Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

American Express Co. v. Mullins

Am. Express Co. v. Mullins, 212 U.S. 311 (1909)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1909-02-23
Topic
general

Mr. Justice Brewer, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court. This court has jurisdiction because of the claim distinctly made in the Kentucky court that giving full faith and credit to the judgment of the Kansas court would prevent a recovery against thé company, a claim which was expressly , denied by the Kentucky court. Green v. Van Buskerk, 7 Wall. 139, 145; Hancock National Bank v.

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Headnotes

  1. Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Supreme Court Jurisdiction — Full Faith and Credit Where a defendant in state court distinctly claims that a recovery would be prevented if full faith and credit were given to a judgment of the courts of another State, and that claim is expressly denied by the state court, the Supreme Court has jurisdiction to review the judgment under § 709, Rev. Stat. 212 U.S. 311 (citing Green v. Van Buskerk, 7 Wall. 139, 145; Hancock National Bank v. Farnum, 176 U.S. 640, 642; St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Ry. Co. v. Taylor, 210 U.S. 281, 293)
  2. Transportation Law — Duty to Deliver — Judicial Seizure of Goods A carrier's duty to safely carry and promptly deliver goods entrusted to it does not require it to forcibly resist judicial proceedings in the courts of a State into or through which it is carrying the goods; the carrier may appear and contest the validity of a seizure under judicial process, but it may also seasonably notify the owner and call upon him to defend, and doing so relieves the carrier from further responsibility. 212 U.S. 311 (citing Stiles v. Davis, 1 Black, 101; Wells v. Maine Steamship Co., 4 Cliff. 228; Edwards v. White Line Transit Co., 104 Mass. 159; and others)
  3. Civil Procedure — Full Faith and Credit — Carrier's Reliance on Foreign Judgment In the absence of fraud or connivance on its part, a carrier that has seasonably notified the owner of goods of a judicial seizure and called upon him to defend may plead the judgment rendered against the goods as a bar in an action brought by the owner. 212 U.S. 311
  4. Civil Procedure — Fraud or Connivance of Party A judgment suffered to be rendered through the consent, connivance, or fraud of the party invoking it cannot be relied upon to relieve that party from a legal obligation. 212 U.S. 311
  5. Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Review of State Court Findings of Fraud Where a state court has sustained a demurrer to an answer that set forth a complete defense in the absence of fraud, connivance, or consent on the defendant's part, the Supreme Court will determine for itself from the record whether the record shows any fraud, connivance, or consent. 212 U.S. 311 (citing Harris v. Balk, 198 U.S. 215)
  6. Civil Procedure — Impeachment — Mistake of Law A judgment is conclusive as to all the media concludendi and cannot be impeached, either within or outside the State, by showing that it was based upon a mistake of law. 212 U.S. 311 (quoting Fauntleroy v. Lum, 210 U.S. 230, 237; United States v. California & Oregon Land Co., 192 U.S. 355)
AMERICAN EXPRESS CO.v. MULLINS,212 U.S. 311(1909)
29 S.Ct. 381
AMERICAN EXPRESS COMPANYv. MULLINS.
ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF KENTON COUNTY, STATE OF KENTUCKY.
No. 77.
Argued January 14, 15, 1909.
Decided February 23, 1909.
Where in the state court defendant distinctly claimed that a recovery would be prevented if full faith and credit were given to a judgment of the courts of another State, and this claim is expressly denied, this court has jurisdiction to review under § 709, Rev. Stat. The duty of the carrier to safely carry and promptly deliver to the consignee the goods entrusted to it does not require it to forcibly resist judicial proceedings in the courts of the State into or through which the goods are carried. While the carrier may appear and contest the validity of a seizure under judicial process of goods in its custody, if it seasonably notify the owner and call upon him to defend, it is relieved from further responsibility; and, in absence of fraud or connivance on its part; it may plead the judgment rendered against it as a bar in an action brought by the owner. Where the state court has sustained a demurrer to an answer which set forth a complete defense in the absence of fraud, connivance or consent on defendant's part, this court will determine for itself from the record whether the record shows any fraud, connivance or consent.Page 312A judgment is conclusive as to allmedia concludendiand cannot be impeached in or out of the State by showing it was based on mistake of law.Fauntleroyv.Lum,210 U.S. 230.
DEFENDANT in error brought his action in the Circuit Court of
Kenton County, Kentucky, against the plaintiff in error to
recover the value of twenty packages of whisky which he had
delivered to the company at Covington, Kentucky, on March 10,
1904, to carry C.O.D. to Oswego, Labette County, Kansas. Each
package was consigned to a separate consignee. The petition
alleged that the defendant failed to deliver the whisky, or to
collect the money therefor, or to return the whisky to the
plaintiff. The answer was in effect that the company carried the
whisky to Oswego, where it was seized and taken out of its
possession by the sheriff of the county, under a warrant with
seizure clause attached, duly issued by the District Court of the
county, and that it was destroyed in pursuance of a judgment duly
rendered by that court. It further alleged that the District
Court had full jurisdiction in the premises, and was authorized
to issue the warrant, and that it was valid on its face; that a
notice was duly issued out of the court notifying any and all
persons claiming any interest in the whisky to appear at a day
and hour named to answer the complaint made against the whisky,
and show cause why it should not be forfeited and destroyed; that
this notice was served on the company, and a true copy posted in
its office where the whisky was seized; that the company promptly
notified plaintiff of the seizure, and served on him a copy of
the notice issued by the court, and that he acknowledged receipt
thereof fifteen days before the day set for answer, and advised
the company that he intended to contest the legality of the
seizure. A copy of the proceedings in the Kansas court was
attached to the answer as an exhibit.
The answer further claimed that the judgment of the District
Court of Kansas was entitled to full faith and credit under the
Constitution and laws of the United States. A demurrer was
sustained to the answer, and the company declining to plead
further, judgment was rendered against it for the value of the
Page 313
whisky. The Circuit Court of Kenton County is the highest court
of the State in which a decision could be had. Kentucky Statutes,
1903, § 950.
Mr. Joseph S. Graydon, with whomMr. Lawrence Maxwell,Junior, andMr. Lewis Cass Ledyardwere on the brief, for plaintiff in error.

No counsel appeared, nor was any brief filed, for defendant in error.
MR. JUSTICE BREWER, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
This court has jurisdiction because of the claim distinctly made in the Kentucky court that giving full faith and credit to the judgment of the Kansas court would prevent a recovery against the company, a claim which was expressly denied by the Kentucky court.Greenv.Van Buskerk, 7 Wall. 139, 145;HancockNational Bankv.Farnum,176 U.S. 640,642;St. Louis, IronMountain Southern Ry. Co. v.Taylor,210 U.S. 281,293.

While it is the duty of a carrier to safely carry and promptly deliver to the consignee the goods entrusted to its care, yet that duty does not call upon it to forcibly resist the judicial proceedings in the courts of the State into or through which it is carrying them. The company carried the goods to Kansas in obedience to the terms of the shipment. On arrival in that State they were taken by judicial process out of its possession and destroyed, the process being issued in a proceeding in the nature of onein rem. Undoubtedly, it was authorized to appear in the Kansas court and contest for the rightfulness of its possession, but it might also notify the owner of the property and call upon him to carry on the litigation. This it did; notified him in time, and received from him an assurance that he would contest the legality of the seizure. This relieved the company from further responsibility, and the owner can no longer complain of it because the judgment of the Kansas court seized and disposed of the property.Stilesv.Davis, 1Page 314Black, 101;Wellsv.Maine Steamship Company, 4 Cliff. 228;Edwardsv.White Line Transit Company,104 Mass. 159;Blivenv.Hudson River R.R. Co.,36 N.Y. 403;OhioMississippi Ry. Co. v.Yohe,51 Ind. 181;Savannah c.R.R. Co. v.Wilcox, Gibbs Co.,48 Ga. 432;RailroadCompanyv.O'Donnell,49 Ohio St. 489,501.

In the opinion of the judge of the Kentucky Circuit Court it was said:

"The court is of the opinion that the conduct of the defendant in permitting the goods to be seized and destroyed under a judgment by default, as disclosed by its answer, without defending and asserting its rights as a carrier, which its duty as carrier required it to do, is in effect a fraud, and certainly no judgment suffered to be rendered by the consent, connivance or fraud of the carrier can be relied upon to relieve the person by whose consent, connivance or fraud it was rendered from a legal obligation."

It is undoubtedly true that if the carrier, through connivance or fraud, permits a judgment to be rendered against it, such judgment cannot be invoked by it as a bar to an action brought by the owner of the goods. But there is nothing in the answer, a demurrer to which was sustained, indicating any consent, connivance or fraud, and this court will determine for itself whether there is anything in the record which shows any such consent, connivance or fraud.Harrisv.Balk,198 U.S. 215.

It was further suggested in the opinion of the judge of the Kentucky court that the Kansas judgment was wrong and in conflict with the decision of this court inAmerican Express Companyv.Iowa,196 U.S. 133. But as held inFauntleroyv.Lum,210 U.S. 230,237:

"A judgment is conclusive as to all themedia concludendi,United Statesv.California Oregon Land Co.,192 U.S. 355; and it needs no authority to show that it cannot be impeached either in or out of the State by showing that it was based upon a mistake of the law."Page 315

We are of opinion that the Circuit Court of Kentucky erred, and itsJudgment is reversed and the case remanded to that court forfurther proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.