Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

United States v. Davis

United States v. Davis, 231 U.S. 183 (1913)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1913-12-01
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • interpreting "falsely makes,” as used in predecessor statute to 18 U.S.C. § 495, to be synonymous with forgery

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15 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Criminal Law & Procedure — Appeals On direct appeal from an order quashing an indictment, the court assumes the correctness of the meaning affixed to the indictment by the lower court and determines only whether the statute was correctly construed. 231 U.S. at 187
  2. Criminal Law & Procedure — Statutory Construction (False Claims and Fraud) The third paragraph of Rev. Stat. § 5421 (Penal Code § 28), which reaches "any deed, power of attorney, order, certificate, receipt, or other writing, in support of, or in relation to, any account or claim, with intent to defraud the United States, knowing the same to be false, altered, forged, or counterfeited," is not limited to documents that are forged or counterfeited, but extends to documents that are genuine as to execution yet false and fraudulent in substance; the contrast between the narrow scope of the first two paragraphs, addressed to forged and counterfeited instruments, and the broader language of the third, manifests a legislative intent to reach any and all fraudulent documents used to perpetrate the wrong the section was designed to prevent. 231 U.S. at 187–189
  3. Criminal Law & Procedure — Statutory Construction (Prior Construction) The enumeration of certain classes of forged and false documents in Rev. Stat. § 5421 does not exclude other fraudulent documents that might be used to perpetrate the wrong the statute is intended to prevent. 231 U.S. at 189
  4. Criminal Law & Procedure — Statutory Construction (Legislative Purpose) Section 5421 derives from § 1 of the Act of March 3, 1823, entitled "An act for the punishment of frauds committed on the Government of the United States," and that title manifests Congress's purpose to punish frauds on the Government, supporting a construction reaching fraudulent as well as forged documents. 231 U.S. at 188–189
  5. Criminal Law & Procedure — Statutory Construction (Prior Construction) The construction already given by the Supreme Court to a prior statute substantially reproduced in a later enactment is followed in construing the later provision; accordingly, in light of United States v. Staats, 8 How. 41, which sustained an indictment under the third clause of the predecessor statute for transmitting a false but not forged affidavit in support of a pension claim, the third paragraph of § 5421 reaches merely fraudulent, non-forged documents. 231 U.S. at 187–189
UNITED STATESv. DAVIS,231 U.S. 183(1913)
34 S.Ct. 112
UNITED STATESv. DAVIS.
ERROR TO THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF
MISSOURI.
No. 395.
Argued October 17, 1913.
Decided December 1, 1913.
On a direct appeal from an order quashing an indictment this court assumes the correctness of the meaning affixed to the indictment by the court below and determines only whether the statute was correctly construed. Section 29 of the Penal Code is practically a reproduction of § 5421, Rev. Stat., which in turn represents § 1 of the act of March 3, 1823, c. 38,3 Stat. 771, and this court follows the construction already given by this court to the last named statute to the effect that it embraces fraudulent documents as well as those that are forged or counterfeited.UnitedStatesv.Staats, 8 How. 41. The enumeration of certain classes of forged and false documents in § 5421, Rev. Stat., does not exclude other fraudulent documents which might be used to perpetrate the wrong which it is the purpose of the statute to prevent.
THE facts, which involve the construction of §§ 28 and 29 of
the Penal Code (§§ 5421 and 5479, Rev. Stat.), are stated in the
opinion.
Mr. Assistant Attorney General Knaebelfor the United States:

The false writings intended by the third clause of § 5421,Page 184Rev. Stat., are not confined to forgeries, but include also writings genuine as to execution but false and fraudulent in substance.United Statesv.Staats, 8 How. 41;UnitedStatesv.Barney, 5 Blatchf. 294; S.C., 24 Fed. Cas., No. 14524;United Statesv.Bickford, 4 Blatchf. 337;S.C., 24 Fed. Cas., No. 14591;United Statesv.Spaulding(Dakota), 13 N.W. 357;United Statesv.Hansee, 79 F. 303;Dolanv.United States, 133 F. 440, 450. See alsoUnited Statesv.Gowdy, 37 F. 332.

It was expressly held in theBickford Case, supra, that the third clause applies to a case in which the claim is one for bounty land; and a like ruling was made inUnited Statesv.Wilcox, 4 Blatchf. 385;S.C., 28 Fed. Cas., No. 16691.

In view of the nature of a soldier's additional right, those cases cannot be distinguished from the case at bar.UnitedStatesv.Lair, 118 F. 98;Barnesv.Poirier, 64 F. 14;Websterv.Luther,163 U.S. 331.UnitedStatesv.Fout, 123 F. 625;United Statesv.Reese, 4 Sawy. 629, distinguished.Mr. Thomas M. Seawell, with whomMr. Oscar T. Hamlinwas on the brief, for defendants in error:

The construction of the indictment by the lower court is without doubt correct, but even if it were not, this court cannot review that question in this proceeding because the construction of the indictment made by the lower court is final in this court.United Statesv.Biggs,211 U.S. 507;United Statesv.Keitel,211 U.S. 370.

Sections 28 and 29 of the Penal Code, namely, the act of Congress approved March 4, 1909, relate and refer solely to forged, false and counterfeited instruments, public records, affidavits and other writings, and not to instruments, public records, affidavits and other writings containing false statements; therefore, the indictmentPage 185does not state facts sufficient to constitute the offense under § 37 of the Penal Code, of conspiracy to commit an offense prohibited by §§ 28 and 29 thereof.United Statesv.Staats, 8 How. 41;United Statesv.Howell, 11 Wall. 432;UnitedStatesv.Moore, 60 F. 738;United Statesv.Glasener, 81 F. 566;United Statesv.Albert, 45 F. 552;United Statesv.Wentworth, 11 F. 52;United Statesv.Barney, 5 Blatchf. 294;United Statesv.Reese, 4 Sawy. 629;Statev.Willson,28 Minn. 52;Mannv.People, 15 Hun, 155;Statev.Young,46 N.H. 266;Commonwealthv.Baldwin, 11 Gray, 197; Barb. Cr. Law, 97; Whart. Cr. Law, § 653.

The decision of the lower court is correct as the instruments mentioned in the statutes construed by it do not include the affidavit, assignment, written guaranty and instruments set forth in each of the counts of the indictment. This court is not confined to a review merely of the single reason given by the lower court, but if in the construction of the statutes under consideration there are other reasons why the judgment of the lower court should be sustained, this court has a right to so decide so long as the decision is confined to the construction of the statutes.

The object of the statute of 1907 was to confine this court to a review of decisions of the lower court concerning the subjects embraced within the clauses of the statutes.United Statesv.Keitel,211 U.S. 371;United Statesv.Stevenson,215 U.S. 190.

The subject of soldiers' additional homesteads is governed by §§ 2306, 2307, Rev. Stat., and under them no affidavits of any kind are required. In this case the affidavit of the claimant is unofficial in character and initiates no right to any tract of land, being a mereex partedeclaration under oath by persons having no official relation to the Government. SeeBarnesv.Poirier, 64 F. 14;Webster, v.Luther,163 U.S. 331;United Statesv.Page 186Gridley, 186 F. 544;Robinsonv.Lundrigan, 178 F. 230.

The instruments being unknown to the law, cannot be made the basis of a criminal offense, and therefore a proper construction of §§ 28 and 29, Penal Code, does not include the instruments contained in the indictment.United Statesv.Dupont, 176 F. 823.

Even if there were rules and regulations of the Land Department providing for such instruments, still as they are not authorized by any law of the United States, such requirements cannot be made the basis of a criminal offense.Williamsonv.United States,207 U.S. 425;Websterv.Luther,163 U.S. 331:United Statesv.Eaton,144 U.S. 677.

The indictment upon its face discloses that the alleged conspiracy was for the purpose of transferring additional homestead rights to third persons by means of the written instruments therein set forth.

If, therefore, there be any fraudulent purpose disclosed in the indictments it is not to defraud the Government, but individuals who may be allured into the purchase of such rights. The statute does not include such conduct towards individuals.

A conspiracy formed for the purpose of committing a crime against the State is no offense against the laws of the United States.Pettibonev.United States,148 U.S. 419;UnitedStatesv.Thompson, 29 F. 86;United Statesv.Fout, 123 F. 625.
MR. CHIEF JUSTICE WHITE, delivered the opinion of the court.
The indictment charged the defendants under Penal Code, § 37 (Rev. Stat. § 5440), with a conspiracy to commit offenses against the United States, that is, to violate §§ 28 and 29 of the Penal Code. These sections, leavingPage 187aside additions, irrelevant to this case, are reproductions of §§ 5421 and 5479, Revised Statutes, in force in 1909 when the acts charged were committed. All the overt acts concerned the making or use of false affidavits and documents, in support of a fraudulent claim for land under Rev. Stat. §§ 2304 and 2307, giving honorably discharged soldiers of the Civil War the right to make an additional entry under the circumstances stated in the statutes and the privilege also conferred upon the widow of such honorably discharged soldier to make a claim for land as therein provided. In passing on demurrers, the court treating all the counts as relating solely to the making and use of documents which were merely false and fraudulent but not forged, and construing §§ 5421 and 5479, Rev. Stat., and Penal Code, §§ 28 and 29 as embracing only documents which were forged and counterfeited, held that none of the counts charged acts embraced by the provisions in question and therefore the indictment was quashed because it stated no offense against the United States. On this direct appeal we assume the correctness of the meaning affixed to the indictment by the court below and come only to determine whether the statute was correctly construed. This duty is narrowed by a concession made in argument by the Government to the effect that the construction given by the court to the statute was correct except as to the last paragraph of § 5421, and that even if as to that paragraph it be held that the court below was wrong and that the terms of the paragraph include affidavits, documents, etc., which were merely fraudulent and not forged, only the fourth count would in that contingency be within the section. This consequently confines the issue to a consideration of the third paragraph of the section. For convenience of reference the entire section is in the margin.1Page 188

Coming to the text of the third paragraph, we think it is at once apparent that its provisions are so comprehensive as to prevent us from holding that they include only documents which are forged or counterfeited and hence exclude all other documents, however fraudulent they may be. The all-embracing words "any deed, power of attorney, order, certificate, receipt, or other writing, in support of, or in relation to, any account or claim, with intent to defraud the United States, knowing the same to be false, altered, forged, or counterfeited" leave room for no other conclusion. The context of the section reinforces this view, since the contrast between the narrow scope of the first two paragraphs and the enlarged grasp of the third shows the legislative intent, after fully providing in the first two paragraphs for forged and counterfeited documents, instruments, etc., to reach by the provisions of the third paragraph, any and all fraudulent documents, whether forged or not forged, and thus efficiently to deterPage 189from committing the wrong which it was the purpose of the section to prohibit. It is not, however, necessary to fix the true meaning of the provision by a resort as an original question to its text, since its significance has been authoritatively determined contrary to the construction adopted by the court below. The section represents the first section of the act of March 3, 1823, c. 38,3 Stat. 771, the title of which, "An act for the punishment of frauds committed on the Government of the United States," manifests the purpose which Congress had in mind in enacting it. As long ago as 1850, inUnited Statesv.Staats, 8 How. 41, the court was called upon to determine whether an indictment charging the transmission of a false (but not forged) affidavit touching a claim for pension was sustainable under the third clause of the section. The court fully analyzed the statute and while conceding that other clauses of the act dealt with forged instruments in a technical sense, concluded that the case was within both the letter and the spirit of the act and therefore that the acts charged in the indictment constituted an offense within the provisions of the law. When then the question before us is determined in the light of the text of the third paragraph and the context of the section, especially as elucidated by the ruling in theStaats Case, we think it clearly results that the court below was wrong in the construction which it gave the statute and therefore its judgment must be reversed. In saying this we do not overlook the fact that in the argument for the defendant in error it is insisted that even although it be found that the construction which the court below gave was an erroneous one, nevertheless its judgment should be affirmed because from other points of view, the statute, if rightly construed, would exclude the possibility of holding that the facts charged in the indictment were within its terms. But without going into detail on this subject, we content ourselves with saying that in our opinion all the propositionsPage 190relied upon to sustain this result are so obviously unsound or so plainly concern the construction of the indictment as not to call for particular notice.Reversed.
  1. Page 187 SEC. 5421. Every person who falsely makes, alters, forges, or counterfeits; or causes or procures to be falsely made, altered, forged, or Page 188 counterfeited; or willingly aids or assists in the false making, altering, forging, or counterfeiting, any deed, power of attorney, order, certificate, receipt, or other writing, for the purpose of obtaining or receiving, or of enabling any other person, either directly or indirectly, to obtain or receive from the United States, or any of their officers or agents, any sum of money;

    or who utters or publishes as true, or causes to be uttered or published as true, any such false, forged, altered, or counterfeited deed, power of attorney, order, certificate, receipt, or other writing, with intent to defraud the United States, knowing the same to be false, altered, forged, or counterfeited;

    or who transmits to, or presents at, or causes or procures to be transmitted to, or presented at, any office or officer of the Government of the United States, any deed, power of attorney, order, certificate, receipt, or other writing, in support of, or in relation to, any account or claim, with intent to defraud the United States, knowing the same to be false, altered, forged, or counterfeited, shall be imprisoned at hard labor for a period of not less than one year nor more than ten years; or shall be imprisoned not more than five years, and fined not more than one thousand dollars. ↩