Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Hardware Dealers Mutual Fire Insurance v. Glidden Co.

Hardware Dealers Mut. Fire Ins. v. Glidden Co., 284 U.S. 151 (1931)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1931-11-23
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • arbitration clause for settlement of losses as condition precedent for doing business within the state held not denial of due process or equal protection
  • legislation which requires arbitration of single issue of amount of loss is not an unconstitutional denial of due process or equal protection because arbitrator may only decide the amount of loss, all other issues are reserved for the court

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Cited by
151 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Due Process A state may, without violating the Fourteenth Amendment, require licensed fire insurers to use a standard policy providing for arbitration of the amount of loss, where one party's refusal to select an appraiser permits the other to obtain a judicial appointment of an umpire upon due notice, and the award, if not grossly excessive or inadequate or procured by fraud, is conclusive as to the amount of loss but does not determine the separate judicial question of liability under the policy. 284 U.S. at 155–157
  2. Constitutional Law — Liberty of Contract The right to make contracts embraced in the liberty guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment is not unlimited; liberty implies only freedom from arbitrary restraint, not immunity from reasonable regulations and prohibitions imposed in the interests of the community, so that legislation otherwise within the scope of acknowledged state power, not unreasonably or arbitrarily exercised, cannot be condemned merely because it curtails the individual's power to contract. 284 U.S. at 157
  3. Constitutional Law — State Power over Procedure The procedure by which rights may be enforced and wrongs remedied is peculiarly a subject of state regulation and control; the Fourteenth Amendment neither requires that all trials be by jury nor guarantees any particular form or method of state procedure. 284 U.S. at 158
  4. Constitutional Law — Due Process In the exercise of its power over procedure, and to satisfy a public need, a state may choose the remedy best adapted in the legislative judgment to protect the interests concerned, provided its choice is not unreasonable or arbitrary and the procedure it adopts satisfies the constitutional requirements of reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard. 284 U.S. at 158
  5. Constitutional Law — Presumption of Constitutionality A statute dealing with a subject within the scope of legislative power is presumed to be constitutional, and a court cannot assume that the legislature lacked knowledge of conditions supporting its judgment that the legislation serves the public interest; it is enough that the possibility of a rational basis for the legislative judgment is not excluded. 284 U.S. at 158–159
  6. Insurance Law — Arbitration of Loss Amounts — Legislative Basis The requirement that fire insurance loss-amount disputes be submitted to arbitrators under a standard policy is not a denial of due process or equal protection, where arbitration clauses have long been voluntarily used in fire policies, the amount of loss is a frequent and often the only subject of controversy, speedy determination of that issue is a matter of wide concern, and appraisal by arbitration permits expert knowledge and prompt inspection of damaged property to an extent not ordinarily possible in more deliberate judicial proceedings. 284 U.S. at 159
  7. Constitutional Law — Due Process Where a state has power to prescribe a summary method of ascertaining the amount of loss, the Fourteenth Amendment is satisfied if the substitute remedy is substantial and efficient; a determination by arbitrators, chosen as provided by the statute, of the single issue of the amount of loss under a fire insurance policy, reserving all other issues for trial in court, affords such a remedy and does not fall short of due process. 284 U.S. at 159–160
INSURANCE CO.v. GLIDDEN CO.,284 U.S. 151(1931)
52 S.Ct. 69
HARDWARE DEALERS MUTUAL FIRE INSURANCE CO.v. GLIDDEN CO. ET AL.
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF MINNESOTA.
No. 4.
Argued October 16, 1931.
Decided November 23, 1931.
Minnesota, by statute, requires all fire insurance companies licensed for business in the State to use a prescribed form of standard policy in which are provisions for determining by arbitration the amount of any loss (except total loss on buildings), when the parties fail to agree upon it. Where one party declines to select an appraiser, the other party may secure, upon due notice, a judicial appointment of an "umpire" to act with the appraiser selected by himself. The decision of this board, if not grossly excessive or inadequate, or procured by fraud, is conclusive as to the amount of the loss, in an action on the award, but does not determine the judicial question of liability under the policy.Held:1. That the enforcement of such an award against an insurance company, which had declined to join in the arbitration, does not violate its rights under the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment, although it be assumed that thePage 152company's action in issuing the statutory policy, with the arbitration provisions, was not voluntary and that it was not estopped by long acquiescence in the statute. P. 157. 2. Legislation otherwise within the scope of acknowledged state power, not unreasonably or arbitrarily exercised, cannot be condemned because it curtails the power of the individual to contract. P. 157. 3. The procedure by which rights may be enforced and wrongs remedied is peculiarly a subject of state regulation and control. In the exercise of that power and to satisfy a public need, a State may choose the remedy best adapted, in the legislative judgment, to protect the interests concerned, provided its choice be not unreasonable or arbitrary, and the procedure it adopts satisfy the constitutional requirements of reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard. P. 158. 4. A statute dealing with a subject within the scope of legislative power is presumed to be constitutional.Id. 5. The Court notices judicially that an arbitration clause has long been voluntarily inserted by insurers in fire policies; that the amount of loss is a fruitful and often the only subject of controversy between insured and insurer; that speedy determination of the policy liability such as may be secured by arbitration of this issue is a matter of wide concern; that in the appraisal of the loss by arbitration, expert knowledge and prompt inspection of the damaged property may be availed of to an extent not ordinarily possible in the course of the more deliberate processes of a judicial proceeding. P. 159.181 Minn. 518;233 N.W. 310, affirmed.
APPEAL from a judgment sustaining a recovery from an insurance
company in an action on an award fixing the amount of a loss by
fire.
Mr. Mortimer H. Boutelle, with whomMr. Nathan H. Chasewas on the brief, for appellant.

Purely superficial considerations may suggest that the general welfare is subserved by some form of compulsory process requiring the prompt adjustment of insurance losses. The same might be said with equal force of relatively large classes of obligations arising in different branches of business. Claims for personal injury andPage 153property losses in cases of common carriers are sufficiently illustrative.

In one form or another, legislative efforts have been exerted in this direction; but with the exception of two early state cases, viz.:Gravesv.Northern Pac. Ry. Co.,5 Mont. 566, andWadsworthv.Union Pac. Ry. Co.,18 Colo. 600, no instance has been called to our attention and no precedent has been cited in which a scheme of compulsory arbitration has been prescribed.

InSt. Louis Ry. Co. v.Williams,49 Ark. 492, the statute differed from those in the cases last indicated in providing that, if arbitration of the claim were refused after demand, the claimant should be entitled to recover his attorney's fees in the event of suit. The statute was held unconstitutional.

Various expedients have been resorted to by the legislatures of different States to avoid delays in the settlement of claims against common carriers by the imposition of penalties. These cases are fully reviewed inChicago Northwestern Ry. Co. v.Nye Schneider Fowler Co.,260 U.S. 36, in which the limitations of the legislative authority are expounded.

It is unnecessary to consider the broader phases of legislation ostensibly directed at the compulsory arbitration of controversies. That no such power exists is settled.Wolff Co. v.Industrial Court,262 U.S. 522;Dorchyv.Kansas,264 U.S. 286.

It is, of course, admitted that the business of insurance is affected with a public interest and therefore subject to state regulation in the exercise of the State's legitimate power of police.Northwestern Ins. Co. v.Riggs,203 U.S. 243;GermanAlliance Ins. Co. v.Kansas,233 U.S. 389;National Ins. Co. v.Wanberg,260 U.S. 71.

The authorities are quite fully reviewed in the case last cited. In each instance where the exercise of the power has been sustained, with the exception of certain of thePage 154earlier authorities in which it was erroneously predicated of the unlimited control over foreign corporations, it has been directed at the correction of some evil and its justification postulated for the public welfare.

The statute with which we are here concerned cannot be assigned to the class thus indicated. There is a broad distinction between prescribing the form or terms of a contract and prescribing the methods by which the obligation of such contract may be enforced. A similar distinction may be made between the class of cases in which limitations on the effect of applications for insurance have been sustained and the right of interposing certain defenses denied.

It will not do to ascribe a system of compulsory arbitration, committed to the jurisdiction of an extra-judicial tribunal, to the domain of remedial law. The latter obviously has reference to instances of judicial procedure. The system with which we are here concerned, on the contrary, is wholly foreign to anything pertaining to judicial procedure. No principle has been suggested and none occurs that justifies assigning denial of right of recourse to the courts, respecting an ordinary contractual obligation, to the field or domain of police power. The segregation of a single class of business of ordinary commercial character from all other classes, with the imposition on the former of conditions denying the right of judicial redress accorded the latter, presents a discrimination which contravenes both the due process and equal protection provisions of the fundamental law.Gulf, C. S.F.R. Co. v.Ellis,165 U.S. 150.

As applied to appellant, the exaction of compliance with the statutory condition was tantamount to the requirement of the surrender of a constitutional right as the condition of the privilege of doing business within the State.Terralv.BurkeConstruction Co.,257 U.S. 529;Doylev.Continental Ins.Co.,94 U.S. 535;Security Mutual LifePage 155Ins. Co. v.Prewitt,202 U.S. 246;Southern Pacific Co. v.Denton,146 U.S. 202,207;Frostv.Railroad Commission,271 U.S. 583;Hanover Ins. Co. v.Harding,272 U.S. 494;United Statesv.Chicago, M. St. P. Ry. Co.,282 U.S. 311.Messrs. Homer C. FultonandEugene M. O'Neill, with whomMessrs. Arthur E. NelsonandEdward L. Boylewere on the brief, for appellees.
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case is here on appeal, § 237a of the Judicial Code, from a judgment of the Supreme Court of Minnesota, upholding the constitutionality of the arbitration provisions of the standard fire insurance policy prescribed by Minnesota statutes.181 Minn. 518;233 N.W. 310.

Appellant, a Wisconsin corporation licensed to carry on the business of writing fire insurance in Minnesota, issued, within the state, its policy insuring appellees' assignor against loss, by fire, of personal property located there. The policy was in standard form, the use of which is enjoined by statutes of Minnesota on all fire insurance companies licensed to do business in the state. Mason's Minn. Stat. 1927, §§ 3314, 3366, 3515, 3515, 3711. Failure to comply with the command of the statute is ground for revocation of the license to do business, § 3550, and wilful violation of it by any company or agent is made a criminal offense, punishable by fine or imprisonment. §§ 3515, 9923.

A fire loss having occurred, the insured appointed an arbitrator and demanded of appellant that the amount be determined by arbitration as provided by the policy.1Page 156The appellant having refused to participate in the arbitration, the insured, in accordance with the arbitration clause, procured the appointment of an umpire to act with the arbitrator designated by the insured. The arbitrator and umpire thus selected proceeded to determine the amount of the loss and made their award accordingly.

In the present suit, brought to recover the amount of the award, the appellant set up by way of defense, the single point relied on here, that so much of the statutes of Minnesota as requires the use by appellant of the arbitration provisions of the standard policy infringes the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. In rejecting this contention and in sustaining a recovery of the amount of the award, the Supreme Court of Minnesota, consistently with its earlier decisions, ruled that the authority of the arbitrators did not extend to a determination of the liability under the policy, whichPage 157was a judicial question, reserved to the courts, but that their decision as to the amount of the loss is conclusive upon the parties unless grossly excessive or inadequate, or procured by fraud. SeeGlidden Co. v.Retail Hardware Mut. Fire Ins. Co.,181 Minn. 518,521,522;233 N.W. 310;Abramowitzv.Continental Ins. Co.,170 Minn. 215;212 N.W. 449;Harringtonv.Agricultural Ins. Co.,179 Minn. 510;229 N.W. 792.

This type of arbitration clause has long been commonly used in fire insurance policies, both in Minnesota and elsewhere, and, when voluntarily placed in the insurance contract, compliance with its provisions has been held to be a condition precedent to an action on the policy.Gasserv.Sun Fire Office,42 Minn. 315;44 N.W. 252;Hamiltonv.Liverpool, London Globe Ins.Co.,136 U.S. 242;Scottv.Avery, 5 House of Lords 811, 854; seeRed Cross Linev.Atlantic Fruit Co.,264 U.S. 109,121.

Appellees insist that the use of the clause here was voluntary, since the appellant was not compelled to write the policy, and that in any case appellant, by long acquiescence in the statute, is estopped to challenge, after the loss, the right of the insured to rely upon it. Without stopping to examine these contentions, we assume that appellant's freedom of contract was restricted by operation of the statute, and pass directly to the question decided by the state court, whether the Fourteenth Amendment precludes the exercise of such compulsion by the legislative power.

The right to make contracts embraced in the concept of liberty guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment is not unlimited. Liberty implies only freedom from arbitrary restraint, not immunity from reasonable regulations and prohibitions imposed in the interests of the community.Chicago, Burlington Quincy R. Co. v.McGuire,219 U.S. 549,567. Hence, legislation otherwise within the scope of acknowledged state power, not unreasonablyPage 158or arbitrarily exercised, cannot be condemned because it curtails the power of the individual to contract.McLeanv.Arkansas,211 U.S. 539;Schmidingerv.Chicago,226 U.S. 578;GermanAlliance Insurance Co. v.Lewis,233 U.S. 389;Erie R. Co. v.Williams,233 U.S. 685;Keokee Cons. Coke Co. v.Taylor,234 U.S. 224.

The present statute substitutes a determination by arbitration for trial in court of the single issue of the amount of loss suffered under a fire insurance policy. As appellant's objection to it is directed specifically to the power of the state to substitute the one remedy for the other, rather than to the constitutionality of the particular procedure prescribed or followed before the arbitrators, it suffices to say that the procedure by which rights may be enforced and wrongs remedied is peculiarly a subject of state regulation and control. The Fourteenth Amendment neither implies that all trials must be by jury, nor guarantees any particular form or method of state procedure. SeeMissouri ex rel. Hurwitzv.North,271 U.S. 40. In the exercise of that power and to satisfy a public need, a state may choose the remedy best adapted, in the legislative judgment, to protect the interests concerned, provided its choice is not unreasonable or arbitrary, and the procedure it adopts satisfies the constitutional requirements of reasonable notice and opportunity to be heard.

The record and briefs present no facts disclosing the reasons for the enactment of the present legislation or the effects of its operation, but as it deals with a subject within the scope of the legislative power, the presumption of constitutionality is to be indulged.O'Gorman Young, Inc., v.Hartford Fire Ins.Co.,282 U.S. 251; seeStandard Oil Co. v.Marysville,279 U.S. 582,584;Ohio ex rel. Clarkev.Deckebach,274 U.S. 392,397. We cannot assume that the Minnesota legislature did not have knowledge of conditions supporting its judgment that the legislation was in the public interest, and it is enough that,Page 159when the statute is read in the light of circumstances generally known to attend the recovery of fire insurance losses, the possibility of a rational basis for the legislative judgment is not excluded.

Without the aid of the presumption, we know that the arbitration clause has long been voluntarily inserted by insurers in fire policies, and we share in the common knowledge that the amount of loss is a fruitful and often the only subject of controversy between insured and insurer; that speedy determination of the policy liability such as may be secured by arbitration of this issue is a matter of wide concern, seeFidelity Mut. Life Assn. v.Mettler,185 U.S. 308;Farmers'Merchants' Ins. Co. v.Dobney,189 U.S. 301; that in the appraisal of the loss by arbitration, expert knowledge and prompt inspection of the damaged property may be availed of to an extent not ordinarily possible in the course of the more deliberate processes of a judicial proceeding. These considerations are sufficient to support the exercise of the legislative judgment in requiring a more summary method of determining the amount of the loss than that afforded by traditional forms. Hence the requirement that disputes of this type arising under this special class of insurance contracts be submitted to arbitrators, cannot be deemed to be a denial of either due process or equal protection of the laws.

Granted, as we now hold, that the state, in the present circumstances, has power to prescribe a summary method of ascertaining the amount of loss, the requirements of the Fourteenth Amendment, so far as now invoked, are satisfied if the substitute remedy is substantial and efficient. SeeCranev.Hahlo,258 U.S. 142,147. We cannot say that the determination by arbitrators, chosen as provided by the present statute, of the single issue of the amount of loss under a fire insurance policy, reserving all other issues for trial in court, does not afford such a remedy, orPage 160that in this respect it falls short of due process, more than the provisions of state workmen's compensation laws for establishing the amount of compensation by a commission,New York Central R.Co. v.White,243 U.S. 188,207-208;Mountain Timber Co. v.Washington,243 U.S. 219,235; or the appraisal by a commissioner of the value of property taken or destroyed by the public, made controlling by condemnation statutes,Dohanyv.Rogers,281 U.S. 362,369;Long Island Water Supply Co. v.Brooklyn,166 U.S. 685,695;Cranev.Hahlo, supra, p. 147; or findings of fact by boards or commissions which, by various statutes, are made conclusive upon the courts if supported by evidence,Tagg Bros. Moorheadv.United States,280 U.S. 420;Interstate Commerce Comm. v.Union Pacific R. Co.,222 U.S. 541;Virginian Ry. Co. v.United States,272 U.S. 658,663;Silberscheinv.United States,266 U.S. 221;Ma-KingProducts Co. v.Blair,271 U.S. 479.Affirmed.
  1. Page 155 Mason's Minn. Stat. 1927, § 3512. ". . . In case of loss, except in case of total loss on buildings, under this policy and a failure of the parties to agree as to the amount of the loss, it is mutually agreed that the amount of such loss shall, as above provided, be Page 156 ascertained by two competent, disinterested and impartial appraisers who shall be residents of this state, the insured and this company each selecting one within fifteen days after a statement of such loss has been rendered to the company, as herein provided, and in case either party fail to select an appraiser within such time, the other appraiser and the umpire selected, as herein provided, may act as a board of appraisers, and whatever award they shall find shall be as binding as though the two appraisers had been chosen; and the two so chosen shall first select a competent, disinterested and impartial umpire; provided, that if after five days the two appraisers cannot agree on such an umpire, the presiding judge of the district court of the county wherein the loss occurs may appoint such an umpire upon application of either party in writing by giving five days' notice thereof in writing to the other party. Unless within fifteen days after a statement of such loss has been rendered to the company, either party, the assured or the company, shall have notified the other in writing that such party demands an appraisal, such right to an appraisal shall be waived; the appraisers together shall then estimate and appraise the loss, stating separately sound value and damage, and, failing to agree, shall submit their differences to the umpire; and the award in writing of any two shall determine the amount of the loss;. . ." ↩