Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Highland v. Russell Car & Snow Plow Co.
Highland v. Russell Car & Snow Plow Co., 279 U.S. 253 (1929)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1929-04-08
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- noting that the liberty interests protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment include “the right of the individual to contract” (quoting Roth, 408 U.S. at 572)
Citator
Highland v. Russell Car & Snow Plow Co. has been questioned or limited by later authorities: relies on overruled authority: 43 S. Ct. 394 (overruled by Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pa. v. Casey). Read them before relying on it. 77 later decisions cite it.
- Authority status
- caution
- Cited by
- 77 opinions
Headnotes
- Constitutional Law — War Power — Price Regulation An order of the President under the Lever Act fixing a maximum price on coal during wartime, when the railroads were under government control and price regulation was needed in the interest of national safety, is a valid exercise of the power of the Government and does not violate the Fifth Amendment, where the coal was liable in the circumstances to expropriation by the Government and the price fixed was such as to afford the just compensation safeguarded by that amendment. 279 U.S. 253, 258, 262
- Constitutional Law — Liberty of Contract The freedom of the people to enter into and carry out contracts in respect of their property and private affairs is protected by the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, but that liberty is not absolute or universal, and Congress may regulate the making and performance of private contracts whenever reasonably necessary to effect any of the great purposes for which the National Government was created. 279 U.S. 253, 261
- Constitutional Law — War Power — Presumption of Validity Under the Constitution, and subject to the safeguards set for the protection of life, liberty, and property, Congress and the President exert the war power of the nation and have wide discretion as to the means to be employed successfully to carry it on; measures taken under that power are supported by a strong presumption of validity and may not be set aside unless clearly shown to be arbitrary and repugnant to the Constitution. 279 U.S. 253, 261
- Constitutional Law — Due Process Where a producer was free to keep his coal but the coal was liable to seizure by the Government, the fixing of a just price was calculated to serve the convenience of producers and dealers as well as consumers; absent a showing that the producer would have been entitled to more had his coal been requisitioned, the price-fixing statute and orders will be deemed to have deprived him only of the opportunity to obtain by negotiation more than his coal was worth, and as applied were not so clearly unreasonable and arbitrary as to be repugnant to the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment. 279 U.S. 253, 262
HIGHLANDv. RUSSELL CAR CO.,279 U.S. 253(1929)
49 S.Ct. 314
HIGHLANDv. RUSSELL CAR SNOW PLOW COMPANY.
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA.
No. 8.
Argued February 23, 24, 1929.
Decided April 8, 1929.
CERTIORARI,274 U.S. 731, to review a judgment of the Supreme
Court of Pennsylvania sustaining a judgment for the defendant —
the present respondent — in petitioner's action for a balance
alleged to be due on sales of coal. The judgment of the trial
court was affirmed by the Superior Court,87 Pa. Super. 237,
which was affirmed, in turn, by the court below.
The exercise of the war powers is subject to the Fifth Amendment.United Statesv.Russell, 13 Wall. 623;Hamiltonv.Kentucky Distilleries Co.,251 U.S. 155;United Statesv.Cohen Grocery Co.,255 U.S. 81.
Congress has no power to fix the price of coal. Where no right to regulate exists, there can be no burden to show that the regulation is confiscatory. To forbid a seller to sell at prices which the buyer is willing and eager to pay, is confiscation. Price-fixing is necessarily arbitrary and unreasonable, and hence unconstitutional. The very purpose of price-fixing by giving authority to fix a maximum price is to keep the owner of property from selling it for as much as it will bring. If this is done as a measure ofPage 255self-protection in wartime and for general governmental purposes, then obviously the nation at large, i.e., the Government, should bear the burden, not the particular industry or person affected. The act of the Government has resulted in a deprivation of the right and power to dispose of one's property for what it will bring. Then the deprivation is really for a public purpose. But, as this Court has held, it is not a taking for a public use.Morrisdale Coal Co. v.United States,259 U.S. 188;PineHill Coal Co. v.United States,259 U.S. 191. The coal-mining business is not affected by a general public interest.Chas.Wolff Co. v.Court,262 U.S. 522;Tysonv.Banton,273 U.S. 418.
There was no emergency. If there were only so much coal above ground and if it were impossible to continue mining operations and the coal were being hoarded and were needed not only for the use of the Army and Navy, but to protect the lives and health of the citizens, then, if one could permit so fantastic a play of the imagination, an "emergency" might be said to exist.Wilsonv.New,243 U.S. 332.
If there is power to fix the prices of commodities, there is power to fix wages. This is thereductio ad absurdumof the argument for the power; just as, if there is a power to fix a minimum wage, then there is the power to fix a maximum wage.
The basis of "cost plus a reasonable profit" was arbitrary, oppressive and not due process.United Statesv.New RiverCollieries Co.,262 U.S. 341.
In any aspect, price-fixing is an attempted exercise of legislative power, and the general delegation of such power, uncharted save by "cost plus a reasonable profit," is a complete abdication by Congress and hence void.Interstate CommerceComm'nv.Cincinnati R. Co.,167 U.S. 479;Kansas C.S.R. Co. v.United States,231 U.S. 423.Page 256
The price fixed was without congressional authority, because prices could be fixed only through and after action by the Federal Trade Commission.Mr. A.M. Liverightfor respondent.
Article I, § 8, Clauses 11 and 18 of the Constitution vest full power in Congress to fix the price of coal during war.Inre Quarles,158 U.S. 535;Priggv.Commonwealth, 16 Pet. 619;McCullochv.Maryland, 4 Wheat. 416.
The means to be employed in the exercise of the power are discretionary with Congress.Northern Securities Co. v.UnitedStates,193 U.S. 343;Fairbanksv.United States,181 U.S. 287;United Statesv.Sugar, 243 F. 423;Storyv.Perkins, 243 F. 997, affirmed inJonesv.Perkins,245 U.S. 390.
The Fifth Amendment was not contravened. There was a palpable emergency.
Relations which in time of peace have a purely private aspect, in time of war may be affected with a public interest.Schenckv.United States,249 U.S. 47;Brown Holding Co. v.Feldman,256 U.S. 170;Blockv.Hirsh,256 U.S. 135.
Congress did not regard the fixing of prices as a taking.Pine Hill Coal Co. v.United States,259 U.S. 191. There was no taking, actual or constructive.
Limitation upon the war power of the United States by the Fifth Amendment is no greater than that imposed by the Fourteenth Amendment upon the police power of a State. As to which, seeAtlantic Coast Linev.Goldsboro,232 U.S. 548;Hamiltonv.Kentucky Distilleries Co., supra; Gundlingv.Chicago,177 U.S. 183;Crowleyv.Christensen,137 U.S. 186;Nuttingv.Massachusetts,183 U.S. 553;Levy Leasing Co. v.Siegel,258 U.S. 242;Pacific Gas Electric Co. v.Police Court,251 U.S. 22;Schmidingerv.Chicago,226 U.S. 578.Page 257
Delegation of price fixing power was lawful.Fieldv.Clark,143 U.S. 649;Buttfieldv.Stranahan,192 U.S. 470;Oceanic Steam Navigation Co. v.Stranahan,214 U.S. 320;United Statesv.Grimaud,220 U.S. 506;Mutual Film Corp'nv.Industrial Comm'n,236 U.S. 230;Northern Pacific R. Co. v.North Dakota,250 U.S. 135.
No preliminary action or findings by the Federal Trade Commission were essential.
The complaint shows the following facts. October 2, 1917, plaintiff wrote defendant that he had purchased the output of certain mines and offered coal at $3.60 per ton. Defendant answered that it wanted a carload per week until further notice. Plaintiff replied that he had entered defendant's order for that amount. November 14, after plaintiff had shipped some of the coal, he wrote defendant that, owing to a recent wage agreement made between the miners and operators, the cost of mining had been increased 45 cents per ton; that plaintiff was obliged to pay the additional cost to the producer, and that he was making a price until further notice of $4.05 per ton. He added: "Unless I hear from you to the contrary I shall take it for granted that you wish me to continue shipments on your order at this new price." The amount sued for was based on $3.60 per ton for coal shipped in October and $4.05 per ton for that delivered later. Defendant had paid $1,531.84.
The affidavit of defense admitted the sale and delivery of the coal, denied any agreement as to price; and, amongPage 258other averments not here material, alleged that the United States had fixed the prices of the coal and that its value on that basis was $1,322.74.
The trial court held that the plaintiff was bound by the prices fixed by the Government; and, notwithstanding a verdict for the plaintiff, gave defendant judgment, which was affirmed by the superior court and also in the supreme court of the State.
The prices so held applicable were fixed by the President pursuant to § 25 of the Lever Act approved August 10, 1917, c. 53,40 Stat. 276, 284. An executive order of August 21 specified $2.00 per ton on board cars at the mine; and an order made October 27 added 45 cents per ton.
Plaintiff here insists, as he maintained in the state courts, that Congress had no power to establish or to authorize the President to prescribe prices for coal without providing just compensation for those who, in the absence of such regulation, might have sold their coal for more. And he contends that, in violation of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, the Act and orders operate to deprive him of liberty of contract. His coal was not requisitioned for public use. He does not claim that the amount paid by defendant was not compensatory or that it did not give him a reasonable profit or that the value of the coal was greater than the prices fixed by the President. The sole question is whether plaintiff's constitutional rights were infringed by the enforcement of the Act and orders to prevent him from selling his coal for prices in excess of the just compensation he would have been entitled to receive if it had been taken under the sovereign power of eminent domain.
Long before this country became involved in the war, Congress adopted measures for the national defense, and promptly after it entered the conflict there were developedPage 259comprehensive plans for immediate and effective use of military force. An Act of June 3, 1916,39 Stat. 166, authorized the enlargement, equipment and training of the army. An Act of August 29 following,39 Stat. 619, 645, empowered the President in time of war to take and utilize systems of transportation for the movement of troops, war material and other purposes; and, December 26, 1917, the President did take over the railroads of the country.40 Stat. 1733. The Joint Resolution of April 6, 1917,40 Stat. 1, declaring war with Germany directed the President to employ the entire naval and military forces and pledged all the resources of the country to bring the conflict to a successful termination. An act of June 15, 1917,40 Stat. 182, authorized the President extensively to exert the power of eminent domain in aid of construction and acquisition of ships.
The Lever Act was broader than its predecessors. It was passed to encourage production, conserve supply and control distribution of foods, fuel and many other things deemed necessary to carry on the war. Hoarding, waste, and manipulations for the enhancement of prices were condemned. The President was empowered to license and regulate production, prices and sales; to requisition coal and other necessaries, to purchase and sell wheat, flour and other staple articles of food, and to take over and operate factories and mines. Section 25 empowered the President to fix the price of coal, to regulate distribution among dealers and consumers, domestic or foreign, and to require producers to sell only to the United States through a designated agency empowered to regulate resale prices. The basis prescribed for the determination of prices to be charged by producers of coal was the cost of production, including the expense of operation, maintenance, depreciation and depletion plus a just and reasonable profit. And prices to be charged by dealers werePage 260to be made by adding to their cost a just and reasonable sum for profit. The Act did not require producers or dealers to sell their coal. It provided for the ascertainment and contemplated the payment of just compensation for all property that it authorized the President to take.
During 1916 and the early months of 1917, the mining and distribution of coal had been greatly disturbed by conditions resulting from the war abroad and the preparations for national defense being made in this country. There was panic among consumers; and, in order to secure adequate supply, they offered prices higher than any theretofore prevailing. The prices of coal for immediate delivery, which previously had been from $1.50 to $2.00, were bid up to $5.00, $6.00, and in exceptional cases as high as $7.50 per ton. In April contracts for the year's delivery could be made only at prices ranging from $3.00 up to $5.00 or $6.00 per ton. In May of that year the Council of National Defense created a committee to deal with the situation. After prolonged negotiation with producers throughout the country an agreement was reached by which a tentative maximum price was fixed at $3.00 per ton at the mines, to which was added twenty-five cents for selling commission to wholesalers. The purpose was to fix a price high enough to stimulate production so that by the operation of the law of supply and demand fair and just prices would result. Final Report of United States Fuel Administrator, p. 20. Report of Engineers Committee 1918-1919, p. 1.
But this arrangement having failed to give assurance of an adequate supply, Congress and the President found it necessary to take the steps here involved. Defendant was engaged in manufacturing snowplows for railroads. Unquestionably, the production of such equipment was in the state of war then prevailing a public use for which coal and other private property might have been taken by exertion of the power of eminent domain. When regardPage 261is had to the condition of the coal industry, plaintiff's control of the product of the mines referred to in his letters and the tone of his price quotations support the view that, in the interest of national safety, there was need of regulation in order to prevent manipulations to enhance prices by those having coal for sale and to lessen apprehension on the part of consumers in respect of their supply and the prices liable to be exacted.
It is everywhere recognized that the freedom of the people to enter into and carry out contracts in respect of their property and private affairs is a matter of great public concern and that such liberty may not lightly be impaired.Steelev.Drummond,275 U.S. 199,205. Generally speaking, that right is protected by the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.Allgeyerv.Louisiana,165 U.S. 578,591.Adairv.UnitedStates,208 U.S. 161,174.Coppagev.Kansas,236 U.S. 1,14.Adkinsv.Childrens Hospital,261 U.S. 525,546. It is also well-established by the decisions of this court that such liberty is not absolute or universal and that Congress may regulate the making and performance of such contracts whenever reasonably necessary to effect any of the great purposes for which the national government was created.Frisbiev.UnitedStates,157 U.S. 160,165.Addyston Pipe Steel Co. v.United States,175 U.S. 211,228et seq.Ellisv.UnitedStates,206 U.S. 246.Atlantic Coast Linev.RiversideMills,219 U.S. 186,202.Louisville Nashville R.R. v.Mottley,219 U.S. 467,482.Baltimore Ohiov.InterstateCommerce Commission,221 U.S. 612,618.Second EmployersLiability Cases,223 U.S. 1,52.Gt. Northern Ry. v.Sutherland,273 U.S. 182,193.
Under the Constitution and subject to the safeguards there set for the protection of life, liberty and property (Ex parteMilligan, 4 Wall. 2, 121.Hamiltonv.Kentucky DistilleriesCo.,251 U.S. 146,151.United StatesPage 262v.Cohen Grocery Co.,255 U.S. 81,88), the Congress and the President exert the war power of the nation, and they have wide discretion as to the means to be employed successfully to carry on.Millerv.Robertson,266 U.S. 243,248.United Statesv.Chemical Foundation,272 U.S. 1,10. The measures here challenged are supported by a strong presumption of validity, and they may not be set aside unless clearly shown to be arbitrary and repugnant to the Constitution.Adkinsv.ChildrensHospital, supra, 544. The principal purpose of the Lever Act was to enable the President to provide food, fuel and other things necessary to prosecute the war without exposing the government to unreasonable exactions. The authorization of the President to prescribe prices and also to requisition mines and their output made it manifest that, if adequate supplies of coal at just prices could not be obtained by negotiation and price regulation, expropriation would follow. Plaintiff was free to keep his coal, but it would have been liable to seizure by the government. The fixing of just prices was calculated to serve the convenience of producers and dealers as well as of consumers of coal needed to carry on the war. As it does not appear that plaintiff would have been entitled to more if his coal had been requisitioned, the Act and orders will be deemed to have deprived him only of the right or opportunity by negotiation to obtain more than his coal was worth. Such an exaction would have increased the cost of the snowplows and other railroad equipment being manufactured by the defendant and therefore would have been directly opposed to the interest of the government. As applied to the coal in question, the statute and executive orders were not so clearly unreasonable and arbitrary as to require them to be held repugnant to the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment.Judgment Affirmed.Page 263