Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Waskey v. Hammer

Waskey v. Hammer, 223 U.S. 85 (1912)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1912-01-22
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • finding that the mining laws “make the discovery of mineral within the limits of the claim a prerequisite to the location of a claim”
  • stating that discovery is "a prerequisite to the location of the claim”
  • “Before one may obtain any rights in a mining claim, one must ‘locate’ a valuable deposit of a mineral.”
  • “A discovery without the limits of the claim, no matter what its proximity, does not suffice.”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Waskey v. Hammer. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status
pending
Cited by
49 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Energy & Utilities Law — Discovery Requirement for Location The mining laws make a discovery of mineral within the limits of the claim a prerequisite to the valid location of a mining claim, whether lode or placer; the purpose of the requirement is to reward the discoverer and to prevent the location of land not found to be mineral, and a discovery made outside the limits of the claim, however near, does not suffice. 223 U.S. at 86-87 (citing Rev. Stat. §§ 2320, 2329)
  2. Energy & Utilities Law — Loss of Discovery by Readjustment Where a locator readjusts the boundaries of a claim so as to exclude the only place at which mineral was discovered, the locator loses the location, and the excluded lands become open to exploration and subject to claim for new discoveries; the locator's purpose to retain the location and merely eliminate excess area is immaterial. 223 U.S. at 87 (citing Gwillim v. Donnellan, 115 U.S. 45)
  3. Energy & Utilities Law — Effective Date of Readjusted Location Where no adverse right has intervened, a readjusted location accompanied by a new discovery of mineral within its limits becomes effective as of the date of the readjustment, as though the locator had then marked the limits anew. 223 U.S. at 87
  4. Environmental Law — Disqualification of Mineral Surveyors A United States mineral surveyor falls within the prohibition of Rev. Stat. § 452, which bars officers, clerks, and employes in the General Land Office from purchasing or becoming interested in the purchase of public lands; the words "officers, clerks, and employes," taken collectively, embrace all persons holding positions under that office and participating in its work, including mineral surveyors, whose duties and relationship to the surveyor general and General Land Office place them within its scope. 223 U.S. at 87-90
  5. Environmental Law — Construction of Prohibition The reference in Rev. Stat. § 452 to the General Land Office includes the subordinate offices and branches maintained under its supervision, such as the offices of the surveyors general and the local land offices, and the term "purchase" includes the various modes of securing title to or rights in public lands under the general laws regulating their disposal; the prohibition is to be construed broadly to guard against the temptations and partiality attending efforts by persons so situated to acquire public lands or interests therein, and thereby to prevent abuse and inspire confidence in the administration of the land laws. 223 U.S. at 89-90
  6. Statutory Interpretation — Long-Settled Administrative Interpretation A construction of a statute that states the natural effect to be given to it, accepted and acted upon for many years by the department charged with enforcing it, should not be disturbed, even if the opinion announcing that construction may have gone beyond the necessities of the case in which it was rendered. 223 U.S. at 87-88
  7. Environmental Law — Validity of Acts in Violation of Statutory Prohibition The general rule is that an act done in violation of a statutory prohibition is void and confers no right upon the wrongdoer; this rule yields only where a survey of the statute, its subject matter, and the mischief sought to be prevented shows that the legislature intended otherwise, and the prohibition of Rev. Stat. § 452 is not so qualified. 223 U.S. at 91-92 (citing Miller v. Ammon, 145 U.S. 421, 426)
  8. Environmental Law — Effect of Statutory Penalty The fact that a statute prescribes a penalty for the doing of a prohibited act does not confine the scope of the statute to that penalty, nor make the prohibited act valid as against parties other than the Government; the acts described in Rev. Stat. § 452 are expressly prohibited under penalty of dismissal, and nothing in its language indicates that acts done in violation of it are to be valid against all but the Government. 223 U.S. at 91-92 (citing Prosser v. Finn, 208 U.S. 67)
WASKEYv. HAMMER,223 U.S. 85(1912)
32 S.Ct. 187
WASKEYv. HAMMER.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
No. 84.
Argued December 7, 1911.
Decided January 22, 1912.
A discovery of mineral within the limits of a mining claim is essential to its validity; proximity will not suffice. An original location is invalidated by readjusting the lines so as to exclude the point or place of the only prior discovery. A readjusted location becomes effective as of the date of the readjustment as though it were a new one, and if the locator is disqualified at the time of the readjustment, the location is invalid. A prohibition against purchase of public lands by officers of the Land Department and employes is to prevent abuse and inspire confidence in administration of the land laws, and should be construed broadly to include officials and employes of subordinate offices and all methods of securing title to public lands under the general laws. A United States mineral surveyor is disqualified under § 452, Rev. Stat., from making a mining location. Although the opinion may possibly go beyond the necessities of the case concerning the statute, if it states the natural effect to be given to a statute, and that view is accepted and acted upon for many years by the Department enforcing it, the construction should not be disturbed. The general rule of law that an act done in violation of statutory prohibition is void and confers no right upon the wrongdoer, held applicable in this case and not subject to the qualification that it was the legislative intent that under the circumstances of the case the statute should not apply. The fact that a statute prescribes a penalty for the doing of a prohibited act does not confine the scope of the statute to the prohibition, or make the prohibited act valid as against parties other than the Government, and so held as to § 452, Rev. Stat. 170 F. 31, affirmed.
THE facts, which involve the construction of the mining laws
of the United States and conflicting claims thereunder, are
stated in the opinion.
Page 86
Mr. Albert Fink, with whomMr. W.H. Metson, Mr. Ira D.OrtonandMr. E.H. Ryanwere on the brief, for petitioners:

This case is a purely possessory action between two individuals and not a patent proceeding.

Notwithstanding § 2319, Rev. Stat.,Manuelv.Wulff,152 U.S. 505;McKinley Mining Co. v.Alaska Mining Co.,183 U.S. 563, hold that no one other than the Government can question the validity of the location on ground of non-citizenship.

Location by an alien is voidable and not void and free from attack by any one except the Government.Sheav.Nilima, 133 F. 209, 215;Tornansesv.Melsing, 109 F. 711;Lone Jack M. Co. v.Megginson, 82 F. 89;Billingsv.Aspen M. S. Co., 52. Fed. Rep. 250;Holdtv.Hazard,102 P. 540. See also Shamel on Mining Law, 108; Morrison's Mining Rights, 13th ed. 308; Lindley on Mines, § 233; Martin's Mining Law, § 98; Costigan on Mines, § 263; Ricketts on Mines, § 163.

The cases arising under the National Banking Acts are analogous, and this court has uniformly held that securities taken in violation of law are enforceable by the banks, when their validity has been questioned by private persons, the same being voidable only at the instance of the Government on office found.National Bankv.Matthews,98 U.S. 621,627;Oatesv.National Bank,100 U.S. 239,249;National Bankv.Whitney,103 U.S. 102,103;Reynoldsv.Bank,112 U.S. 405;Schuyler National Bankv.Gadzen,191 U.S. 451.

In the case of contracts of foreign corporations made in violation of state statutes, no one can question their validity except the sovereign on direct proceedings instituted for that purpose.Frittsv.Palmer,132 U.S. 282;Seymourv.Slide,153 U.S. 523.

So as to cases arising underultra viresacts of corporations.Cowellv.Springs Co.,100 U.S. 55,60;Jonesv.Page 87Habersham,107 U.S. 174;Blairv.City of Chicago,201 U.S. 450.

In cases arising under Indian Reservation Acts, where entry of one disqualified is valid on its face, no one but the Government through its land department can question the entry.McMichaelv.Murphy,197 U.S. 304;Hodgesv.Colcord,193 U.S. 192.

For analogous cases, see alsoWebberv.Spokane c., 64 F. 208;Sandersv.Thornton, 97 F. 863;Brownv.Schlerer, 118 F. 987;Blodgettv.Lanyon ZincCo., 120 F. 893;Waterburyv.McKinnon, 146 F. 737-739;Dunlapv.Mercer, 156 F. 545;Newchatelv.New York, 49 N.E. 1043;Ledebuhrv.Wisconsin TrustCo., 88 N.W. 607, 609;Meyersv.Campbell, 44 Atl. (N.J.) 863;Campv.Land,122 Cal. 167.

There are only two decisions reported on the question whether a deputy surveyor can make a mineral location, one adverse to such right,Lavigninov.Uhlig, 71 Pac. Rep. (Utah) 1047, and one favorable in Nevada,Handv.Cook, 92 Pac. Rep. (Nevada), 3. There have, however, been other cases decided by the Land Department on this subject; as to these see 2 Lindley on Mines, 2d ed., § 661;Seymourv.Bradford, 37 Land Dec. 61;Leffingwell Case, 30 Land Dec. 139;In re Lock Lode, 6 Land Dec. 105;Dennisonv.Willits, 11 Land Dec. 261; 6 Land Dec. 122, 136.

While the construction so given by a Department of the Government to any law affecting its arrangements is certainly entitled to great respect, still, however, if it is not in conformity to the true intendment, and provisions of the law, it cannot be permitted to conclude the judgment of a court of justice.United Statesv.Dickson, 15 Pet. 161, and see alsoUnited Statesv.Moore,95 U.S. 760,763;Quinbyv.Colon,104 U.S. 420,426;Hastings Dak. R.R. Co. v.Whitney,132 U.S. 357,366.Page 88

A deputy mineral surveyor is not either an "officer, clerk or employe" in the General Land Office. See § 10, act of April 25, 1812, establishing a General Land Office,2 Stats. 716; act of July 4, 1836, reorganizing the General Land Office,5 Stats. 107; §§ 2207, 2319, 2334, Rev. Stat.; act of May 16, 1872, c. 152, § 1,17 Stat. 91; act of May 17, 1884; General Mining Circular of December 18, 1903, 31 Land Dec. 453, 489; 32 Land Dec. 367.

A deputy mineral surveyor has no duties whatever to perform outside of the surveying of the mining claims owned by private parties by whom he is employed.

A deputy mineral surveyor is not an officer within the provisions of § 452.United Statesv.Hartwell, 6 Wall. 385;United Statesv.Germaine,99 U.S. 508;United Statesv.Mouat,124 U.S. 303,307;United Statesv.Smith,124 U.S. 525,532.

A deputy mineral surveyor is not a clerk in the General Land Office. As to definition of clerk, see Bouvier's Law Dictionary;Peoplev.Fire Commissioners,73 N.Y. 437,442;Satterleav.Police Board,75 N.Y. 38;Peoplev.Fire Commissioners,73 N.Y. 437,442.

A deputy mineral surveyor is not an employe in the General Land Office. As to definition of employe see Century Dictionary; Standard Dictionary;McCluskeyv.Cromwell,11 N.Y. 593.

A United States mineral surveyor receives no compensation from the United States of any kind or character. He is therefore not an employe of the Government.United Statesv.Meiggs,95 U.S. 748;Ex parte Burdell, 32 F. 681;Powellv.United States, 60 F. 689, 690;Peoplev.Ahearn,110 N.Y.S. 306;United Statesv.McDonald, 72 F. 898;Louisville, E. St. L.R. Co. v.Wilson,138 U.S. 501,505;Auffmordtv.Hodden,137 U.S. 310; see alsoVancev.Newcomb,124 U.S. 311;Packv.The Mayor c. of New York,8 N.Y. 222;Campfieldv.Lane, 25 F. 128;Kellyv.The Mayor ofPage 89New York,11 N.Y. 432;Peter Morrisv.Randall,73 N.Y. 416;Blakev.Ferris,5 N.Y. 58.

By any fair interpretation of its terms, § 432 does not include United States deputy mineral surveyors. Where a statute plainly points out the persons subject to its provisions no others can by construction be brought within the purview thereof. 26 Am. Eng. Ency. Law (2d ed.), 597;Hamiltonv.Rathbone,175 U.S. 4217.Mr. Albert H. Elliot, with whomMr. George W. Reawas on the brief, for respondents.
MR. JUSTICE VAN DEVANTER delivered the opinion of the court.
This was an action of ejectment, the subject-matter of which was the overlapping portions of two placer mining claims in Alaska, one known as the Golden Bull and the other as the Bon Voyage. The plaintiffs claimed the area in conflict as part of the Golden Bull, and the defendants claimed it as part of the Bon Voyage. The facts, as they must be accepted for present purposes, are these:

In 1902 the Bon Voyage was located by J. Potter Whittren, he having previously made a discovery of placer gold within the ground which he included in the claim. Although not intended to be excessive, the claim embraced a trifle more than twenty acres, the maximum area permitted in a location by one person. In 1903 Whittren, upon ascertaining that fact, drew in two of the boundary lines sufficiently to exclude the excess, and in doing so left the point or place of his only prior mineral discovery outside the readjusted lines. Later in 1903, he made a discovery of placer gold within the lines as readjusted. At the time of drawing in the lines and making the subsequent discovery he was an United States mineral surveyor, but was not such at the time of the original location. In 1904 the GoldenPage 90Bull was located by B. Schwartz, and included a part of the ground embraced in the Bon Voyage. Neither claim was carried to patent or entry, and when the action was begun the defendants were in possession. The plaintiffs other than Schwartz claimed under him, and the defendants other than Whittren claimed under conveyances from him made after 1904.

Upon the trial the court, at the instance of the plaintiffs, directed a verdict in their favor, substantially upon the following grounds, taken collectively: 1. A discovery of mineral within the limits of a mining claim is essential to its validity; 2. The original location of the Bon Voyage was invalidated by the readjustment of its lines whereby the point or place of the only prior discovery of mineral was left without those lines; 3. The readjusted location was invalid because at the time of the discovery of mineral therein Whittren, being an United States mineral surveyor, was disqualified to make a location under the mining laws. The jury returned a verdict as directed, judgment was entered thereon, the judgment was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, 170 F. 31, and the case is here upon certiorari.216 U.S. 622.

Conceding that the unintentional inclusion of a trifle more than twenty acres in the Bon Voyage as originally located was an irregularity which did not vitiate the location, but merely made it necessary that the excess be excluded when it became known (Richmond Mining Co. v.Rose,114 U.S. 576,580;McIntoshv.Price, 121 F. 716;Zimmermanv.Funchion, 161 F. 859), we come to consider whether the location was invalidated when, by the readjustment of its lines, it was left without a mineral discovery therein. The mining laws, Rev. Stat. §§ 2320, 2329, make the discovery of mineral "within the limits of the claim" a prerequisite to the location of a claim, whether lode or placer, the purpose being to reward thePage 91discoverer and to prevent the location of land not found to be mineral. A discovery without the limits of the claim, no matter what its proximity, does not suffice. In giving effect to this restriction, this court said, inGwillimv.Donnellan,115 U.S. 45, that the loss of that part of a location which embraces the place of the only discovery therein is " a loss of the location." Possibly what was said went beyond the necessities of that case, critically considered, but it illustrates what naturally would be taken to be the effect of the statute; and as that view of it has been accepted and acted upon for twenty-five years by the Land Department and by the courts in the mining regions, it should not be disturbed now. It follows that when, in 1903, Whittren excluded from the Bon Voyage the only place at which mineral had been discovered therein, he lost the location. That his purpose was not to give up the location, but only to eliminate the excess in area, is immaterial, because, although free to exclude any other part of the claim and to retain that embracing the discovery, he excluded the latter and thereby caused the location to be without a discovery within its limits. Possibly, as was suggested in argument, the discovery was excluded because it was not deemed sufficiently promising to make its retention advisable, but, however that may have been, its exclusion defeated the location and left the lands therein "open to exploration and subject to claim for new discoveries."Gwillimv.Donnellan, supra.

As no adverse right had intervened at the time of Whittren's subsequent discovery of mineral within the limits of the readjusted location, it must be conceded that that location became effective as of that time, just as if he had then marked those limits anew (2 Lindley on Mines, §§ 328, 330), unless he was then disqualified to make a location by reason of his having become an United States mineral surveyor; and so it is necessary to consider whether such a surveyor is within the prohibition of Rev. Stat.,Page 92§ 452, and, if so, whether that prohibition made the readjusted location void, or only voidable at the instance of the Government. That section reads:

"The officers, clerks, and employes in the General Land Office are prohibited from directly or indirectly purchasing or becoming interested in the purchase of any of the public land; and any person who violates this section shall forthwith be removed from his office."

Mineral surveyors are appointed by the surveyor general under Rev. Stat., § 2334, and their field of action is confined to the surveying of mining claims and to matters incident thereto. They act only at the solicitation of owners of such claims, and are paid by the owners, not by the Government; but their charges must be within the maximum fixed by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, and their work must be done in conformity to regulations prescribed by that officer. They are required to take an oath, and to execute a bond to the United States, as are many public officers. Within the limits of their authority they act in the stead of the surveyor general and under his direction, and in that sense are his deputies. The work which they do is the work of the Government, and the surveys which they make are its surveys. The right performance of their duties is of real concern, not merely to those at whose solicitation they act, but also to the owners of adjacent and conflicting claims and to the Government. Of the representatives of the Government who have to do with the proceedings incident to applications for patents to mining claims, they alone come in contact with the land itself, and have an opportunity to observe its situation and character, and the extent and nature of the work done and improvements made thereon; and it is upon their reports that the surveyor general makes the certificate required by Rev. Stat., § 2325, which is a prerequisite to the issuance of a patent. See Mining Regulations of July 26, 1901, paragraphsPage 9390, 115-169, 31 Land Dec. 474, 489, 493;Gowdyv.Kismet GoldMining Co., 24 Land Dec. 191, 193. This resume of their authority and duties, and of their relation to the surveyor general and the General Land Office, satisfies us that they are within the prohibition of § 452. That prohibition is addressed not merely to the officers of the General Land Office, or to its officers and clerks, but to its "officers, clerks and employes." These words, taken collectively, are very comprehensive and easily embrace all persons holding positions under that office and participating in the work assigned to it, as is the case with mineral surveyors. The purpose of the prohibition is to guard against the temptations and partiality likely to attend efforts to acquire public lands, or interests therein, by persons so situated, and thereby to prevent abuse and inspire confidence in the administration of the public-land laws. So understanding the letter and purpose of the prohibition, we think it embraces the location of a mining claim by a mineral surveyor. True, it is addressed to officers, clerks and employes "inthe General Land Office" and is directed against "thepurchaseof any of the public land" by them, but in view of the terminology common to public-land legislation, we think the reference to the General Land Office is inclusive of the subordinate offices or branches maintained under its supervision, such as the offices of the surveyors-general and the local land offices, and that the term "purchase" is inclusive of the various modes of securing title to or rights in public lands under the general laws regulating their disposal.

That the construction which we here place upon § 452 is the one prevailing in the Land Department is shown in its circular of September 15, 1890, 11 Land Dec. 348, wherein it is said: "All officers, clerks and employes in the offices of the surveyors general, the local land offices, and the General Land Office, or any persons, wherever located, employed under the supervision of the CommissionerPage 94of the General Land Office, are, during such employment, prohibited from entering or becoming interested, directly or indirectly, in any of the public lands of the United States." The published decisions of the Secretary of the Interior, although disclosing instances in which that construction has been departed from or doubted,Dennison and Willits, 11 Copp's Land-Owner, 261;Lock Lode, 6 Land Dec. 105;W.H. Leffingwell, 30 Land Dec. 139, show that in the main it has been closely followed.Herbert McMicken, 10 Land Dec. 97, and 11 Land Dec. 96;Mullerv.Coleman, 18 Land Dec. 394;John S.M. Neill, 24 Land Dec. 393;Floydv.Montgomery, 26 Land Dec. 122, 136;Frank A. Maxwell, 29 Land Dec. 76;Alfred Baltzell, 29 Land Dec. 333;Seymour K. Bradford, 36 Land Dec. 61.

In principle, the recent case ofProsserv.Finn,208 U.S. 67, goes far to sustain the view here expressed. There a special agent of the General Land Office, whose field of duty was in the State of Washington, made an entry of public land under the timber-culture law, and thereafter in all respects complied with that law. But it was held by this court that he was, in every substantial sense, an employe in the General Land Office, and therefore was within the prohibition of § 452.

The general rule of law is that an act done in violation of a statutory prohibition is void and confers no right upon the wrongdoer, but this rule is subject to the qualification that when, upon a survey of the statute, its subject-matter and the mischief sought to be prevented, it appears that the legislature intended otherwise, effect must be given to that intention.Millerv.Ammon,145 U.S. 421,426;Burckv.Taylor,152 U.S. 634,649;Connollyv.Union Sewer Pipe Co.,184 U.S. 540,548. Here we think the general rule applies. The acts described in § 452 are expressly prohibited under penalty of dismissal. There is in its language nothing indicating that its scope is to be confinedPage 95to the exaction of that penalty,Prosserv.Finn, supra, or that acts done in violation of it are to be valid against all but the Government. Nor is there anything in its subject-matter or in the mischief sought to be prevented which militates against the application of the general rule. On the contrary, it is reasonably inferable, from the language of the section and the situation with which it deals, that it is intended that violations of it shall be attended by the ordinary consequences of unlawful acts. We therefore are of opinion that the readjusted location was void.Affirmed.