Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Lang v. Commissioner

Lang v. Comm’r, 289 U.S. 109 (1933)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1933-04-10
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • explaining that so long as legislation is permitted by the Constitution, arguments about the fairness of a statute’s burdens must be directed at Congress rather than the courts
  • “Giving the words of the [Tax Code] their natural and ordinary meaning . . . must be done[.]”
  • “The tenancy ... is said to be sui generis. Upon the death of one of the tenants the survivor does not take as a new acquisition, but under the original limitation, his estate being simply freed from participation by the other.”

Citator

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Cited by
92 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Tax Law — Basis for Determining Gain or Loss Where property was acquired by bequest, devise, or inheritance, the basis for determining gain or loss from its sale or other disposition is the fair market value of the property at the time of such acquisition; in all other cases the basis is the cost of the property. 289 U.S. at 110 (quoting Revenue Act of 1926, § 204(a)(5))
  2. Real Property Law — Tenancy by the Entirety An estate by the entirety is held by husband and wife in single ownership under a single title; the tenants do not take by moieties but each takes the whole estate, and upon the death of one tenant the survivor does not take by a new acquisition but holds under the original limitation, the estate being merely freed from participation by the other tenant. 289 U.S. at 111
  3. Tax Law — Basis for Determining Gain or Loss Upon the termination of an estate by the entirety through the death of one spouse, the survivor does not succeed to anything by "inheritance" within the meaning of the basis exception for property acquired by bequest, devise, or inheritance, but continues to own what she already held; accordingly, on a subsequent sale by the survivor, gain is properly computed on the basis of the original cost of the property to both tenants, not on the value of the property at the time of the other spouse's death. 289 U.S. at 111-12
  4. Tax Law — Statutory Construction The express inclusion of certain interests listed in § 302 of the Revenue Act of 1926 as excepted subjects under § 204(a), together with the omission of tenancies by the entirety from that enumeration, confirms that Congress did not intend to include estates by the entirety within the phrase "by bequest, devise, or inheritance." 289 U.S. at 112
  5. Tax Law — Estate Tax The inclusion of entirety property in the decedent's gross estate for estate tax purposes does not establish that the survivor acquired the property by inheritance; such a tax is sustained not on the theory of a transfer by death or receipt by right of succession, but on the ground that death produced such an accession of rights in respect of control of the property, and consequent enlargement of its value, as to make appropriate the imposition of an excise tax. 289 U.S. at 112-13
  6. Tax Law — Power of Congress Absent a constitutional violation, Congress may select the subjects of taxation and tax them differently as it sees fit, and where it has done so in plain words, courts are not at liberty to modify the Act by construction in order to avoid special hardship; the remedy for any unfair burden lies with Congress, not the courts. 289 U.S. at 113
LANGv. COMMISSIONER,289 U.S. 109(1933)
53 S.Ct. 534
LANGv. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT.
No. 595.
Argued March 22, 1933.
Decided April 10, 1933.
1. Section 204(a) of the Revenue Act of 1926 provides: "The basis for determining the gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of property acquired after February 28, 1913, shall be the cost of such property; except that — . . . "(5) If the property was acquired by bequest, devise, or inheritance, the basis shall be the fair market value of such property at the time of such acquisition."Held:(1) That upon the termination of an estate by the entirety through the death of one spouse, the survivor does not succeed to anything by "inheritance," within the meaning of this exception, but holds the estate under the original limitation, it being merely freed from participation by the other tenant.Tylerv.United States,281 U.S. 497, distinguished. P. 110. (2) Therefore, upon a sale of the property by the survivor, the gain was properly determined on the basis of what the two tenants paid for the property when acquired, and not upon the basis of the part of that payment that was contributed by the survivor added to a part of the value of the property at the time of the other spouse's death proportionate to his contribution to the purchase.Id. 2. This construction is confirmed by the fact that the statute expressly declares the exception applicable to certain of the interests that are listed in § 302 as embraced in decedents estates, but significantly omits from the declaration the interest of a tenant by the entirety, although it also is listed in that section. P. 111. 3. Unless there is a violation of the Constitution, Congress may select the subjects of taxation and tax them differently as it sees fit; and if it does so in plain words, the courts are not at liberty to modify the Act by construction in order to avoid special hardship. P. 113.61 F.2d 280, affirmed.
CERTIORARI,288 U.S. 596, to review the affirmance of a
decision of the Board of Tax Appeals,23 B.T.A. 854, sustaining a
deficiency assessment of income taxes.
Page 110
Mr. Washington Bowie, Jr., with whomMr. J.R. Sherrodwas on the brief, for petitioner.Mr. Whitney North Seymour, with whomSolicitor GeneralThacherandMessrs. Sewall KeyandNorman D. Kellerwere on the brief, for respondent.
MR. JUSTICE SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.
In 1915 petitioner and her husband purchased certain real property at a cost of $13,000, title being vested in them as tenants by the entirety. Of this amount petitioner contributed $1,560 (12 per cent.), and her husband the remaining 88 per cent. The husband died in 1924, the property at that time having a market value of $40,000; and 88 per cent. of that amount was included in the value of the decedent's gross estate for the purposes of the federal estate tax. In 1925 the property was sold for the sum last named. Petitioner, in her income tax return for that year, computed the profit on the basis of the market value of the property at the time of her husband's death, with the exception of 12 per cent., representing the sum which she had contributed to the purchase price of $13,000. The Commissioner determined a deficiency, using the entire 1915 cost as the basis for computing the amount of profit realized. The Commissioner's ruling was affirmed by a decision of the Board of Tax Appeals (23 B.T.A. 854), and that in turn was affirmed by the court below.61 F.2d 280.

The question to be determined, therefore, is whether cost of the property in 1915, or its market value at the time of decedent's death (with allowable deductions), is the proper basis for determining the gain from the sale in 1925.

The solution of the problem depends upon the meaning of the provision contained in § 204(a) of the Revenue Act of 1926, c. 27,44 Stat. 9, 14, which reads:Page 111

"The basis for determining the gain or loss from the sale or other disposition of property acquired after February 28, 1913, shall be the cost of such property; except that —

. . . . .

"(5) If the property was acquired by bequest, devise, or inheritance, the basis shall be the fair market value of such property at the time of such acquisition."

An estate by the entirety is held by the husband and wife in single ownership, by a single title. They do not take by moieties, but both and each take the whole estate, that is to say, the entirety. The tenancy results from the common law principle of marital unity; and is said to besui generis. Upon the death of one of the tenants "the survivor does not take as a new acquisition, but under the original limitation, his estate being simply freed from participation by the other; . . ." 1 Washburn, Real Property, 6th ed., § 912. In the present case, therefore, when the husband died, the wife, in respect of this estate, did not succeed to anything. She simply continued, in virtue of the nature of the tenancy, to possess and own what she already had. Giving the words of the statute their natural and ordinary meaning, as must be done, it is obvious that nothing passed to her by bequest, devise, or inheritance.

The foregoing view is confirmed, if that be necessary, by a consideration of the language immediately following the quotation from paragraph (5), § 204(a),supra, namely, "The provisions of this paragraph shall apply to the acquisition of such property interests as are specified in subdivision . . . (c) or (f) of section 302 of this Act." Subdivision (c) deals with transfers by the decedent made in contemplation of or intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after his death; and subdivision (f) has reference to property passing under a general power of appointment, exercised by the decedentPage 112by will or deed in like contemplation or with like intention. Ch. 27,44 Stat. 70-71. The significant circumstance is that subdivision (e), which relates to interests held as joint tenants by the decedent and any other person, or as tenants by the entirety by the decedent and spouse, is not included in the enumeration. The result is that the interest held by a joint tenant or tenants by the entirety is expressly included in determining the value of the gross estate for purposes of the estate tax, but not so included as a basis for determining gain or loss under § 204(a). The express inclusion of the subdivision in the former case and its omission in the latter persuasively suggests that Congress did not intend to include estates by the entirety under the phrase "by bequest, devise, or inheritance." If Congress did so intend, it is hard to understand why subdivision (e) of § 302 was not expressly adopted as were (c) and (f). CompareBendv.Hoyt, 13 Pet. 263, 272-273.

It is said that the decision of this court inTylerv.United States,281 U.S. 497, requires a different conclusion. But that case does not decide that property held by tenants by the entirety is inherited by the survivor or passes from the dead to the living by right of succession. The decision rests alone upon the fact that Congress had provided in express words — § 202(c), Revenue Act of 1916, c. 463,39 Stat. 756, 777-778 — that the value of such property, to the extent designated in subdivision (c), should be included for the purpose of determining the value of the gross estate. And the tax was upheld not upon the theory that there was a "transfer" of the property by the death of decedent, or a receipt of it by right of succession, but upon the ground that death had resulted in such an accession of rights in respect of the control of the property as to make appropriate the imposition of a tax upon that result. In other words, the death of the husband had the effect of freeing the estatePage 113from his equal right of participation in its possession, use and disposition, which, while he lived, stood in the way of the wife's exclusive enjoyment of those rights which ordinarily flow from ownership; and this expansion of her power of control, and consequent enlargement of its value, furnished a sufficient occasion for the imposition of an excise tax, which Congress might denominate a death tax, or a transfer tax, or anything else it saw fit, although, in the absence of an expression of the legislative will, it properly could not thus be characterized.Tylerv.United States, supra, at pp. 502-503.

If the legislation here under review results in imposing an unfair burden upon the taxpayer, the remedy is with Congress and not with the courts. Unless there is a violation of the Constitution, Congress may select the subjects of taxation and tax them differently as it sees fit; and if it does so in plain words, as it has done here, the courts are not at liberty to modify the act by construction in order to avoid special hardship.Crooksv.Harrelson,282 U.S. 55,61.Judgment affirmed.