Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Hammond v. Whittredge
Hammond v. Whittredge, 204 U.S. 538 (1907)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1907-02-25
- Topic
- general
Mr. Justice McKenna, after stating the case as above, delivered the opinion of the court. A motion is made to dismiss, which, we think, should be denied. Plaintiff in error sets up rights under § 5057 Rev. Stat., which were adjudged against him.
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Hammond v. Whittredge. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 13 opinions
Headnotes
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Supreme Court Review of State Court Decisions Where a state court expressly decides, adversely to the contention of the plaintiff in error, that a statute of the United States does not preclude others from asserting rights against him but does preclude him from asserting rights against them, a federal question exists giving the Supreme Court jurisdiction to review the judgment under § 709, Rev. Stat., and the decree is final for purposes of the writ of error where rights under a federal statute were claimed and the statute was an element in the state court's decision. 204 U.S. 538 (opinion of McKenna, J.)
- Bankruptcy Law — Vesting of Title in Assignee — Contingent Remainder Under §§ 5044, 5046, and 5047, Rev. Stat., the assignment in bankruptcy relates back to the commencement of the proceedings and vests in the assignees all of the bankrupt's estate, including all rights in equity and choses in action; where an incorporeal interest in a contingent remainder passed to the assignee, the complete ownership vested in the assignees on the assignment, and under the local law notice to the trustees holding the fund was not necessary to complete the assignee's title. 204 U.S. 538 (opinion of McKenna, J.)
- Bankruptcy Law — Limitations Under § 5057, Rev. Stat. Section 5057, Rev. Stat., applies only to suits growing out of disputes in respect of property and rights of property of the bankrupt that came to the hands of the assignee and to which adverse claims existed while the property was in the hands of the bankrupt and before assignment; it does not bar an assignee from asserting his ownership of property vested in him, and the contention that one in possession of property is barred from exercising the rights that ownership confers by not having brought an action is groundless. 204 U.S. 538 (opinion of McKenna, J., following Dushane v. Beall, 161 U.S. 513)
- Bankruptcy Law — Limitations Under § 5057, Rev. Stat. — Adverse Claimants Where the ownership of the bankrupt's interest in a fund vested in and continued in the assignees in bankruptcy, all persons claiming adversely to the assignees are barred by § 5057, Rev. Stat., from controverting that ownership, and a subsequent creditor cannot, by an equitable attachment of the bankrupt's interest, require the assignees to intervene and assert their rights within two years. 204 U.S. 538 (opinion of McKenna, J.)
- Bankruptcy Law — Abandonment of Property by Assignee An assignee in bankruptcy will not be presumed to have abandoned property merely because he did not sell it where the assignee, promptly upon learning of the fund and that the bankrupt's creditors were seeking to reach it, brought a bill in the nature of a bill quia timet to establish and protect his interest, which rebuts any contention that the assignee intended to abandon the property. 204 U.S. 538 (opinion of McKenna, J.)
HAMMONDv. WHITTREDGE,204 U.S. 538(1907)
27 S.Ct. 396
HAMMONDv. WHITTREDGE.
ERROR TO THE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT OF THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS.
No. 164.
Argued January 17, 1907.
Decided February 25, 1907.
THE defendant in error Whittredge, who was trustee of certain
property held in trust under the will of Solon O. Richardson, who
died in 1873, filed this bill for instructions in the Supreme
Judicial Court of the State of Massachusetts.
There was bequeathed by said will $35,000, on the following
trusts:
"The income to be paid to his three sisters for life, namely,
Page 539
Mary A. Sweetser, Martha Hutchinson and Louisa Richardson; and
`at the decease of my said sisters, or either of them, my will is
that the share belonging to the deceased sister shall revert to
her children, to be shared by them each and each alike; if either
of my said sisters shall die childless, the income belonging to
her I direct shall revert to the said sisters surviving, to be
shared equally between them. At the decease of all my three said
sisters, I direct that the fund from which they have derived an
income from my property be divided equally between the children
of my said sisters, and I direct my executors to pay to them each
their respective part, the same to be the property of the
children of my said sisters forever.'"
The three life tenants survived the testator. Louisa never had
any child; Martha Hutchinson had one child; Mary A. Sweetser had
one child, a son, Elbridge L. Sweetser. He and the child of
Martha were born in the lifetime of the testator. Mary A.
Sweetser survived her sisters, leaving her son and niece
surviving her.
This bill was brought February 1, 1901, to determine who was
entitled to receive Elbridge L. Sweetser's half of the fund,
whether his assignees in bankruptcy, appointed in proceedings
instituted by him in 1878, by voluntary petition in bankruptcy in
the District Court of the United States for the District of
Massachusetts, or the plaintiff in error, who claims under an
equitable attachment made in 1881, as hereafter stated, and an
assignment made in October, 1885, to secure two debts incurred
after Sweetser's bankruptcy. There are other defendants besides
the plaintiff in error, but their rights are not before us.
The facts are stipulated, and the most pertinent are the
following:
On February 23, 1878, Elbridge L. Sweetser filed a voluntary
petition in bankruptcy in the District Court of the United
States, District of Massachusetts, and was on that day adjudged a
bankrupt. On the sixteenth of March, 1878,
Page 540
William B.H. Dowse and Horace P. Biddle were appointed the
assignees of his estate, and there was duly conveyed to them all
the estate which the bankrupt owned or was entitled to on
February 23, 1878.
During the year 1878 claims amounting to $13,940.47 were
proved against the estate. No other claims have since been
proved.
The only assets disclosed by Sweetser in his schedules
consisted of a stock of goods subject to mortgage. The proceeds
of these goods were consumed in paying the mortgage and certain
expenses of the assignees, and the balance, of about $280, was
paid to the assignees on account of services.
The Florence Machine Company, in 1881, filed a bill in equity
against Elbridge L. Sweetser and Solon O. Richardson, then the
sole trustee of Solon O. Richardson, deceased, to reach and apply
in payment of five notes held by that company against Sweetser,
his equitable interest under the will of said deceased. The suit
was brought under the provision of General Statutes of
Massachusetts, c. 113, sec. 2, and is called equity suit No. 386.
Subpoena was issued November 28, 1881, and served on Sweetser and
Richardson, trustee, November 29, 1881. Sweetser filed an answer
February 1, 1882, in which, among other things, he denied that he
had any such interest under the will as could be reached and
applied to the payment of the claim of the company, and also
denied the validity of the claim, but did not deny making the
notes. On the same date Solon O. Richardson, trustee, also filed
an answer, setting up the proceedings in bankruptcy and the
appointment of assignees, and suggested that any interest that
Sweetser had in the fund passed to them. The suit is still
pending, no hearing upon the merits having ever been had.
In 1882 the assignees filed a bill in equity against Sweetser
and Solon O. Richardson, then the sole trustee under the will of
said Solon O. Richardson, in the United States District Court,
alleging an interest in Sweetser in the fund, that it had
Page 541
accrued before the bankruptcy, but was not set forth in his
schedule of property, and that they had no knowledge of such
interest until a few days before filing the bill. The bill
prayed, among other things, "that the said Elbridge L. Sweetser
might be directed to execute and deliver such instruments as
would convey to said assignees all of his interest as legatee
under the said will, and that the said trustee, Solon O.
Richardson, might be enjoined from paying to the said Elbridge L.
Sweetser, or any person or persons claiming under him, any part
of the said trust fund, or the income thereof, which might accrue
and become payable to the said Elbridge L. Sweetser."
On November 15, 1882, the Florence Machine Company, by its
attorney, Warren O. Kyle, filed a general replication in suit No.
386.
On December 2, 1882, Sweetser and Solon O. Richardson,
trustee, filed general demurrers to the bill. No hearing,
however, has ever been had in the case, either upon the demurrers
or the merits, and the case is still pending.
On October 24, 1885, Sweetser executed and delivered to the
Monitor Oil Stove Company a note for $1,809 and a note to Solon
O. Richardson, individually, for the sum of $506.05. As a
security for said notes Sweetser gave a written mortgage or
assignment, under seal, of all his interest under the will of
Solon O. Richardson, deceased, to Richardson and the company.
Sweetser's wife signed the notes and mortgage as joint maker.
Notice of the mortgage assignment was acknowledged by William
Morton, the then trustee under the will. On the same day Sweetser
and his wife conveyed to one Sidney P. Brown their interest under
the will, subject to the mortgage, and Brown conveyed to Hannah
Sweetser. Notice of these conveyances was acknowledged by said
trustee William Morton.
On October 24, 1885, the Florence Machine Company brought an
action at law in the Superior Court of Suffolk County against
Sweetser, in which the then assignees in
Page 542
bankruptcy were summoned as trustees, to recover the sum of
$7,620.13, amount due on eight promissory notes which had been
proved in his bankruptcy proceedings, and also to recover upon an
account based on ledger entries made by the company in 1881. The
assignees in bankruptcy were duly served with process, but did
not appear, and were defaulted.
On October 26, 1885, in equity suit No. 386, Solon O.
Richardson, trustee, filed a further answer, stating that he had
resigned as trustee, and that William Morton had been appointed
sole trustee and had accepted the trust.
On June 16, 1891, on motion of W.B.H. Dowse, Warren O. Kyle
was joined with him as a party plaintiff in the suit ofDibble
et al. v.Sweetser, in the United States District Court, and
Daniel G. Walton, the then trustee under the will, was summoned
as a defendant. He accepted service July 30, 1891, and on
November 4, 1891, filed a general demurrer to the bill.
On April 19, 1893, the Florence Machine Company was dissolved
by an act of the legislature, c. 215 of the Acts of 1893.
On August 13, 1894, the Florence Machine Company filed a
motion in equity suit No. 386 that Daniel G. Walton, who had
become trustee of the trust under the will of Solon O.
Richardson, deceased, and the then assignees in bankruptcy, Dowse
and Kyle, might be made parties defendant and summoned to answer
the plaintiff's bill. Service was made on Walton August 18, 1894,
and accepted by the assignees August 30. In September, 1894,
Walton's appearance was entered. On May 15, 1899, Hammond,
plaintiff in error, having become assignee of the claim in suit,
entered his appearance for the plaintiff, and also entered his
appearancepro se, and filed a motion setting forth the
assignment to him of the claim and asking to be permitted to
prosecute the suit in his own name.
May, 1899, the assignees filed an answer, alleging upon
information and belief that Sweetser had at the time of the
Page 543
assignment in bankruptcy a vested interest in the trust fund
under the will of Richardson, and that by the operation of the
United States bankruptcy act said interest had been transferred
to them.
On February 1, 1901, William W. Whittredge, being then the
sole succeeding trustee under said will, filed this suit for
instructions. On April 22, he was summoned to appear as party
defendant in the case ofDibble et al. v.Sweetser et al., in
the United States District Court. He accepted service and
appeared by counsel June 12, 1901. July 1, 1901, Hammond filed a
petition in said case to be made a party. In the petition he
alleged, among other things, that the assignees were not entitled
to Sweetser's interest as against him as assignee of the Florence
Machine Company; among other reasons, because such rights as said
assignees had, if any, were barred by the statute of limitations.
U.S. Rev. Stat. § 5057. Whittredge, trustee, also filed an
answer, alleging the pendency of the suit in equity No. 386,
brought by the Florence Machine Company, and that his predecessor
had been made a party therein; and also alleging that he,
Whittredge, had filed this suit for instructions, and also that
the right of action of the assignees was barred by the
limitations of law.
On February 10, 1904 (the said assignees Dowse and Kyle having
disputed the right of said John C. Hammond to be subrogated to
the rights of the Florence Machine Company as to the claims
proved by said company against the estate in bankruptcy of said
Sweetser in 1878, and having petitioned to have said claims
expunged), the United States District Court made a decree in
favor of said Hammond.
The decree has since been affirmed by the United States
Circuit Court of Appeals.Dowse et al. v.Hammond,
130 F. 103.
The suit in equity in the United States District Court,
brought by the assignees of Sweetser in the first bankruptcy, has
been continued from time to time at the request of the assignees,
who have appeared for that purpose at the callings
Page 544
of the docket to await the termination of the life interests in
the trust fund.
As already stated, no hearing has been had either upon the
said demurrers or upon the merits.
That part of the trust fund held by Whittredge, as trustee,
which is the subject matter of this suit, consists of property
worth about $18,000.
The Supreme Judicial Court decreed that Sweetser's interest in
the fund passed to his assignees in bankruptcy.
189 Mass. 45. And it was decreed that Hammond, as assignee
of the Florence Machine Company and as assignee of the Monitor
Oil Stove Company, had "no rights in said equitable interest
either by reason of the provisions of the United States Revised
Statutes, § 5057, or otherwise."
Under §§ 5044, 5045, 5046, Rev. Stat., the bankrupt Sweetser, in November, 1881, had such title to the asset in question that the Florence Machine Company could, by making an equitable attachment, render it necessary for the assignees to take proper steps to resist the same.
A bankrupt has a good title to his assets as against all the world except his assignees in bankruptcy. Under the later English law a bankrupt may maintain an action against a debtor, unless there is interference on the part of the assignees.Clarkv.Calvert, 3 J.B. Moore, 96, 112;Herbertv.Sayer, 5 Q.B. 965, 975;Semplev.Railways Co., 2 Jurist. 296;Fysonv.Chambers, 9 M. W. 460; and as to the law in Massachusetts, seeGayv.Kingsley, 11 Allen, 348;Maybewv.Pentecost,129 Mass. 332;Herringv.Downing,146 Mass. 10. The Federal law is similar.Amoryv.Lawrence, 3 Clifford, 523;Taylorv.Irwin, 20 F. 615;Glennyv.Langdon,98 U.S. 20;Sparhawkv.Yerkes,142 U.S. 1,13;Sessionsv.Romadka,145 U.S. 29,51.
The attachment made by the Florence Machine Company rendered it necessary for the assignees at their peril to intervenePage 545and contest the same within two years under § 5057, Rev. Stat., as to the scope whereof seeBaileyv.Glover, 21 Wall. 342, 346;Rockv.Dennett,155 Mass. 500;Pritchardv.Chandler, 2 Curtis C.C. 488;Walkerv.Towner, 16 N.B.R. 285, 287;Averyv.Cleary,132 U.S. 604, all of which hold that it applies to adverse claims made by third parties after the bankruptcy, and that assignees are bound to dispute such claims within two years of the time when they are asserted.Dushanev.Beall,161 U.S. 513, did not overrule this rule,In reConant, 5 Blatch. 54, nor can those cases be considered as overruled.
Assuming that the assignees were not bound by § 5057, Rev. Stat., to intervene within two years, they nevertheless were bound to intervene at their peril within a reasonable time.Squirev.Lincoln,137 Mass. 399;Taylorv.Irwin, 20 F. 615.
They did not intervene for over sixteen years and after the expiration of two years it was reasonable for the bankrupt and his subsequent creditors to assume that the assignees had abandoned this asset. The interest of Sweetser under the will appeared of record in the probate court. There was no fraudulent concealment of the asset by the bankrupt. No examination was made of the bankrupt. He was allowed to obtain his discharge.Sparhawkv.Yerkes,142 U.S. 1,14;Taylorv.Irwin, 20 F. 615, 618.
The assignees' rights were not preserved by the suit ofDibblev.Sweetser, as the Florence Machine Company was not a party thereto, or, so far as appears, ever heard of it until twenty years later.Mr. Warren Ozro Kyle, with whomMr. Fred Joywas on the brief, for defendants in error, the assignees in bankruptcy:
Nothing in the record shows lack of diligence by the assignees. The failure to schedule the property and concealment of it from the assignees in bankruptcy for several years was clearly in fraud of the bankrupt law, and cannot constitute such anPage 546immunity as to deserve protection under the judiciary act or any other law of the United States.
A plaintiff bringing a bill in equity under the provisions of the Public Statutes, c. 151 § 2, cl. 11, and the statute of 1884, c. 285, § 1, to reach property of the debtor which cannot be come at to be attached or taken on execution in a suit at law against such debtor, does not thereby acquire a lien on the property which will prevent it passing to an assignee in insolvency.Trowv.Lovett,122 Mass. 571;Squirev.Lincoln,137 Mass. 399;Powersv.Raymond,137 Mass. 483;Fishv.Fiske,154 Mass. 302,304.
Section 5057, Rev. Stat., does not apply to a case like the present.Dushanev.Beall,161 U.S. 513.
This is not a suit between an assignee in bankruptcy and a person claiming an adverse interest. The petitioner, who is the trustee under the will, claims no adverse interest and does not plead the statute.Nashv.Nash, 12 Allen, 345;Minotv.Tappan,127 Mass. 333,338;In re A.H. English, 6 F. 276.
All statutes of limitation begin to run from the time the cause of action accrues, and, in this case, could not run until the right to the possession of the Sweetser half of the fund fell to the assignees, on the death of the bankrupt's mother, the last survivor of the testator's three sisters. Perry on Trusts, § 860;Frenchv.Merrill,132 Mass. 525,527, and cases there cited.
As it was necessary to await the termination of the life interests before any one claiming through the remainderman could claim possession of the fund, the assignees in bankruptcy have not been remiss, and the delay, if any, has not operated to the prejudice of anybody, hence there has been no laches.Havenv.Haven,181 Mass. 573,579;Tuckerv.Fisk,154 Mass. 574,579, and cases cited;Ryderv.Loomis,161 Mass. 161,163;Bealev.Chase,31 Mich. 532;New York Bank Note Co. v.HamiltonPage 547Co.,28 A.D. 411;Ulmanv.Clark, 75 F. 868.
"The defendant Hammond admits that when the testator died Elbridge had either a vested remainder in one-half of the trust fund of $25,000 subject to the life estates created by this item of the will, and subject to the class being opened on the birth of further child or children of the life tenants, or a vested interest in a contingent remainder, and that `in either case' his interest was `assignable.'
"His contention, however, is that the assignees are barred by U.S. Rev. Sts. § 5057."
The court decided against the contention, and decided, besides, that "the title of the assignees in bankruptcy became complete on the assignment to them of this interest in remainder," and that "the ownership drew after it the possession," which has continued ever since, "and all persons are barred by U.S. Rev. Sts. § 5057, from controverting it." In other words, the court decided that § 5057, did not preclude the assignees from asserting rights against plaintiff in error, but precluded him from asserting rights against them. Defendants in error, however, urge that the court's decision resulted from facts found or admitted and from general principles of law, and "there remained in the case no question as to any title, right, privilege or immunity under a statute of the United States; and that the court expressly declined to choose `between the opinion inDushanev.Beale,161 U.S. 513, and the decision inRockv.Dennett,155 Mass. 500.'" But rights under a statute of the United States were claimed by plaintiff in error and that statute was referred to by thePage 548Supreme Judicial Court and was an element in its decision. We think also that the decree rendered was final for the purposes of this writ of error. We therefore overrule the motion to dismiss and go to the merits.
On the merits nine errors are assigned, but plaintiff in error asserts that the questions really involved are only four, namely; Had Sweetser such "amount of title" in the trust fund that the Florence Machine Company could make an equitable attachment? Did § 5057, render it necessary for the assignees to intervene and contest the attachment within two years? If not within two years, then within a reasonable time? Was the machine company, in November, 1881, barred by § 5057 from bringing the attachment suit?
Section 5044 of the Revised Statutes required the register in bankruptcy to transfer by instruments under his hand all of the estate of the bankrupt. The assignment related back to the commencement of the proceedings, and operated to vest the title in the assignee. Section 5046, in most comprehensive terms, vested in the assignees all rights in equity and choses in action which the bankrupt had, and 5047, all of his remedies. Section 5057 reads as follows:
"No suit either at law or in equity shall be maintainable in any court between an assignee in bankruptcy and a person claiming any adverse interest touching any property or rights of property transferable to or vested in such assignee unless brought within two years from the time when the cause of action accrues for or against such assignee."
Under these provisions the contention of plaintiff in error is, that, notwithstanding the bankruptcy and the broad language of the sections referred to, Sweetser had an interest in the trust fund that could be assigned or attached, and in such way a title could be acquired good against all the world except the assignees, and good against the assignees by their inaction within the time prescribed by § 5057, or by their abandonment. Applying this principle plaintiff in error contends that "three years having elapsed without anythingPage 549having been done by the assignees in the way of disposing of this equitable asset, the bankrupt, in November, 1881, had such an amount of title that he could have brought a suit against the trustees under the will to obtain his share, assuming that the contingency had then happened upon which the right to a distribution depended." And that Sweetser, having such title, it followed, it is contended, that the Florence Machine Company, a subsequent creditor, could make an equitable attachment and make it incumbent upon the assignees to assert their rights within two years, in accordance with § 5057. The Supreme Judicial Court met this contention by the effect of the local law. The court said:
"The title of the assignees in bankruptcy became complete on the assignment to them of this interest in remainder. In this commonwealth notice to the trustees is not necessary to complete the title of an assignee of an interest in the property held in trust by them.Thayerv.Daniels,113 Mass. 129, and cases there cited. See alsoPutnamv.Story,132 Mass. 205;Butterfieldv.Reed,160 Mass. 361. By virtue of the assignment in bankruptcy, the complete ownership in this incorporeal interest in this personal property became vested in the assignees, and the ownership drew after it possession, so far as the interest here in question (an incorporeal interest because an interest in remainder) is capable of possession. This result is not affected by the fact that the assignees were for a time ignorant of the existence of this property of the bankrupt. This ownership and possession in the assignees has continued ever since, and all persons are barred by U.S. Rev. Sts. § 5057, from controverting it. The contention that one in possession of property is barred from exercising the rights, which that ownership confers on the owner, by not having brought an action, is groundless. Under these circumstances we have not found it necessary to choose between the opinion inDushanev.Beale,161 U.S. 513, and the decision inRockv.Dennett,155 Mass. 500."Page 550
The cases referred to are antagonistic in their construction of § 5057. InRockv.Dennett, it was held that the limitations expressed by that section applied to adverse claims arising after the assignment in respect to property vested in the assignee.
InDushanev.Beale,161 U.S. 513the court said: "That limitation [Section 5057, Rev. Stat.] is applicable only to suits growing out of disputes in respect of property and of rights of property of the bankrupt which came to the hands of the assignee to which adverse claims existed while in the hands of the bankrupt and before assignment."
Defendant in error contends for the construction expressed inRockv.Dennett,155 Mass. 500against that expressed inDushanev.Beale, and insists that the latter case does not overrule prior cases upon whichRockv.Dennettwas based. We will not stop to reconcileDushanev.Beale, with prior cases. It is a later utterance by this court, and disposes of the contention of plaintiff in error based on § 5057, Rev. Stat.
The Supreme Judicial Court also found adversely to plaintiff in error's contention that the assignees had abandoned the property. The court said: "The only other contention made by the defendant Hammond is equally groundless, to wit, that the assignees abandoned this property. The contention is put on the ground that they did not sell their interest in remainder in this fund. Were that all that appeared the argument would be without merit. But that is not all." And, referring to the suit brought by the assignees in the District Court in 1882, said further: "This bill apparently was brought by the assignees as soon as they learned of the existence of the fund and of the fact that creditors of Elbridge were seeking to reach and apply this interest of Elbridge in satisfaction of the debt due from him to them. The bringing of this bill (which seems to have been a bill in the nature of a billquia timet) disposes of the contentionPage 551that it was in fact the intention of the assignees to abandon this property."
We think that the record sustains the conclusion of the court.
These views dispose of all the questions in the case.Decree affirmed.