Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Interstate Busses Corp. v. Holyoke Street Railway Co.

Interstate Busses Corp. v. Holyoke St. Ry. Co., 273 U.S. 45 (1927)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1927-01-03
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • “No ... certificate of public convenience and necessity is required in respect of transportation that is exclusively interstate”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Interstate Busses Corp. v. Holyoke Street Railway Co.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
66 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A state statute requiring a license and a certificate of public convenience and necessity for the intrastate carriage of passengers by motor vehicle on public highways, where such operation affords a means of transportation similar to that of a railway company, does not directly interfere with or burden the interstate business of a carrier that transports both interstate and intrastate passengers, where the enforcement shown is directed only at the carrier's intrastate operations. 273 U.S. at 50
  2. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause The burden rests upon a carrier challenging a state regulatory statute under the commerce clause to show that enforcement of the statute operates to prejudice its interstate carriage of passengers. 273 U.S. at 51
  3. Constitutional Law — Commerce Clause A carrier may not evade a valid state licensing statute by the mere linking of its intrastate transportation to its interstate transportation, or by the unnecessary use of the same vehicles and employees for both classes of business, where separation of the two is reasonably practicable and the interstate business is not shown to depend on the local business. 273 U.S. at 51
  4. Constitutional Law — State Police Power — Use of Public Highways A state has power, in the public interest, reasonably to control and regulate the use of its public highways, so long as the regulation does not directly burden or interfere with interstate commerce. 273 U.S. at 52
  5. Constitutional Law — Due Process A carrier that has not applied for a license or certificate of public convenience and necessity under a state regulatory statute, and does not show that it is entitled to either, has no standing to attack the statute as arbitrary or unreasonable and violative of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 273 U.S. at 52
INTERSTATE BUSSESv. HOLYOKE RY.,273 U.S. 45(1927)
47 S.Ct. 298
INTERSTATE BUSSES CORPORATIONv. HOLYOKE STREET RAILWAY COMPANY.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF
MASSACHUSETTS.
No. 343.
Argued October 27, 28, 1926.
Decided January 3, 1927.
1. The Massachusetts law requiring a license and a certificate of public convenience and necessity for such operation of motor vehicles on public highways for intrastate carriage of passengers for hire as affords a means of transportation similar to that afforded by a railway company, is not shown in this case to work a direct interference with or burden upon the interstate business of the plaintiff bus company, which carries both interstate and intrastate passengers. P. 50. 2. The burden is upon the plaintiff bus company to prove that the enforcement of the act would prejudice its interstate passenger business. P. 51. 3. The act cannot be evaded by unnecessarily using the same vehicles and employees for both classes of passengers. P. 51. 4. A State has power reasonably to regulate and control the use of its public highways in the public interest, not directly burdening or interfering with interstate commerce. P. 52. 5. The Massachusetts act is not arbitrary or unreasonable; and the plaintiff, not having applied for a license under it, had no standing to attack its validity under the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. P. 52. Affirmed.
APPEAL from a decree of the District Court dismissing the bill
in a suit by the plaintiff bus company to enjoin
Page 46
the defendants — a street railway company, some of its officers,
and various public prosecuting officials of Massachusetts — from
taking steps to enforce a Massachusetts statute regulating common
carriers of passengers by motor vehicle.
Mr. Edward H. Kellyfor the appellant.

Appellant is engaged in interstate commerce in the transportation of passengers between Hartford, Connecticut, and Greenfield, Massachusetts. Persons traveling on appellant's vehicles from Connecticut cannot be carried by motor bus north of Springfield unless appellant transports them, because local operation is prohibited without obtaining the licenses, permits and certificates prescribed by Chapter 159, Section 45, General Laws of Massachusetts, as amended by Chapter 280 of the Laws of 1925. Appellant has undertaken to transport its interstate passengers to destination by the mode of transportation they have chosen in Connecticut, but can only do it at a loss and in partly empty vehicles, unless it is permitted to accommodate on the same vehicles such local traffic as is offered. Appellant not only is deprived of the revenue earned in carrying its interstate travelers north of Springfield, but travelers from Connecticut points wishing to go north of Springfield, will not patronize appellant's busses in Connecticut owing to inconvenience of changing to some other mode of travel in Springfield andviceversa;so that the enforcement of this law necessarily imposes on plaintiff a large loss of revenue from interstate traffic in addition to that which might be received from local traffic. If the requirements of Chapter 159 are held to apply to the business done by appellant, then it must be conceded that it restricts, burdens and impedes interstate commerce.Pullman Co. v.Kansas,216 U.S. 56;Western Union Tel. Co. v.Kansas,216 U.S. 1.Page 47

Under the rule of the Kansas cases, Massachusetts could not pass a law imposing a tax on appellant's entire capital stock or otherwise burdening its interstate business as a condition of permitting it to do a local business. Can it then prohibit it entirely from doing such business, or can it prohibit such local business on interstate vehicles, except on condition that appellant obtain a license from every city and town through which its vehicles pass on their interstate journey? Has it power to prohibit local business entirely and yet remain powerless to annex to its permission to do local business an unconstitutional condition? Would it be any more a burden on interstate commerce to grant permission to do a local business only on condition of paying an unconstitutional tax or submitting to confiscatory rates for such business than to prohibit local business entirely? Is the latter less of a burden than the former? Would a law or regulation of Massachusetts be held constitutional, which prohibited a railroad from carrying passengers upon its interstate trains between Springfield and Boston, without first obtaining a license from each town through which the train passed, and a certificate from the State Public Utilities Commission? Or could it entirely forbid the railroad from carrying passengers between points within the State upon interstate trains?

The error ofBarrowsv.Farnum State Lines,254 Mass. 240, and related cases is in treating this regulation as a general police regulation.Hemdonv.Chicago,218 U.S. 157.

In giving consideration to the respective spheres of state and federal control of commerce no analogy can be drawn from their respective powers in the matter of levying taxes.Gibbonsv.Ogden, 9 Wheat. 1.

The District Court erred in holding that the business carried on by this plaintiff came within the purview of Chapter 159, as amended.Page 48

That Act, if held applicable, is in conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment in that it provides no appeal from an arbitrary and unreasonable exercise of power, and in that it permits suits and prosecutions so numerous, and the imposition of so many different fines and penalties, as to compel submission to the arbitrary exercise.

As a police regulation applicable to interstate commerce, Chapter 159 must be held to be unreasonable.Mr. David H. Keedy, with whomMr. William H. Brookswas on the brief, for the appellees.
MR. JUSTICE BUTLER delivered the opinion of the Court.
This suit was brought by appellant against the Holyoke Street Railway Company, its president and general manager, police and prosecuting officers of a number of cities and towns, the chief of the state police, and the district attorneys of the Western and Northern Districts of Massachusetts. Its purpose is to restrain the enforcement of a state statute relating to common carriers of passengers by motor vehicles as in conflict with the commerce clause of the Constitution of the United States and with the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The case was heard before a court of three judges (§ 266, Judicial Code) on an agreed statement of facts; and a final decree dismissing the complaint was entered.

Sections 45, 48A and 49 of c. 159, General Laws, as amended by c. 280. Acts of 1925, contain the provisions attacked: No person shall operate a motor vehicle upon a public way in any city or town for the carriage of passengers for hire so as to afford a means of transportation similar to that afforded by a railway company by indiscriminately receiving and discharging passengers along the route on which the vehicle is operated, or as a business between fixed and regular termini, without first obtaining a license. The licensing authority in a city is its council,Page 49in a town is its selectmen; and, as to public ways under its control, is the metropolitan district commission. No person shall operate a motor vehicle under such license unless he has also obtained from the Department of Public Utilities a certificate that public convenience and necessity require such operation. Anyone operating under a license from local authority and a certificate from the department is declared to be a common carrier and subject to regulation as such. Violations of §§ 45-48 or of any order, rule or regulation made under them are punishable by fine or imprisonment or both. And the Act gives to the Supreme Judicial and Superior Courts jurisdiction in equity to restrain any violation upon petition of the department, any licensing authority, ten citizens of a city or town affected by the violation, or any interested party. Neither license nor certificate is required in respect of such carriage as may be exclusively interstate.

The material facts stipulated are: For many years, the appellee Holyoke Street Railway Company has been a common carrier of passengers by street railway in Massachusetts through Holyoke, South Hadley, Granby, Amherst and into Sunderland. Appellant is engaged in the business of transporting passengers for hire by motor vehicle, and operates busses between Hartford, Connecticut, and Greenfield, Massachusetts. It has operated its busses between Hartford and Springfield since December 1, 1924, and north of Springfield to Greenfield since about December 15, 1925. Its route in Massachusetts passes through Springfield, West Springfield, Holyoke, Granby, Amherst, Sunderland, Deerfield and Greenfield. With certain exceptions not here material, all its busses run the whole distance between Hartford and Greenfield. It transports persons from one State into the other, and also those whose journeys begin and end in Massachusetts. Both classes of passengers, intrastate and interstate,Page 50are carried in the same vehicles. Intrastate passengers constitute a very substantial part of the whole number carried in Massachusetts. Appellant maintains an office and garage at Springfield and advertises its route and rates. The busses are operated between fixed termini in Massachusetts. They operate regularly on public ways parallel to and alongside the tracks of the street railway company and afford means of transportation similar to those furnished by that company. They stop regularly and also on signal to receive and discharge passengers. The operation of the busses in competition with the street railway has resulted in substantial loss to the latter. Appellant has not obtained a license from any of the cities or towns served by the street railway company. And that company, its president and counsel have caused plaintiff's employees to be arrested and prosecuted and intend to continue to prosecute them for operating without obtaining the licenses and certificate required by the statute.

The statutory provisions in question have been sustained by the highest court of Massachusetts.New York, N.H. H.Railroadv.Deister,253 Mass. 178;Barrowsv.Farnum'sStage Lines, 254Mass. 240;Boston M.R.R. v.Cate,254 Mass. 248;Boston M.R.R. v.Hart,254 Mass. 253;Commonwealthv.Potter,254 Mass. 520. And these decisions were followed by the district court in this case.

Appellant's principal contention is that the Act contravenes the commerce clause. If as applied it directly interferes with or burdens appellant's interstate commerce, it cannot be sustained regardless of the purpose for which it was passed. SeeShaferv.Farmers Grain Co.,268 U.S. 189,199;Real Silk Millsv.Portland,268 U.S. 325,336;Coloradov.United States,271 U.S. 153,163;Di Santov.Pennsylvania, ante, p. 34. The Act existed in some form before interstate transportation of passengersPage 51for hire by motor vehicle was undertaken. Its purpose is to regulate local and intrastate affairs.Barrowsv.Farnum'sStage Lines, supra. No license from local authorities or certificate of public convenience and necessity is required in respect of transportation that is exclusively interstate. Cf.Buckv.Kuykendall,267 U.S. 307;Bush Co. v.Maloy,267 U.S. 317. The burden is upon appellant to show that enforcement of the Act operates to prejudice interstate carriage of passengers. The stipulated facts do not so indicate. The threatened enforcement is to prevent appellant from carrying intrastate passengers without license over that part of its route which is parallel to the street railway. Its right to use the highways between Springfield and Hartford is not in controversy. While it appears that in Massachusetts both classes of passengers are carried in the same vehicles, it is not shown what part of the total number are intrastate or interstate. The record contains no information as to the number of persons, if any, travelling in interstate commerce on appellant's busses over the part of the route competing with the street railway. It is not shown that the two classes of business are so commingled that the separation of one from the other is not reasonably practicable or that appellant's interstate passengers may not be carried efficiently and economically in busses used exclusively for that purpose or that appellant's interstate business is dependent in any degree upon the local business in question. Appellant may not evade the Act by the mere linking of its intrastate transportation to its interstate or by the unnecessary transportation of both classes by means of the same instrumentalities and employees. The appellant relies onWesternUnion Tel. Co. v.Kansas,216 U.S. 1; andPullman Co. v.Kansas,216 U.S. 56. But there the State was using its authority as a means to accomplish a result beyond its constitutional power.Page 52

There is no support for the contention that the enforcement of the Act deprives it of its property without due process of law. Undoubtedly, the State has power in the public interest reasonably to control and regulate the use of its highways so long as it does not directly burden or interfere with interstate commerce.Packardv.Banton,264 U.S. 140,144;Kanev.New Jersey,242 U.S. 160;Hendrickv.Maryland,235 U.S. 610. Cf.Opinion of the Justices,251 Mass. 594,596. The terms of the Act are not arbitrary or unreasonable. Appellant has not applied for and does not show that it is entitled to have a license from the local authorities or a certificate of public necessity and convenience from the department.

Plainly, it has no standing to attack the validity of the statute as a violation of the due process clause.Decree affirmed.