Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Mintz v. Baldwin
Mintz v. Baldwin, 289 U.S. 346 (1933)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1933-05-08
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- upholding State’s partial ban on cattle importation
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Mintz v. Baldwin. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 81 opinions
Headnotes
- Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A State may, to prevent the spread of an infectious disease among dairy and breeding cattle, require that cattle not be imported unless accompanied by a certificate of the proper sanitary official of the State of origin certifying that the animals and the herds from which they come are free of the disease, where Congress has not acted to supersede such state action. 289 U.S. at 349-350
- Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause Congress will not be deemed to have superseded or excluded state action under the commerce clause unless its intention to do so has been made definite and clear. 289 U.S. at 350
- Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause The Cattle Contagious Diseases Act of March 3, 1905, which applies only to shipments from quarantined districts established by the Secretary of Agriculture, does not conflict with a state inspection measure as applied to shipments not made from such a district. 289 U.S. at 350
- Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause The Cattle Contagious Diseases Act of February 2, 1903, does not prevent enforcement of a state inspection order as to cattle that have not been inspected and certified by federal authority, because the Act's express exclusion of state inspection extends only to cases in which federal inspection has been made and a certificate issued. 289 U.S. at 350-351
- Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A federal statute's expression of purpose to exclude state inspection only where federal inspection has been made and a certificate issued strongly suggests that Congress did not intend otherwise to trammel enforcement of state quarantine measures. 289 U.S. at 351
- Statutory Interpretation — Interpretation — Practical Construction Much weight is to be given to the practical interpretation of a federal statute by the Department of Agriculture through its acquiescence in state measures to suppress disease. 289 U.S. at 351
- Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause Where a federal act (such as the Plant Quarantine Act) covers the whole field of interstate transportation as it affects the spread of disease and thereby shows Congress's intent that federal action be exclusive, state quarantine laws affecting interstate commerce cannot stand together with it; the Cattle Contagious Diseases Act of 1903 is distinguishable because it discloses, by the specification of the cases in which action under it is exclusive, a contrary intent. 289 U.S. at 351
MINTZv. BALDWIN,289 U.S. 346(1933)
53 S.Ct. 611
MINTZ ET AL.v. BALDWIN, COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE AND MARKETS OF NEW
YORK.
APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN
DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.
No. 760.
Argued April 10, 1933.
Decided May 8, 1933.
APPEAL from a decree of the three-judge District Court denying
a temporary injunction and dismissing the bill in a suit to
restrain a state official from preventing the importation of
plaintiffs' cattle.
Page 347
Plaintiffs shipped 20 head from Wisconsin for delivery to one Bartlett in New York. The animals were accompanied by a certificate which was sufficient as to them, but there was nothing to show the freedom from Bang's disease of the herd or herds from which they came. For that reason defendant refused to permit them to be delivered, and so plaintiffs were compelled to take them out of New York.
Plaintiffs brought this suit for a temporary and perpetual injunction to restrain enforcement of the order. Their claim, so far as here material, is that the order is repugnant to the commerce clause because in conflict with federal statutes relating to interstate transportation of livestock. Cattle Contagious Diseases Acts: February 2, 1903,32 Stat. 791,21 U.S.C. § 111, 120-122; March 3, 1905,32 Stat. 1264,18 U.S.C. § 118,21 U.S.C. § 123-127.2Their application for a temporary injunction was brought on for hearing before a specially constituted court. 28 U.S.C. § 380. Defendant answered and, upon stipulation of the parties, plaintiffs' motion for interlocutory decreePage 349and defendant's motion to dismiss the complaint were submitted upon the pleadings, the affidavit of one of the plaintiffs, the affidavit of defendant and affidavits of others in his behalf. Temporary injunction was denied and the bill was dismissed.
The court made special findings of fact which include the following: Bang's disease prevails throughout the United States and is one of the greatest limiting factors, both as to reproduction and milk yield. Undulant fever may be caused by the disease germs when introduced into the human body by drinking raw milk of an infected cow. The disease may generally be diagnosed about 60 days after infection though the time may be considerably longer. Two blood tests are customarily made to detect the disease but they may not disclose it in the incubative stage. A substantial percentage of cattle imported into New York under certificate that they have passed tests for the disease are shown to have been infected. There is a body of expert opinion that such cattle should only be admitted when certified to have come from a clean herd, and that by such a safeguard danger of infection would be greatly lessened. The disease is exceedingly infectious and the defendant concluded that in order to protect herd owners and milk consumers he should require a certificate not only that imported cattle showed no infection but that they came from herds free from disease. This resulted in the order. By reason of danger of infection from the disease, many States of the Union have imposed restrictions upon the admission of cattle. The Federal Department of Agriculture, November 15, 1932, by letter to defendant declared that the Department had issued no quarantine or regulations pertaining to Bang's disease and that its policy for the present is to leave the control with the various States.
The order is an inspection measure. Undoubtedly it was promulgated in good faith and is appropriate for thePage 350prevention of further spread of the disease among dairy cattle and to safeguard public health. It cannot be maintained therefore that the order so unnecessarily burdens interstate transportation as to contravene the commerce clause.Gibbonsv.Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1, 203, 204;Minnesota Rate Cases,230 U.S. 352,402,406;Reidv.Colorado,187 U.S. 137,151,152;Railroad Co. v.Husen,95 U.S. 465;Hendersonv.Mayor,92 U.S. 259,268. Unless limited by the exercise of federal authority under the commerce clause, the State has power to make and enforce the order. The purpose of Congress to supersede or exclude state action against the ravages of the disease is not lightly to be inferred. The intention so to do must definitely and clearly appear.Atchison, T. S.F. Ry. Co. v.Railroad Comm'n,283 U.S. 380,391;Careyv.South Dakota,250 U.S. 118,122;Savagev.Jones,225 U.S. 501,533;Missouri, Kansas TexasRy. Co. v.Haber,169 U.S. 613,623.
Plaintiffs' contention that the order is in conflict with the Act of March 3, 1905, is groundless. That Act applies only to shipments from quarantined districts that it authorizes the Secretary to establish. Plaintiffs' shipments are not made from such a district.
Examination of the Act of 1903 is necessary. It is a measure intended to enable the Secretary to prevent the spread of disease among cattle and other livestock. He is authorized and directed from time to time to establish such rules and regulations concerning interstate transportation from any place "where he may have reason to believe such diseases may exist . . . and all such rules and regulations shall have the force of law." "Whenever any inspector or assistant inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry shall issue a certificate showing that such officer had inspected any cattle . . . which were about to be shipped . . . from such locality . . . andPage 351had found them free from . . . communicable disease, such animals, so inspected and certified, may be shipped, driven, or transported from such place" in interstate commerce "without further inspection or the exaction of fees of any kind, except such as may at any time be ordered or exacted by the Secretary of Agriculture . . ." § 1;21 U.S.C. § 120,121.
Plaintiffs' cattle were not inspected by, and no certificate was issued under, federal authority. Unless the Act itself operates to prevent the enforcement of the order the suit was rightly dismissed. The express exclusion of state inspection extends only to cases where federal inspection has been made and certificate issued. The clause cannot be read to extend to other cases. The expression of purpose so to limit the exertion of state power strongly suggests that Congress intended not otherwise to trammel the enforcement of state quarantine measures.United Statesv.Arredondo, 6 Pet. 691, 725. Much weight is to be given to the practical interpretation of the Act by the Federal Department through its acquiescence in the enforcement of state measures to suppress Bang's disease. This case is governed by the principle on which rests the decision inAsbellv.Kansas,209 U.S. 251. Defendant's order does not conflict with the Act of 1903.
Plaintiffs lean upon our decision inOregon-Washington R.N. Co. v.Washington,270 U.S. 87. But, as concerns the question of conflict with state measures, the Act of 1903 is to be distinguished from the Plant Quarantine Act there interpreted. Act of August 20, 1912,37 Stat. 315, as amended.7 U.S.C. § 151-154, 156-165. In that case upon full consideration of the latter we said (p. 99): "All the sections look to a complete provision for quarantine against importation into the country and quarantine as between the States under the direction and supervision of the Secretary of Agriculture. . . . [p. 101.] It [thePage 352Act] covers the whole field so far as the spread of the plant disease by interstate transportation can be affected and restrained . . . The state laws of quarantine that affect interstate commerce and this federal law cannot stand together. The relief sought to protect the different States, in so far as it depends on the regulation of interstate commerce, must be obtained through application to the Secretary of Agriculture."
Unlike the Act of 1903, the Plant Quarantine Act does not, by specification of the cases in which action under it shall be exclusive, disclose the intention of Congress that, subject to the limitations defined, state measures may be enforced. This difference is essential and controlling.
Plaintiffs' other contentions are not substantial and need not be specifically discussed.Affirmed.
- Page 347 It appearing that Bang's disease, an infectious and communicable disease affecting domestic animals, exists outside of the state of New York in areas from which cattle are or may be imported into this state,
Now, therefore, to prevent the bringing into this state of such disease, and in pursuance of the authority conferred upon me by Sections 72 and 74 of the Agriculture and Markets Law, I do hereby order that all bovine animals coming into the State of New York shall comply with the following requirements:
All cattle over six months of age imported for dairy or breeding purposes shall come directly from herds certified to be free from Bang's disease by the chief livestock sanitary official by whatever name known of the country, province or state of origin. Such animals at the time of import must be accompanied by a certificate authenticated by such livestock sanitary official showing the name and address of the laboratory or person making the last blood test on such herd with a complete statement of the results of such test on the animals so imported. Such certificate shall describe each animal in such manner as to enable its identification by ear tag number, name and registration number in the case of pure breds and ear tag number in the case of grades. Such certificate shall include or be accompanied by the certificate above mentioned as to freedom of the herd from Bang's disease. A duplicate of such authenticated certificate or Page 348 certificates must be filed with the Department of Agriculture and Markets, Albany, N.Y., by the consignee at the time the shipment is received, unless such duplicate has previously been filed by the consignor.
This order shall not apply to the following classes of bovine animals:
(a) Cattle for immediate slaughter, consigned to the public stockyards.
(b) Steers and beef type cattle for feeding and grazing purposes. ↩ - Page 348 Both Acts were amended by the Act of February 7, 1928,45 Stat. 59. ↩