Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Duffy v. Central R. Co. of NJ
Duffy v. Cent. R. Co. of NJ, 268 U.S. 55 (1925)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1925-04-13
- Topic
- general
Mr. Justice Sutherland delivered the opinion of the Court. During the year 1916, respondent, as lessee, was iri possession of arid operating certain railroads and brandies ixi New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The leases were for terms of 999 years and bound respondent to maintain and keep the leased property in good order and repair and-fit for efficient use. Each provided that in. the event of a default in that respect the lease might be terminated by the lessor.
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Headnotes
- Tax Law — Deductibility of Expenditures by Lessee Expenditures made by a corporate lessee, as required by the lease, to create additions to the leased property and not for upkeep are not "maintenance and operation" expenses deductible from gross income in the year made under § 12(a), Subdivision "First," of the Revenue Act of 1916, but are betterments and capital investments under Subdivision "Second," subject to annual allowances for exhaustion or depreciation. 268 U.S. 55, at 62 (1925)
- Tax Law — Deductibility of "Rentals or Other Payments" Expenditures for betterments and additions to leased premises, though made by the lessee pursuant to the lease, are not deductible under § 12(a), Subdivision "First," as "rentals or other payments required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of property," because "rentals" is used in its usual sense of a fixed sum, or property amounting thereto, payable at stated times for the use of property, and "other payments" means payments ejusdem generis with rentals, such as taxes, insurance, and interest on mortgages, constituting liabilities of the lessor on account of the leased premises which the lessee has covenanted to pay. 268 U.S. 55, at 63 (1925)
DUFFYv. CENTRAL R.R.,268 U.S. 55(1925)
45 S.Ct. 429
DUFFY, COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUEv. CENTRAL RAILROAD COMPANY OF NEW
JERSEY.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT.
No. 129.
Argued March 13, 16, 1925.
Decided April 13, 1925.
CERTIORARI to a judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals
affirming a recovery in the District Court of money paid under
protest as income tax.
All of the disbursements made by the taxpayer upon the premises occupied under the long-term leases are capital expenditures, and the only deduction allowable under the Revenue Act of 1916 is an annual deduction for depreciation. Technically speaking, of course, it is true that so far as the leases just mentioned are concerned the taxpayer is a lessee. But this does not mean that the payments made were rental, within the purview of § 12(a). Indeed the admitted facts surrounding these particular leases conclusively show that the expenditures made upon these demised premises are capital investments and, under the express terms of the Revenue Act of 1916, are not deductible in the year made, the only deduction allowed being for annual depreciation.Union Pac. R.R. Co. v.United States,99 U.S. 402;Ill. Cent. R.R. Co. v.Interstate Comm. Comm.206 U.S. 441;United Statesv.Central Pac. R.R. Co.138 U.S. 84;Kemper Military Schoolv.Crutchley, 274 F. 125;GrandRapids, etc., Ry. Co. v.Doyle, 245 F. 792;Union HollywoodWater Co. v.Carter, 238 F. 329;Walkerv.Gulf I. Ry.Co. 269 F. 885;Grantv.Hartford, etc., R.R. Co.93 U.S. 225;Haw. C. S. Co. v.Tax Assessor,14 Haw. Rep. 601;Peoplev.Wilson,121 A.D. 376;Highland Ry. Co. v.Balderston,Page 572 Gr. Br. Tax Cas. 485;Claytonv.Newcastle Corp. 2 Gr. Br. Tax Cas. 416.
All of the disbursements made for additions and betterments upon the properties leased from the city of New York are capital expenditures, hence are not deductible in the year made under § 12(a) of the Revenue Act of 1916 from the gross income for that year, but the cost should be spread over the term of the lease and an aliquot part deducted annually. A disbursement was made by the taxpayer in 1916 for the construction of a new pier, located on property covered by a lease from the city to the taxpayer by assignment. The improvement is of a permanent nature. It was not an outlay for the maintenance of property. It is a capital asset from which the taxpayer will derive the benefit of increased pier facilities, resulting in increased revenues. Read in the light of this construction of § 12(a), which its language undeniably supports, article 140 of Regulations 33 (revised) is a reasonable regulation, affording as it does an equitable relief to a taxpayer who, for the purpose of increasing his business capacity, makes extensive improvements upon leased property, by allowing a deduction for capital expenditures upon a prorated basis, which he otherwise would not be entitled to, unless the payment was required to be made in order to continue in possession of the premises. Moreover, this executive construction of § 12(a), as shown by the regulations, was known to Congress when it enacted § 234(a) of the Revenue Act of 1918, which is almost identical with § 12(a) of the Revenue Act of 1916, and in effect constitutes a reenactment of that section. This reenactment, therefore, is an approval or ratification on the part of Congress of such construction.United Statesv.Falk,204 U.S. 143;United Statesv.Hermanos y Compania,209 U.S. 337;Komadav.United States,215 U.S. 392;National LeadCo. v.United States,252 U.S. 140.Page 58
The items expended for dredging, while small in amount, are controlled by the above principles. They have been held to constitute capital expenditures.Ounsworthv.Vickers, Ltd. 3 K.B. 267;Dumbarton Harbour Boardv.Cox, Scot. Cas. 162, 56 Scot. L. Reporter 122.Mr. Charles E. Miller, for respondent.
While the word "including" may "merely specify particularly that which belongs to the genus" it may also be used as a word of enlargement and have the sense of "also" and of "in addition,"Montello Salt Co. v.Utah,221 U.S. 452,462,464, and it is frequently so used by Congress.United Statesv.Pierce, 147 F. 199.
Adopting this latter sense of the word, the Act of 1916 may be read as permitting a corporation to deduct, first, the ordinary and necessary expenses paid in maintenance and operation of its business and property, and second, rentals or other payments required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of property. And, since a tax act must be construed against the Government and in favor of the citizen, this act must be so construed.
This being so, it follows that the Railroad Company is entitled to deduct the amounts involved here if they were (1) rentals, of (2) payments required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of the property, and (3) the Railroad Company had not taken or was not taking title to the properties involved and had no equity in them.
The expenditures involved here were rentals,Millerv.Gearin, 258 F. 225; Regulations, Commissioner Int. Rev., 1916, Art. 140 — payments required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of property. Attributing to the word condition its usual and naturalPage 59significance, it is evident that the statute permits the deduction of any payments the failure to make which would entitle the landowner to terminate the use or possession of the property.42 Broadway Co. v.Anderson, 209 F. 991 (reversed by this court upon another ground,239 U.S. 69).
The Railroad Company had not taken, or was not taking, title to the properties and had no equity in them. The words "to which the corporation has not taken or is not taking title, or in which it has no equity, "did not appear either in the Corporation Tax Act of 1909 or in the Income Tax Act of 1913. They were included in the Revenue Act of 1916 as the result of a recommendation of the Secretary of the Treasury, made after the decisions of the lower courts in42 Broadway Co. v.Anderson, supra;Benders Federal Revenue Law, 1916, p. 64. The purpose of the amendment proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury was to distinguish "between the interest due on liens and mortgages and any payment made in the nature of rentals or charges constituting in the ordinary sense an expense of the business." See report, Secretary of the Treasury, fiscal year ending June 30, 1915, p. 99.
The genesis of the phrase, therefore, suggests that in using the word "equity," Congress had in mind the equity of redemption, which is defined as the remaining interest belonging to one who has pledged or mortgaged his property. "Equity" means equitable ownership, and even if it be possible to give it a broader interpretation, it is the duty of the court to construe it most strongly against the Government.Gouldv.Gould,245 U.S. 151.
The Railroad Company is entitled to deduct the whole of such expenditures from its gross income for the year 1916. Since the expenditures involved here are of the kind which may be deducted, it is clear that the statute,Page 60by express words, permits the deduction of all of such expenditures made within the year. There is no hint in the statute that the payments which may be deducted are to be prorated. The words of the statute are "all . . . paid within the year."Mutual Benefit Co. v.Herold, 198 F. 199;UnitedStatesv.Christine Oil Gas Co. 269 F. 458;Southern Pac.R. Co. v.Muenter, 260 F. 837. The Government seeks to support the contention that the expenditures involved here should be prorated by the regulation of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue. It is settled that the power to make administrative rulings does not include the power to legislate,United Statesv.George,228 U.S. 14, and that such a regulation to be valid must be consistent with the statute under which it is made.International Railroad Companyv.Davidson,257 U.S. 506,514. See alsoMaryland Casualtyv.United States,251 U.S. 342,349and cases cited.
In the year 1916, respondent expended, under the railroad leases, for additions and betterments and, under the pier leases, for the several purposes therein set forth, the aggregate sum of $1,659,924.33, of which $1,525,308.72 was for the acquisition of the private rights in the old pier and the construction of the new one.
In submitting its income tax return for that year, respondent sought to deduct these various expenditures from its gross income under § 12(a) of the Revenue Act of 1916, c. 463,39 Stat. 756, 767-769, which provides, in the case of a corporation, that annual net income shall be ascertained by deducting from the gross amount thereof, among other things, —
"First. All the ordinary and necessary expenses paid within the year in the maintenance and operation of its business and properties, including rentals or other payments required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of property to which the corporation has not taken or is not taking title, or in which it has no equity."Page 62
The collector refused to allow the deductions, and respondent, under protest, paid the amount of the increased assessment due to such refusal, and brought this action to recover it. Its contention is that the expenditures were "rentals or other payments" within the meaning of the provision above quoted, and that the whole amount constitutes an allowable deduction for the year 1916. On the other hand, the government contends that the disbursements were capital expenditures and that the only permissible deduction is an annual allowance under § 12(a) subd. Second,39 Stat. 768,1for "depreciation"; but, if the expenditures are to be regarded as additional rentals or other payments within the meaning of § 12(a) subd. First, the amount must be prorated, under a regulation of the Treasury Department, over the life of the improvements or the life of the lease, whichever is the shorter. The federal district court gave judgment for respondent, which was affirmed by the circuit court of appeals, 289 F. 354; and the case is here on certiorari.263 U.S. 693.
Clearly the expenditures were not "expenses paid within the year in the maintenance and operation of its [respondent's] business and properties;"2but were forPage 63additions and betterments of a permanent character, such as would, if made by an owner, come within the proviso in subd. Second, "that no deduction shall be allowed for any amount paid out for new buildings, permanent improvements, or betterments made to increase the value of any property, etc." They were made, not to keep the properties going, but to create additions to them. They constituted, notupkeep, butinvestment;— not maintenance or operating expenses, deductible under subd. First, § 12(a), but capital, subject to annual allowances for exhaustion or depreciation under subd. Second.
Nevertheless, do such expenditures come within the words "rentals or other payments required to be made as a condition to the continued use or possession of property?" We think not. The statement of the court below that it was conceded by both parties that the expenditures were" additional rentals" is challenged by the government and does not seem to have support in the record. The term "rentals," since there is nothing to indicate the contrary, must be taken in its usual and ordinary sense, that is, as implying a fixed sum, or property amounting to a fixed sum, to be paid at stated times for the use of property.Dodgev.Hogan,19 R.I. 4,11; 2 Wn.burn, Real Property (6th ed.) § 1187; and in that sense it does not include payments, uncertain both as to amount and time, made for the cost of improvements or even for taxes.Guildv.Sampson,232 Mass. 509,513;Garnerv.Hannah, 13 N.Y. Super. Ct. 262, 266-267;Bienv.Bixby,41 N.Y.S. 433,435;Simonelliv.Di Errico,110 N.Y.S. 1044,1045. Expenditures, therefore, like those here involved, made for betterments and additions to leased premises, cannot be deducted under the term "rentals," in the absence of circumstances fairly importing an exceptional meaning; and these we do not find in respect of the statute underPage 64review. Nor do such expenditures come within the phrase "or other payments," which was evidently meant to bring in paymentsejusdem generiswith "rentals," such as taxes, insurance, interest on mortgages, and the like, constituting liabilities of the lessor on account of the leased premises which the lessee has covenanted to pay.
In respect of the 999 year leases, the additions and betterments will all be consumed in their use by the lessee within a fraction of the term, and, as to them, allowances for annual depreciation will suffice to meet the requirements of the statute. In the case of the pier leases, the improvements may and probably will outlast the term, and, as to them, deductions may more properly take the from of proportionate annual allowances for exhaustion.
The judgment below cannot be sustained except for $37,781.54, the amount of a conceded overpayment, with interest thereon as allowed by the trial court.Judgment reversed and cause remanded with instructions tomodify the judgment in conformity with this opinion.
- Page 62 Second. All losses actually sustained and charged off within the year and not compensated by insurance or otherwise, including a reasonable allowance for the exhaustion, wear and tear of property arising out of its use or employment in the business . . .Provided, That no deduction shall be allowed for any amount paid out for new buildings, permanent improvements, or betterments made to increase the value of any property or estate, and no deduction shall be made for any amount of expense of restoring property or making good the exhaustion thereof for which an allowance is or has been made: . . . ↩
- Page 62 Perhaps a critical analysis of the detailed statement found in the record might reveal items of minor importance which are of this character, or which might be classed as "rentals or other payments"; but since no point appears to be made in respect of such a differentiation we do not consider it. ↩