted for feed and water, which is a part of the service performed in the stockyards.

The stockyards are operated by a public service corporation, which provides yard space for the persons doing business therein, including the defendant. The defendant has no facilities for storing cattle indefinitely. Livestock may be kept in the yards for a short time; but in the regular course of business the great portion of it is disposed of very quickly to give way to the thousands of head arriving from day to day.

The detention of the cattle in the stockyards is similar to the holding of the oil in the pipe lines in the case ofEurekaPipe Line Co. v.Hallanan,257 U.S. 265, and inCarsonPetroleum Co. v.Vial,279 U.S. 95; to the detention of the logs inChamplain Realty Co. v.Brattleboro,260 U.S. 366; and of the sheep in the case ofKelleyv.Rhoads,188 U.S. 1.

This Court has definitely indicated that cattle in the stockyards are in interstate commerce and are to be regarded as in transit during their temporary detention there.Staffordv.Wallace,258 U.S. 495;Swiftv.United States,196 U.S. 375;Hughes Bros. Timber Co. v.Minnesota,272 U.S. 469.

If the cattle in the stockyards are to be regarded as in interstate commerce for purposes of federal regulation, they must necessarily be in interstate commerce for any other purpose.Page 4

InCarson Petroleum Co. v.Vial,279 U.S. 92, which involved the validity of anad valoremduty on oil imposed by a State, the decision was based mainly on cases involving the power of the federal government over interstate commerce, such asTexas N.O.R. Co. v.Sabine Tram Co.,227 U.S. 111, andRailroad Commissionv.Worthington,225 U.S. 101. There is also definite language in both theSwiftandStaffordcases indicating that the cattle in stockyards are not sufficiently at rest to subject them to local taxation.Baconv.Illinois,227 U.S. 504, is distinguishable. Bacon withdrew his grain from the flow of interstate commerce for his own private benefit. In the case at bar the defendant, in the regular course of business, bought the cattle for his own profit it is true, but also to facilitate their interstate commerce journey. The fact that title passes during the interstate journey does not necessarily deprive the property of its interstate character.East Ohio Gas Co. v.Tax Commission,283 U.S. 465;Staffordv.Wallace,258 U.S. 495;Eureka Pipe Line Co. v.Hallanan,257 U.S. 265.

InAmerican Steel Wire Co. v.Speed,192 U.S. 500, the owner withdrew the goods from their interstate journey for an indefinite period and put them in its own warehouses (leased) and for its own private benefit.Myersv.Baltimore,83 Md. 385, was decided by a state court forty years ago, at a time when interstate traffic in livestock had not reached its present magnitude.

InGeneral Oil Co. v.Crain,209 U.S. 211, the Oil Company withdrew oil from its interstate commerce journey and stored it in its own tank and for its own purposes in conducting a local redistribution business. Its scope is explained inCarsonPetroleum Co. v.Vial,279 U.S. 95. The case ofSusquehannaCoal Co. v.South Amboy,228 U.S. 665, followed theCraincase, and the same principles apply.Page 5

If the cattle in this case were in interstate commerce, the tax was a burden on such commerce.Hughes Bros. Timber Co. v.Minnesota,272 U.S. 469;Carson Petroleum Co. v.Vial,279 U.S. 95;Nashville, C. St. L. Ry. Co. v.Wallace,288 U.S. 249.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE HUGHES delivered the opinion of the Court.
Respondent, George Blasius, is a trader in livestock at the St. Paul Union Stockyards in South St. Paul, Minnesota. On May 1, 1929, he owned and had in his possession in these yards eleven head of cattle which were assessed for taxation as his personal property, under the general tax law of the State. In this action, brought to collect the tax, Blasius defended upon the ground that the cattle were in course of interstate commerce, and a part of that commerce, and were not subject to state taxation. The Supreme Court of the State, overruling the decision of the trial court, sustained this defense, and this Court granted certiorari.187 Minn. 420;245 N.W. 612;289 U.S. 717.

The material facts, as found by the trial court, are these: At the St. Paul Union Stockyards, thousands of head of livestock arrive daily by railroad and truck and are promptly sold and moved. The livestock comes from the State of Minnesota and other States throughout the northwest. The class of livestock which Blasius buys on the market are those that go immediately thereafter into the hands of feeders or growers within and without the State of Minnesota and principally beyond the borders of that State. He has not dealt in livestock for immediate slaughter. Thus, it was the practice of Blasius to go upon the market at the stockyards and buy livestock to meet the requirements of his trade, and in the regular course of his business practically all cattle purchased by him were sold and shipped to non-residents of the State,Page 6although selling and shipping to residents of the State did sometimes occur.

The eleven head of cattle in question came to the yards from some point outside the State of Minnesota; they had been consigned to commission firms for sale at the South St. Paul market; the consignors "had no intent to transport said cattle to any other place than South St. Paul, nor did they have any intent that such cattle should be transported to any particular place after their sale"; they were bought by Blasius from the commission merchants on April 30, 1929, and on May 1, 1929, the tax date, they were owned by him and "had not been entered with any carrier for shipment to any point," but were being offered for sale on the market; seven of the eleven head were sold on that day to a non-resident purchaser and were immediately shipped by the purchaser to points outside the State of Minnesota; the remaining four head were similarly sold and shipped on the following day. After his purchase Blasius placed the cattle in pens leased by him from the stockyards company; he paid for their feed and water up to the time of resale.

The court found that Blasius was not "subject to any discrimination in favor of cattle solely the product of the State of Minnesota"; that the assessment was made at the regular time and in the usual manner for taxation of personal property within the State; that the transportation of the cattle ceased after purchase from the commission men; that the cattle were not held by Blasius for the purpose of promoting their safe or convenient transit but were purchased and held by him because he desired to make a profit at their resale; that they were held at his pleasure and that he would sell to anyone, resident or non-resident, who was the highest bidder; that Blasius did not buy the cattle for the purpose of export or shipment to another State; and that after their purchase by him, and until he resold, the cattle were "at absolute andPage 7complete rest in the yards at South St. Paul" and "were a part of the general mass of cattle in the State and locally owned." The court also found that the cattle were "handled by the defendant as a part of the chain of title from the original producer thereof to the final consumer thereof," and that such handling was "a necessary factor in the center of chain of commerce from West to the East and South."

The dealings at the South St. Paul stockyards including the transactions of Blasius, as described in these findings, manifestly were so related to a current of commerce among the States as to be subject to the power of regulation vested in the Congress. Applying the cardinal principle that interstate commerce as contemplated by the Constitution "is not a technical legal conception, but a practical one, drawn from the course of business," this Court said, inSwift Co. v.United States,196 U.S. 375,398,399: "When cattle are sent for sale from a place in one State, with the expectation that they will end their transit, after purchase, in another, and when in effect they do so, with only the interruption necessary to find a purchaser at the stock yards, and when this is a typical, constantly recurring course, the current thus existing is a current of commerce among the States, and the purchase of the cattle is a part and incident of such commerce." In that case, the question was as to the reach of the federal power through the prohibitions of the Anti-Trust Act of July 2, 1890 (26 Stat. 209), and these were held to apply to an attempt to monopolize commerce among the States by "a combination of independent dealers to restrict the competition of their agents when purchasing stock for them in the stockyards." On the same fundamental principle, the Court sustained the Packers and Stockyards Act of 1921 (42 Stat. 159) providing for the supervision by federal authority of the business of commission men and livestock dealers in the great stockyards of the country.Staffordv.Page 8Wallace,258 U.S. 495.1It was in deference to these decisions that the state court denied validity to the tax here assailed.187 Minn., p. 426.

But because there is a flow of interstate commerce which is subject to the regulating power of the Congress, it does not necessarily follow that, in the absence of a conflict with the exercise of that power, a State may not lay a non-discriminatory tax upon property which, although connected with that flow as a general course of business, has come to rest and has acquired a situs within the State. The distinction was recognized inStaffordv.Wallace, supra, pp. 525, 526, where the Court cited, as an illustration, the case ofBaconv.Illinois,227 U.S. 504, in which such a non-discriminatory property tax was sustained. And the Court in theStaffordcase quoted from the opinion in theBaconcase (supra, p. 516) the following statement of the distinction: "The question" (that is, as to the validity of the state tax) "it should be observed, is not with respect to the extent of the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce, but whether a particular exercise of state power in view of its nature and operation must be deemed to be in conflict with this paramount authority."

The States may not impose direct burdens upon interstate commerce, that is, they may not regulate or restrain that which from its nature should be under the control of the one authority and be free from restriction save as it is governed in the manner that the national legislature constitutionally ordains. This limitation applies to the exertion of the State's taxing power as well as to any other interference by the State with the essential freedom of interstatePage 9commerce. Thus, the States cannot tax interstate commerce, either by laying the tax upon the business which constitutes such commerce or the privilege of engaging in it, or upon the receipts, as such, derived from it.2Similarly, the States may not tax property in transit in interstate commerce.3But, by reason of a break in the transit, the property may come to rest within a State and become subject to the power of the State to impose a nondiscriminatory property tax. Such an exertion of state discriminatory property tax. Such an exertion of state power belongs to that class of cases in which, by virtue of the nature and importance of local concerns, the State may act until Congress, if it has paramount authority over the subject, substitutes its own regulation.4The "crucial question." in determining whether the State's taxing power may thus be exerted, is that of "continuity of transit."Carson Petroleum Co. v.Vial,279 U.S. 95,101.

If the interstate movement has not begun, the mere fact that such a movement is contemplated does not withdraw the property from the State's power to tax it.Coev.Errol,116 U.S. 517;Diamond Match Co. v.Ontonagon,188 U.S. 82. If the interstate movement has begun, it may be regarded as continuing, so as to maintain the immunity of the property from state taxation, despite temporary interruptions due to the necessities of the journey or for the purpose of safety and convenience in thePage 10course of the movement.Coev.Errol, supra; Kelleyv.Rhoads,188 U.S. 1;Champlain Co. v.Brattleboro,260 U.S. 366. Formalities, such as the forms of billing, and mere changes in the method of transportation do not affect the continuity of the transit. The question is always one of substance, and in each case it is necessary to consider the particular occasion or purpose of the interruption during which the tax is sought to be levied.Champlain Co. v.Brattleboro, supra, p. 377;Southern Pacific Terminal Co. v.Interstate Commerce Comm'n,219 U.S. 498;Texas N.O.R. Co. v.Sabine Tram Co.,227 U.S. 111;Carson Petroleum Co. v.Vial, supra. The mere power of the owner to divert the shipment already started does not take it out of interstate commerce if it appears "that the journey has already begun in good faith and temporary interruption of the passage is reasonable and in furtherance of the intended transportation."Hughes Bros. Co. v.Minnesota,272 U.S. 469,476.

Where property has come to rest within a State, being held there at the pleasure of the owner, for disposal or use, so that he may dispose of it either within the State, or for shipment elsewhere, as his interest dictates, it is deemed to be a part of the general mass of property within the State and is thus subject to its taxing power. InBrownv.Houston,114 U.S. 622, coal mined in Pennsylvania and sent by water to New Orleans to be sold there in the open market, was held to have "come to its place of rest, for final disposal or use," and to be "a commodity in the market of New Orleans," and thus to be subject to taxation under the general laws of the State; although the property might, after arrival, be sold from the vessel on which the transportation was made for the purpose of shipment to a foreign port. As the Court said inChamplain Co. v.Brattleboro, supra, p. 376, the coal inBrownv.Houston"was being held for sale to anyone who mightPage 11wish to buy." A similar case isPittsburgh Southern Coal Co. v.Bates,156 U.S. 577. InGeneral Oil Co. v.Crain,209 U.S. 211, the company conducted an oil business at Memphis where it gathered oil from the North and maintained an establishment for its distribution. Part of the oil was deposited in a tank, appropriately marked for distribution in smaller vessels in order to fill orders for oil already sold in Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi. The Court held that the first shipment had ended, that the storage of the oil at Memphis for division and distribution to various points was "for the business purposes and profit of the company"; and that the tank at Memphis had thus become a depot in its oil business for preparing the oil for another interstate journey. This decision followed the principle announced inAmerican Steel Wire Co. v.Speed,192 U.S. 500. SeeChamplain Co. v.Brattleboro, supra, p. 375;Atlantic Coast Line R. Co. v.Standard Oil Co.,275 U.S. 257,270;Carson Petroleum Co. v.Vial, supra, pp. 104, 105.

InBaconv.Illinois, supra, Bacon, the owner of the grain and the taxpayer, had bought it in the South and had secured the right from the railroads transporting it to remove it to his private grain elevator for the purpose of inspecting, weighing, grading, mixing, etc. He had power to change its ownership, consignee or destination, or to restore the grain, after the processes above mentioned, to the carrier to be delivered at destination in another State according to his original intention. The Court held that, whatever his intention, the grain was at rest within his complete power of disposition, and was taxable; that "it was not being actually transported and it was not held by carriers for transportation"; that the purpose of the withdrawal from the carriers "did not alter the fact that it had ceased to be transported and had been placed in his hands"; that he had "the privilege of continuing thePage 12transportation under the shipping contracts, but of this he might avail himself or not as he chose. He might sell the grain in Illinois or forward it as he saw fit." What he had done was to establish a "local facility in Chicago for his own benefit; and while, through its employment, the grain was there at rest, there was no reason why it should not be included with his other property within the State in an assessment for taxation which was made in the usual way without discrimination."Id., p. 516. InChamplain Co. v.Brattleboro, supra, p. 375, the court thus restated the point of theBaconcase: "His storing of the grain was not to facilitate interstate shipment of the grain, or save it from the danger of the journey." "He made his warehouse a depot for its preparation for further shipment and sale. He had thus suspended the interstate commerce journey and brought the grain within the taxable jurisdiction of the State." See, also,Susquehanna Coal Co. v.South Amboy,228 U.S. 665,669, andNashville, C. St. L.R. Co. v.Wallace,288 U.S. 249,266.

The case of Blasius is a stronger one for the state tax than that of Bacon. Here the original shipment was not suspended; it was ended. That shipment was to the South St. Paul stockyards for sale on that market. That transportation had ceased, and the cattle were sold on that market to Blasius, who became absolute owner and was free to deal with them as he liked. He could sell the cattle within the State or for shipment outside the State. He placed them in pens and cared for them awaiting such disposition as he might see fit to make for his own profit. The tax was assessed on the regular tax day while Blasius thus owned and possessed them. The cattle were not held by him for the purpose of promoting their safe or convenient transit. They were not in transit. Their situs was in Minnesota where they had come to rest. There was no federal right to immunity from the tax.Judgment reversed.Page 13
  1. Page 8 See, also,Eureka Pipe Line Co. v.Hallanan,257 U.S. 265;United Fuel Gas Co. v.Hallanan,257 U.S. 277;Dahnke-WalkerMilling Co. v.Bondurant,257 U.S. 282;Lemkev.FarmersGrain Co.,258 U.S. 50;Hillv.Wallace,259 U.S. 44,69;Board of Tradev.Olsen,262 U.S. 1,37,38,41. ↩
  2. Page 9Robbinsv.Shelby Taxing District,120 U.S. 489;Fargov.Michigan,121 U.S. 230;Philadelphia Southern Mail S.S. Co. v.Pennsylvania,122 U.S. 326;Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352,400;Pullman Co. v.Richardson,261 U.S. 330,338;Sproutv.South Bend,277 U.S. 163;New Jersey TelephoneCo. v.Tax Board,280 U.S. 338;Anglo-Chilean Corp. v.Alabama,288 U.S. 218. ↩
  3. Page 9Coev.Errol,116 U.S. 517;Kelleyv.Rhoads,188 U.S. 1;Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352,400,401;Eureka Pipe LineCo. v.Hallanan,257 U.S. 265;United Fuel Gas Co. v.Hallanan,257 U.S. 277;Champlain Co. v.Brattleboro,260 U.S. 366;Hughes Bros. Co. v.Minnesota,272 U.S. 469;Carson Petroleum Co. v.Vial,279 U.S. 95. ↩
  4. Page 9Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352,400,402,et seq. ↩