Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Louisiana v. Mississippi
La. v. Miss., 202 U.S. 1 (1906)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1906-03-05
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- noting that "Louisiana has always asserted [ownership of the disputed area]; and that Mississippi has repeatedly recognized it, and not until recently has disputed it"
- "It is apparent that the enforcement of the oyster legislation of the two States led to a conflict between the authorities of both, which involved a dispute as to the true boundary line."
- involving over 90 years of acquiescence by Mississippi
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Louisiana v. Mississippi. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 85 opinions
Headnotes
- Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Original Jurisdiction A controversy between two States in their sovereign capacity over a boundary line separating them, involving pecuniary values of magnitude to each State, is a justiciable controversy justifying the exercise of the Supreme Court's original jurisdiction.
- Real Property Law — Grants of Congress — Effect of Later Admission Acts Where Congress admits a State into the Union, a subsequent act admitting another State and granting it lands within the limits of the earlier State cannot take away any portion of the earlier State and give it to the later one; the claims of the earlier State are not prejudiced by the exercise of Congress's power to admit new States under Article IV, section 3. U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3
- Statutory Interpretation — Construction of Acts Admitting Different States Acts of Congress passed at different times for the admission of different States, where their respective subjects are neither identical nor similar, do not form part of a homogeneous whole or common system, so that the rule of in pari materia does not apply and a claimant under the later act cannot contend that it changed the earlier act by construction or as declaratory of its meaning.
- International Law — Water Boundaries — Thalweg The term "thalweg" is commonly used by writers on international law to define water boundaries between States, meaning the middle, deepest, or most navigable channel; the doctrine applies to water boundaries along sounds, bays, straits, gulfs, estuaries, and other arms of the sea, and also to boundary lakes and land-locked seas whenever there is a deep-water sailing channel therein.
- International Law — The Maritime Belt The maritime belt is that part of the sea which, in contradistinction to the open sea, is under the sway of the riparian States, which may exclusively reserve the fisheries within their respective belts for their own citizens.
- Real Property Law — Long Acquiescence Between States As between the States of the Union, long acquiescence in the assertion of a particular boundary, and the exercise of sovereignty over the territory within it, should be accepted as conclusive, whatever the international rule may be in respect of acquisition by prescription of large tracts of country claimed by two States.
- Real Property Law — Louisiana's Eastern Boundary — Admission Acts of 1812 The acts admitting Louisiana retained the Mississippi River as the State's original eastern boundary only as far south as the thirty-first degree of north latitude; the boundary then runs east along that degree of latitude to the Pearl River, thence south down that river through its eastern branch to the northern corner of Lake Borgne, and thence follows the line fixed by the act of April 6, 1812, through the deep-water channel north of Half Moon Island, eastward through Mississippi Sound north of Isle à Pitre and southwest of Cat Island, through Chandeleur Sound northeast of the Chandeleur Islands into the Gulf of Mexico, around the delta of the Mississippi River, and westward to the Sabine River. Act of Apr. 6, 1812, ch. 50, 2 Stat. 701; Act of Apr. 14, 1812, ch. 57, 2 Stat. 708
- Real Property Law — Mississippi's Admission and Southern Boundary Mississippi was admitted by the act of March 1, 1817, which described its southern boundary as running westwardly from the Alabama line, including all islands within six leagues of the shore, to the most eastern junction of the Pearl River with Lake Borgne; Congress intended that line, in its westwardly course through the Gulf, to approach the coast gradually and meet the Louisiana boundary where it emerges from the Cat Island channel, and thence to follow and be identical with the Louisiana line westward to Pearl River. Act of Mar. 1, 1817, ch. 23, 3 Stat. 348
- Real Property Law — Harmonizing Conflicting Admission Acts It is not to be presumed that Congress intended to establish a boundary for Mississippi conflicting with Louisiana's existing eastern boundary where an alternative construction of the two acts yields a readily ascertainable boundary harmonizing with the statutory text; the use of the word "westwardly" in describing Mississippi's southern boundary indicates that Congress did not intend the line to run due west throughout its course.
- Real Property Law — Islands Within Three Leagues of Louisiana's Coast The clause of the Louisiana admission act including "all islands within three leagues of the coast" embraced the islands along the whole coast of the State, running from the boundary line through the deep-water channels of Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound southwest of Cat Island, eastward of the Chandeleur Islands, and thence around the delta of the Mississippi River westward along the Gulf coast to the Sabine River, excluding the sea-sand islands given to Mississippi. Act of Apr. 6, 1812, ch. 50, 2 Stat. 701
- Real Property Law — Ownership of Islands and Marshlands The marshlands claimed by Mississippi to be islands are, except for Isle à Pitre, Grassy, Half Moon, Round, and Le Petit Pass Islands, low-lying marshlands forming part of the mainland of Louisiana; to the extent any part of the disputed area is insular, it lies within nine miles of Louisiana's shore and belongs to Louisiana under the three-league island provision of the act of April 6, 1812. Act of Apr. 6, 1812, ch. 50, 2 Stat. 701
- Real Property Law — Channel as Boundary Between Contiguous States Where contiguous States or countries are separated by water, it is and always has been the custom to regard the channel as establishing the boundary line between them; the deep-water channel is a boundary created by nature.
- Real Property Law — Grants by Legislature — Void Ex Parte Proceedings Grants made by a legislature are not warranties, and if the thing granted was not in the grantor at the time of the grant, no estate passes; an ex parte proceeding of the Secretary of the Interior purporting to take away part of the domain of a State without the consent of its legislature is null and void under Article IV, section 3 of the Constitution. U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3
- Real Property Law — Prescription and Acquiescence — Wild Lands Title to territory may be confirmed by prescription, usucaption, acquiescence, and specific acknowledgment by the rival claimant, a doctrine sustained by writers on international law and by judicial decisions; the doctrine of acquiescence, however, does not apply to wild and unsettled lands.
- Real Property Law — Judicial Notice of Geographical Facts Courts will take judicial notice of the prominent geographical facts and features of the country, including the positions of islands off the coast of a State.
- International Law — Thalweg Confined to Rivers and Estuaries The thalweg rule is confined to the mid-channel of rivers, or to a mid-channel forming the line of separation through the bays and estuaries through which a river's waters flow into the sea; once the open sea, or a body of water that is part of the sea, is reached, the rule is at an end and cannot be extended into open waters such as the Gulf of Mexico.
- International Law — No Rule for Boundary Through Archipelago Where two contiguous States must run a water boundary through an archipelago of islands off their coasts, this can be done only by convention, because international law provides no rule on the subject; where a special rule has been established by competent authority, a general rule of international law cannot be invoked.
- International Law — Coast and Shore Distinguished Physical geography reproduces the actual coast line of a maritime State as defined by nature at the point of contact of sea and land, while the political coast line superimposed by international law is shorter because it cuts across the heads of bays and inlets; the natural coast line exists primarily for purposes of boundary, and the artificial coast line for purposes of jurisdiction.
- Real Property Law — Definition of Island An island is a body of land surrounded by water, and a strip of navigable water must separate an island from the mainland; land does not lose its character as an island by being almost submerged at high tide, but a body of land continually covered by water is not an island.
- Evidence — Judicial Notice The business of a cartographer is to describe land forms, not to settle titles of sovereignties, and the value of a map depends on the completeness of the data from which it is constructed and the skill with which the cartographer works such data into a harmonious whole; early maps based on incomplete data are almost invariably misleading guides and are generally regarded by international jurists as of little or no value in boundary controversies.
- Real Property Law — Swamp Land Acts — Effect of Prior Grants Where the disputed islands were conveyed to a State by an express grant upon its admission to the Union, a subsequent act of Congress purporting to donate swamp and overflowed lands can have no operation, because the United States had at that date neither title nor interest in the lands.
- Statutory Interpretation — Sensible Construction All laws should receive a sensible construction, with general terms limited in application so as not to lead to injustice, oppression, or absurd consequences, and it is presumed that the legislature intended exceptions which would avoid results of that character; where statutes are in apparent conflict they must be construed together as executing a common design.
- Constitutional Law — Enabling Act — Disposition of Public Lands The Louisiana Enabling Act of February 20, 1811 provided that all waste and unappropriated lands in the State should remain the property of the United States; by the Swamp Land Grants of 1849 and 1850, the United States granted the swamp and overflowed lands within the limits of certain States for the purpose of reclaiming them and protecting them from overflow. Louisiana Enabling Act of Feb. 20, 1811
- International Law — Boundaries of the Louisiana Province By the Treaty of St. Ildefonso of October 1, 1800, Spain ceded to France the colony or province of Louisiana with the same extent it then had in Spain's hands, that it had when France possessed it, and such as it should be after subsequent treaties; on April 30, 1803, France ceded the same province to the United States in the same terms, including the adjacent islands belonging to Louisiana. Treaty of St. Ildefonso, Oct. 1, 1800; Treaty of Apr. 30, 1803
- Real Property Law — Organization of the Territory of Orleans By the act of March 26, 1804, Congress divided the country ceded by France, constituting all that portion lying south of the Mississippi Territory and of an east-west line at 33 degrees north latitude the Territory of Orleans; in so doing Congress manifested its understanding that the lands east and south of the Mississippi Territory—the disputed area—were part of the original Island of Orleans included in the cession. Act of Mar. 26, 1804, § 12
LOUISIANAv. MISSISSIPPI,202 U.S. 1(1906)
26 S.Ct. 408
LOUISIANAv. MISSISSIPPI.
IN EQUITY.
No. 11, Original.
Argued October 10, 11, 12, 1905.
Decided March 5, 1906.
THE State of Louisiana by leave of court filed her bill
against the State of Mississippi, October 27, 1902, to obtain a
decree determining a boundary line between the two States and
requiring the State of Mississippi to recognize and observe the
line so determined.
The bill alleged:
"1st. That the State of Louisiana was admitted into the Union
of the United States of America by the act of Congress, found in
chapter 50 of the United States Statutes at Large, volume 2, page
701, approved April 6th, 1812, and therein the boundaries of the
said State of Louisiana, in the preamble of said act, were
described as follows:
"`Whereas, the representatives of the people of all that part
of the territory or country ceded under the name of Louisiana, by
the treaty made at Paris on the 30th day of April, 1803, between
the United States and France contained within the following
limits, that is to say: Beginning at the mouth of the
Page 3
river Sabine, thence by a line drawn along the middle of said
river, including all islands to the 32d degree of latitude;
thence due north to the northernmost part of the 33d degree of
north latitude; thence along the said parallel of latitude to the
Mississippi river; thence down the said river to the river
Iberville, and from thence along the middle of said river and
Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the Gulf of Mexico; thence
bounded by said gulf to the place of beginning, including all
islands within three leagues of the coast,' etc.
"2d. That according to the foregoing description, the eastern
boundary of the State of Louisiana was formed by the Mississippi
river, beginning at the northeast corner of said State and
extending south to the junction of the said river, with the river
Iberville (now known as Bayou Manchac) and thence extending
eastwardly through the lower end of the Amite river, through the
middle of Lake Maurepas, Pass Manchac, and Lake Pontchartrain,
and in order to reach the Gulf of Mexico its only course was
through the Rigolets, into Lake Borgne, and thence by the deep
water channel through the upper corner of Lake Borgne, following
said channel, north of Half Moon Island, through Mississippi
Sound to the north of Isle a Pitre, through the Cat Island
channel, southwest of Cat Island, into the Gulf of Mexico, which
said eastern boundary of the State of Louisiana is more fully
shown on diagram No. 1, made part of this bill;
"3d. That by the act of Congress, found in the United States
Statutes at Large, vol. 2, p. 708, chapter 57, approved April
14th, 1812, additional territory was added to the then existing
State of Louisiana, which additional territory was described in
the following language:
"`Beginning at the junction of the river Iberville with the
Mississippi river; thence along the middle of the Iberville and
of the river Amite and Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the
eastern mouth of Pearl river; thence up the eastern branch of the
Pearl river to the 31st degree of north latitude; thence along
the said degree of latitude to the river Mississippi; thence
Page 4
down the said river to the place of beginning, shall become and
form a part of the State of Louisiana;'
"4th. That the effect of this legislation, as to the eastern
boundary of the State of Louisiana, was to retain the Mississippi
river as the original eastern boundary, as far south as the
[EDITORS' NOTE: DIAGRAM NO. 1 IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]
31st degree of north latitude. The change then moved the eastern
boundary eastward along the 31st degree of north latitude to the
Pearl river, whence it then ran south down the said river,
through its eastern branch, till it entered the northern corner
of Lake Borgne, where the State's eastern boundary then joined
and followed the boundary line originally fixed in the act of
April 6th, 1812, and followed, as heretofore stated,
Page 5
the deep water channel through the upper corner of Lake Borgne,
north of Half Moon Island, eastward through the deep water
channel along the Mississippi Sound till it reached the Cat
Island channel north of Isle a Pitre, and southwest of Cat
Island, whence passing through Chandeleur Sound, northeast of
[EDITORS' NOTE: DIAGRAM NO. 2 IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]
Chandeleur Islands, it entered the Gulf of Mexico, and ran south
around the delta of the Mississippi river and then north and
westward to the point where the Sabine river enters the Gulf of
Mexico, as will be more fully seen from the diagram No. 2, made
part of this bill;
"5th. That the territory lying adjacent to, and to the eastward
of the State of Louisiana is the State of Mississippi, which
Page 6
latter State was admitted into the Union of the United States of
America by the act of Congress, found in the United States
Statutes at Large, volume 3, chapter 23, page 348, approved March
1st, 1817, whereby the inhabitants of the western part of the
then Mississippi Territory were authorized to form for themselves
a state constitution and to be admitted into the Union, the
boundaries of the then to be created State being described as
follows:
"`Beginning at the river Mississippi at a point where the
southern boundary line with the State of Tennessee strikes the
same; thence along the said boundary line to the Tennessee river;
thence up the same to the mouth of Bear creek; thence by a direct
line to the northwest corner of the county of Washington
(Alabama); thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico; thence
westwardly, including all islands within six leagues of the shore
to the most southern junction of Pearl river with Lake Borgne;
thence up said river to the 31st degree of north latitude; thence
west along said degree of latitude to the Mississippi river;
thence up the same to the beginning;'
"6th. That by the said act, Congress intended that the
southern boundary line of the State of Mississippi, beginning at
the point dividing it from the State of Alabama, should run
westwardly till it joined the Louisiana eastern boundary line,
and that in doing so, the said southern boundary would in effect
start westward from a point eighteen miles south of the coast
line, and include in its westwardly direction the western end of
Petit Bois Island, all of Horn Island, Ship Island and Cat
Island, and the smaller islands north of these, those islands
being the ones contemplated in the act of Congress, as being
within eighteen miles of the southern coast line of Mississippi,
and that the said southern boundary of Mississippi, extending in
its westwardly direction through the Gulf of Mexico, would
gradually approach the coast line, and meet the eastern boundary
line of Louisiana, just as the said eastern boundary line of
Louisiana emerges from the Cat Island channel into the Gulf of
Mexico, and thence follow and become the same as the
Page 7
[EDITORS' NOTE: DIAGRAM NO. 3 IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]
Louisiana boundary line extending westwardly to the south of Cat
Island, through Mississippi Sound to the north of Half Moon or
Grand Island to the most southern junction of the
Page 8
east branch of Pearl river with Lake Borgne, being identical with
the Louisiana eastern boundary, and thence extending up the
channel of Pearl river;
"7th. That the islands included between the shore line and the
southern boundary of the State of Mississippi are the islands
heretofore described, viz: the western end of Petit Bois Island,
with all of Horn Island, Ship Island and Cat Island, and the
small islands north of them, those islands being large, and well
known to Congress at the time of the passage of the act, all of
which islands and the southern boundary of the State of
Mississippi will more fully appear from the diagram No. 3, made a
part of this bill;
"8th. That the islands contemplated in the act of Congress of
1812, creating the State of Louisiana, and intended to be
embraced within the State of Louisiana, as provided by the
clause, `Thence bounded by the said Gulf to the place of
beginning, including all islands within three leagues of the
coast,' were all of the other islands, except those heretofore
named as going to the State of Mississippi, as all other islands,
and all other mainland, are south and west of the boundary line
thus passing from Pearl river through the deep water channels in
Lake Borgne, and Mississippi Sound, through the deep water
channel, southwest of Cat Island to the eastward of the
Chandeleur Islands, and thence south, taking in the delta of the
Mississippi river, and extending westward along the Gulf coast,
including all islands along the coast, to the Sabine river, where
the State of Louisiana is thence bounded on the westward by the
State of Texas, all of which will more fully appear from diagram
No. 2, heretofore referred to;
"9th. Now your orator avers that there has developed in recent
years in the waters south of the State of Mississippi and east of
the southern portion of the State of Louisiana a considerable
growth of oysters, and an industry of large proportions, in the
handling of the said bivalves, either in their fresh or in a
canned condition, has resulted therefrom;
"10th. That the State of Mississippi has, by legislative
Page 9
[EDITORS' NOTE: DIAGRAM NO. 4 IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]
enactments, regulated the oyster industry in the waters of said
State, and permits the dredging of oysters on the natural oyster
reefs in waters of the said State, as will more fully appear from
the statutes of said State to which reference is made;
"11th. That the State of Louisiana has by legislative
enactments regulated the oyster industry in the said State of
Louisiana, and prohibits the dredging of oysters on the natural
reefs in the waters of said State, as will more fully appear from
the statutes of said State to which reference is made;
"12th. That the provisions of the laws of the said two States
differ considerably in many other respects.
"13th. That the existence and location of the natural oyster
reefs in the waters of the parish of St. Bernard in the State of
Louisiana which adjoins the State of Mississippi is shown by the
map made from a reconnaissance by the United States Fish
Commission steamer `Fish Hawk,' in February, 1898, as will more
fully appear from diagram No. 4, now made part of this bill;
"14th. Now your orator avers that the boundary line dividing
the two States in the waters thereof has been clearly defined by
the acts of Congress creating the States of Louisiana and
Mississippi, as will be seen from the diagram No. 5, made up from
the boundary descriptions taken from the acts of Congress
creating the said States of Louisiana and Mississippi, which
diagram is also made part of this bill;
"15th. That the said boundary line in the waters between said
States has never been designated by buoys or marks of any kind by
either State, nor designated in any manner, except by the United
States Government in so far as it has buoyed the deep water
channel, extending from the mouth of the Pearl river through the
upper corner of Lake Borgne north of Half Moon Island, eastward
to the Cat Island Pass, north of Isle a Pitre, and southwest of
Cat Island, which buoys were placed by the Coast Survey of the
United States Government;
"16th. That owing to the differences in the laws of the States
of Louisiana and Mississippi, regulating the oyster industry of
Page 10
the respective States, the said statutes providing penalties for
the violation thereof, much confusion has resulted and a great
public demand has arisen in Louisiana to definitely mark the
[EDITORS' NOTE: DIAGRAM NO. 5 IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]
boundary line dividing the two States in the waters thereof; that
citizens of the State of Mississippi, in violation of the laws of
the State of Louisiana, have been fishing oysters with dredges
Page 11
on the natural reefs in the waters of the State of Louisiana,
said fishermen claiming that they were in the waters of the State
of Mississippi and consequently not violating the laws of the
State of Louisiana."
The bill then set forth that "to avoid an armed conflict
between the sheriff and officers of the parish of St. Bernard in
the State of Louisiana, and the sheriff and officers of the
county of Harrison in the State of Mississippi," a meeting of
citizens of Louisiana was called by the Governor of that State,
which met in New Orleans, and resulted in the appointment by the
Governor of commissioners on the part of Louisiana "to consider
the determination of the water boundary line between the two
States, and arrange for its easy location and identification by a
proper system of buoys," and to request that the Governor of
Mississippi appoint like commissioners on the part of that State,
which appointment was made.
The joint commission met and considered the subject, and
subsequently the Mississippi commission reported its inability to
agree with the Louisiana commission, stating, among other things,
"It is apparent that the only hope of settlement is a friendly
suit in the Supreme Court of the United States, and we
respectfully suggest that course."
The bill continued:
"24th. That the eastern water boundary line as claimed by your
orator, viz: a line beginning at the most southern junction of
the channel of the east branch of the Pearl river with Lake
Borgne and thence eastward following the deep water channel to
the north of Half Moon Island, through the Mississippi Sound
channel, to Cat Island Pass, northeast of Isle a Pitre into the
Gulf of Mexico, thereby dividing the waters between the two
States, agrees, and is in accord, with the acts of Congress
creating respectively the State of Louisiana and the State of
Mississippi as already shown by diagram No. 5; that any other
boundary than the deep water channel as aforesaid would cause the
limits of the two States to conflict and overlap, and that it is
not to be presumed that the Congress of the United States
Page 12
intended to, or would, establish, in its description, a boundary
for the State of Mississippi, conflicting with the already
existing Louisiana eastern boundary, when there is a construction
of the wording of the two acts, in fact the only construction
that suggests itself, that shows a boundary readily ascertained,
harmonizing with the words of the acts as they now read, and
clearly defining the limits of the two States in the waters
between them.
"25th. Your orator further avers that the use of the word
`westwardly' in the description of the southern boundary of the
State of Mississippi, as that southern boundary line extends
westwardly from the Alabama state line to the Louisiana eastern
boundary line, shows that it was not the intention of Congress to
have it run direct or due west throughout the whole course, and
that it was evidently the intention of Congress, in giving to the
State of Mississippi the islands north of that westwardly drawn
line, that the eighteen-mile limit shall gradually decrease as it
approached the Louisiana line on the east till it met and
followed it to its source. If the Mississippi line ran parallel
to the southern coast of Mississippi, at a distance of eighteen
miles from such coast line following the meander of the coast,
and thence joined at right angles a line emerging from the mouth
of Pearl river, such line would not only include Grassy, Half
Moon, Round, Le Petit Pass Islands and Isle a Pitre, already
belonging to Louisiana as being within nine miles or three
leagues of the Louisiana shore line, but such line would also
include part of the mainland of the State of Louisiana as will be
seen from the following diagram (No. 6) made a part of this bill
and it certainly could not have been the intention of Congress to
take away from the State of Louisiana any islands or mainland
already belonging to it and to give them to the State of
Mississippi, as such a proceeding, without the consent of the
legislature of the State of Louisiana, would be a violation of
sec. 3 of art. IV of the Constitution of the United States.
"26th. Your orator avers that the marsh lands claimed by
Page 13
the State of Mississippi to be islands are in truth, with the
exception of the Isle a Pitre, Grassy, Half Moon, Round and Le
Petit Pass Islands, low lying marsh lands forming part of the
mainland of the State of Louisiana; that said swamp or marsh
lands and islands have been known as and called since time
immemorial `the Louisiana marshes;' that they were approved to
the State of Louisiana by the Commissioner of the General Land
Office on May 6, 1852, as will appear from a certified copy of
said record of approval from the United States Land Office made a
part of this bill, marked Exhibit (G,) and where not since sold
by the State of Louisiana to private purchasers have always stood
on the books of the register of the Louisiana state land office
as state lands, to be offered for sale, until recently
transferred by the State of Louisiana to the board of
commissioners for the Lake Borgne basin levee district by the
provisions of act No. 14 of the legislature of the State of
Louisiana for the year 1892, for the purpose of enabling the said
levee board, by the proceeds of sale of said lands to secure the
funds to aid in the building of levees in that levee district, to
protect the lands from overflow.
"27th. That parts of said disputed territory claimed by the
State of Mississippi to be islands within eighteen miles of its
shore line are in fact part of the mainland of the State of
Louisiana, and therefore belong to and form part of said State of
Louisiana, but if your honors should feel that any part of this
disputed area was islands by reason of the presence of shallow
water, then as islands they are within the nine-mile limit of
distance from the shore line of the State of Louisiana and
therefore belong to and form part of the State of Louisiana by
that second provision of the act of Congress giving Louisiana all
islands within three leagues of its shore line.
"28th. Your orator further avers that where contiguous States
or countries are separated by water it is, and always has been,
the custom to regard the channel as establishing the boundary
line of such States, and that the State of Mississippi has itself
recognized this principle in the description of
Page 14
its territorial limits as found in the second article of its own
constitution adopted November, 1890, in the following words:
* * * * * * * *
"29th. Your orator avers that as heretofore stated the
Congress of the United States, as well as the various departments
of the United States Government having authority in the premises,
have themselves recognized the boundary line contended for by the
State of Louisiana by reason of the fact that the United States
Government has confirmed to the State of Louisiana the lands
composing Half Moon Island which is just south of the deep water
channel," [by sections and townships as set forth,] and also "the
lands forming what is commonly known as Isle a Pitre," [by
sections and townships as stated,] all of them "recognized as
belonging to and forming part of the State of Louisiana by the
said United States Government and have always heretofore been so
recognized by the people of the said two States; that the lands
forming the Isle a Pitre were sold by the State of Louisiana,"
c., c:, "and said lands have been assessed on the assessment
rolls of the parish of St. Bernard, State of Louisiana, and taxes
thereon have been paid to the State of Louisiana for the past 35
years, and said lands have never been assessed on the rolls of,
nor have any taxes ever been paid to, the State of Mississippi
and that this is the case with all other lands and islands now
claimed by the State of Mississippi, but which in truth and fact
belong to the State of Louisiana.
"30th. Your orator therefore further avers that all
constituted authorities competent to create, adopt or consider
the said boundary line have declared the water boundary line
claimed by the State of Louisiana, viz: the deep water channel
running from the most southern junction of the eastern mouth of
Pearl river, through Lake Borgne, north of Half Moon Island,
through Mississippi Sound, north of Isle a Pitre and southwest of
Cat Island, through Cat Island Pass, through Chandeleur Sound
northeast of Chandeleur Islands, to the Gulf
Page 15
of Mexico, to be the true water boundary between the said
States."
The bill prayed that it be adjudged and decreed "that the
boundary line dividing the States of Louisiana and Mississippi,
in the waters between the said States to the south of the State
of Mississippi and to the southeast of the State of Louisiana is
the deep water channel, commencing at the most southern junction
of the eastern mouth of Pearl river with Lake Borgne, thence by
the deep-water channel through Lake Borgne, north of Half Moon
Island, through Mississippi Sound, north of Isle a Pitre, through
Cat Island Pass Channel, southwest of Cat Island, through
Chandeleur Island Sound, northeast of the Chandeleur Islands, to
the Gulf of Mexico, as is delineated on the original map
submitted by the Louisiana Boundary Commission to the Mississippi
Boundary Commission and now made part of this bill, marked
Exhibit `E;' that the said deep water channel be located
throughout its course and permanently buoyed at the joint expense
of the two States; that the State of Mississippi and its citizens
be perpetually enjoined from disputing the sovereignty and
ownership of the State of Louisiana in the said land and water
territory south and west of said boundary line," and for costs
and general relief.
[Exhibit "E" is not reproduced in the printed record, but is
to be found in the Louisiana Atlas of Maps, p. 60. It consists of
Coast Survey Charts Nos. 189, 190 and 191, showing the coast from
Mobile to Lakes Borgne and Pontchartrain, with boundary lines
added in red ink. The maps given in this statement are sufficient
to supply the lack of this particular exhibit.]
The State of Mississippi, by leave, filed a demurrer to the
bill, which was by stipulation submitted to the consideration of
the court on printed arguments, and was subsequently overruled.
Thereupon the State of Mississippi on leave filed her answer
and cross bill.
Page 16
The State denied articulately nearly every material allegation
of the bill and therefore the accuracy of the diagrams or maps
attached thereto, and asserted the true boundary to be as set
forth in her cross bill. And while she admitted "that the deep
water channel out of the mouth of Pearl river through the upper
course of Lake Borgne and on into the Gulf, as stated in the
bill, has been marked by buoys by and under the direction of the
United States Government for navigation and commercial purposes,"
she denied "that said marking of the deep water channel was ever
intended to fix in any manner whatsoever any part of the boundary
line between said States," and further denied "the correctness of
complainant's statement that where contiguous States or countries
are separated by water, the channel of the waters dividing said
States constitutes a boundary line, and defendant specifically
denies that such rule is applicable to this case."
The cross bill averred that the southern boundary line of the
State of Mississippi was fixed by the act of Congress, approved
March 1, 1817,3 Stat. 348, c. 23, § 2.
That by that act Mississippi was given "all lands under the
waters south of her well-defined shore line to the distance of
six leagues from said shore at every point between the Alabama
line and the most eastern junction of Pearl river with Lake
Borgne, including all islands within said limit," and "all
territory within said limits, not being a part of the mainland of
the State of Louisiana, became, was and is a part of the
territory of the State of Mississippi."
That the acts of 1812, creating the State of Louisiana, failed
"to describe the water line from the most eastern mouth of Pearl
river to the Gulf of Mexico," and hence Louisiana proposed,
"without authority in law to follow the deep water channel from
the mouth of Pearl river to the Gulf of Mexico, that is, as far
south as that point in the sea where the waters of Chandeleur
Sound merge into the waters of the Gulf of Mexico."
That the act creating the State of Mississippi was the
organization
Page 17
of a state government in the western part of Mississippi
Territory; that the southern part of the territory of Mississippi
was added thereto by an act of Congress approved May 14, 1812,
which provided: "That all that portion of territory lying east of
Pearl river, west of the Perdido, and south of the thirty-first
degree of latitude, be, and the same is, hereby annexed to the
Mississippi Territory; to be governed by the laws now in force
therein, or which may hereafter be enacted, and the laws and
ordinances of the United States, relative thereto, in like manner
as if the same had originally formed a part of said Territory;
and until otherwise provided by law, the inhabitants of the said
district hereby annexed to the Mississippi Territory, shall be
entitled to one representative in the General Assembly thereof."
That this act and the act admitting the State of Mississippi
"recognized the fact that the boundary line of the State of
Louisiana embraced no island in the waters to the east of said
State and to the south of the Mississippi mainland, or shore, and
within six leagues of the Mississippi shore; that the said
Louisiana acts are not in conflict with the aforesaid Mississippi
acts, the boundaries of Louisiana only embracing such islands, as
clearly shown by said acts creating and admitting her, as were
within the Gulf of Mexico and also within three leagues of her
Gulf coast, that is to say, within the Gulf of Mexico proper and
to the south of said State of Louisiana as contemplated by
Congress; that the said line from the mouth of Pearl river to the
Gulf of Mexico dividing the Territory of Mississippi from the
State of Louisiana was never defined until the passage of the act
creating the State of Mississippi, when, for the first time, the
southern boundary of the Mississippi Territory, the western part
of which was, by said act, made the State of Mississippi, was
accurately defined and established as herein stated; that the
line above described and defined by the said Mississippi acts,
includes no islands which are within three leagues of the
Louisiana mainland and also in the Gulf of Mexico as the limits
Page 18
of the Gulf of Mexico are defined by the said State in her
original bill herein."
That the State of Louisiana "claims title and sovereignty over
some of the islands belonging to the State of Mississippi by
virtue of certain alleged action of certain officers of the
United States Government and local officers of the State of
Louisiana," but the claim "is not well founded because of the
matters herein set forth and because said islands and territory
have not been susceptible to actual use and occupation and
because said claim is in violation of sec. 3, art. IV, of the
Constitution of the United States. . . ." But if the court should
adjudge said islands and territory approved by the aforesaid
officials to the State of Louisiana to belong to said State, then
cross-complainant prayed that the claim of title of Louisiana
thereto "be restricted to the real lands or islands so lost to
the State of Mississippi, and be in no case permitted to affect
any lands under the waters, or any of the public oyster reefs
thereunder."
It was then alleged that Mississippi had "exercised
sovereignty and jurisdiction over said waters within eighteen
miles of her shore aforesaid," and that by her statutes as
codified in 1857 had asserted such jurisdiction.
And that by the legislation of Congress and the State, the
"`Mississippi Sound' was recognized as a body of water, six
leagues wide, wholly within the State of Mississippi, from Lake
Borgne to the Alabama line, separate and distinct from `the Gulf
of Mexico.'"
The cross bill further averred that Congress "in the early
history of the Republic, in dealing with the Gulf coast or
shore," was not perfectly familiar with the line, and by several
acts "creating the Gulf States, respectively, treated the said
Gulf coast or shore as a line running generally from east to
west," and said States were, in the contemplation of Congress,
"so formed and bounded as to give to each State jurisdiction over
the waters adjacent to its shore or coast for a certain specified
distance southward from its mainland line; that it was
Page 19
not intended to give to any State jurisdiction over waters
adjacent to and immediately south and in front of any other State
or Territory." But that the deep water channel line contended for
by Louisiana would take nearly all of the Hancock County water
front, much of that of Harrison County, and possibly some of that
of Jackson County, over all which Mississippi had exercised
jurisdiction since her admission.
Reference was then made to the organization of Hancock and
Jackson Counties in December, 1812, and of Harrison County in
1841; and to certain sections of the Revised Code of Mississippi
of 1880 and a codification of 1892, making a general reference to
islands within six leagues of the Mississippi shore; and it was
charged that during all this time the government of the
Mississippi Territory and that of the State of Mississippi had
exercised full and complete jurisdiction and sovereignty over the
waters in the "Mississippi Sound" as a part of the three counties
aforesaid.
The prayer was that it be decreed "that the boundary line
dividing the States of Mississippi and Louisiana is the line
which, beginning at a point six leagues due south of that point
on the shore where the Alabama and Mississippi line enters the
Gulf of Mexico, runs westwardly with the meanderings of the shore
six leagues always therefrom until said line reaches and touches
the real mainland of Louisiana about two miles due west of the
`Indian mound' and `Lake of the Mound,' and thence in an almost
due northward direction along and on the high tide mark of the
said Louisiana mainland to Mississippi Sound at or near Nine Mile
Bayou, and thence further along said mainland at the high tide
mark westwardly to that point due south of the middle of the most
southern, or eastern junction of Pearl river with Lake Borgne,
and thence from said point due north to the said Pearl river;
that the said line be located and permanently buoyed at the joint
expense of the two States; that the full title and sovereignty
over all the islands and the land under the waters north and east
of the said line so established be decreed and adjudged to be in the
Page 20
State of Mississippi, and that the State of Louisiana and her
citizens be perpetually enjoined from disputing such title and
sovereignty of the State of Mississippi therein," and for costs
and general relief.
The following "Exhibit Map" was attached:
[EDITORS' NOTE: MAP IS ELECTRONICALLY NON-TRANSFERRABLE.]
The State of Louisiana filed replication, and also an answer
to the cross bill, the allegations of which were in substance
denied.
Page 21
As to the act of May 14, 1812, the State said that it could
not and did not change the boundaries of Louisiana, and, that, in
fact, the southern portion of the Mississippi Territory as
claimed was not then in possession of the United States, and did
not extend south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude;
that February 12, 1812, an act was passed "authorizing the
President of the United States to take possession of a tract of
country lying south of the Mississippi Territory and west of the
river Perdido," but that this was not published until 1818; nor
were the resolution of January 15 and act of March 3, 1811, on
the relations of the United States to Spain, published until
after April 20, 1818.3 Stat. 471, 472.
The cause being at issue, much evidence, documentary and
otherwise, was taken, and the case was argued October 10, 11 and
12.
The authority for bringing the suit is found in the act of the legislature of Louisiana, No. 65 of 1884 and in No. 26 of 1904, besides the general authority vested in the Governor and state officers to defend and protect the interests and property of the State. There exists a controversy between the two States of great magnitude and involving great financial interests.
The ownership of all the land that had not been previously sold by the State and the ownership of all of the water area in the disputed territory, being the bottoms of navigable waters of the State, was vested in and claimed by Louisiana in her sovereign capacity and no individuals had any private rights therein. This water area had a positive value of great magnitude. The State, under her oyster law was vested with the ownership of these oyster water bottoms, and authorized toPage 22rent them for the purposes of oyster cultivation for which she received a direct rental through her oyster commission of one dollar per acre per annum and a further revenue of two cents per barrel from each barrel of oysters gathered, either from these leased bedding grounds, or from the natural oyster reefs, which were also her property in absolute ownership. The State can rent them for $200,000 per annum and they are therefore worth in the neighborhood of $5,000,000.
The control and possession of a considerable part of these waters had become the subject of violent controversy and had reached the point of an armed conflict and could only be settled by resorting to this court. The jurisdiction is clear under the previous rulings.Rhode Islandv.Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 719;The Wheeling Bridge Case, 13 How. 589;South Carolinav.Georgia,93 U.S. 381;Louisianav.Texas,176 U.S. 1;NewJerseyv.New York, 5 Pet. 284;Missouriv.Illinois,180 U.S. 208;Kansasv.Colorado,185 U.S. 125.
The State of Louisiana by the words of the law owns the peninsula of St. Bernard in its entirety and the islands in dispute, together composing the disputed area. Act of April 6, 1812, and act of April 14, 1812. The act grants all islands within three leagues of the coast and Louisiana therefore owns the islands and waters lying north of the St. Bernard peninsula and within nine miles from its coast. Mississippi's claim to islands and territory eighteen miles from her shore is based on a later act approved December 10, 1817. Congress could not take away territory previously ceded to Louisiana and grant it to Mississippi.
Further, it is a general rule, that where there are two conflicting titles, the elder shall be preferred. Broome's Legal Maxims, 7th Am. ed. p. 355, with authorities in note 5. And this principle has been frequently applied by this court in cases of boundaries between States where the grants to the colonies prior to the establishment of our Government have seemed to conflict. No court acts differently in deciding on boundary between States, than on lines between separate tracts of land,Page 23and the rules and principles of equity equally apply between States, as between individuals.Rhode Islandv.Massachusetts, 12 Pet. 658.
Louisiana's title to the disputed area is also established by the fact that the said area is south of and on the Louisiana side of the deep water channel boundary line and as this deep water channel sailing line is the correct water boundary between the States at this point all land and water south of it is the property of the State of Louisiana.
This deep water sailing channel line claimed by Louisiana as the proper boundary between the two States exists to-day and is shown on the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey of that section.
The deep water channel is a boundary created by nature and the soils separated by it and forming the limits of the two States are of natural geological difference. Nature made the deep water channel her boundary in this area and the subsequent enactments of man were but a confirmation of this basic principle.Indianav.Kentucky,136 U.S. 479. On the Mississippi side the islands and shores are of sea sand formation while those on the Louisiana side are alluvial.
The deep water sailing channel line is the boundary that was recognized by England, France and Spain in their ancient treaties affecting their separate interests in this country.
The adoption by the Congress of the United States, in the creation of the State of Louisiana, of the line extending down the Mississippi river to the river Iberville and thence through the middle of Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea, as one of the boundaries of that State was not a new line established for the first time but was in fact an affirmation of an ancient line which in its extension to the open sea must follow the deep water channel. The treaty of peace between England, France and Spain adopted February 10, 1716, article VII, treats of the subject of the boundary line separating the dominions of England and France in the New World, and follows the middle of the Iberville. See also treaty of February 10, 1763,Page 24between the same nations using practically the same language; treaty of September 3, 1783, between England and Spain; treaty of St. Ildefonso, October 1, 1800, between France and Spain, and finally the cession of Louisiana to the United States by France, April 30, 1803.
The deep water channel was in fact recognized by the Congress of the United States in its legislation and in the treaties referring to this section of the country, as the proper boundary, and according to which it divided it up. Act of March 28, 1804; act of February 20, 1811, using the same language employed in the treaties, "the middle of the river" Iberville.
The first extension of the territory of Mississippi south of 31° of north latitude was by act of May 14, 1812, over one month after the creation of the State of Louisiana and at that time the territory affected was not in the possession of the United States. See act of February 13, 1813. But the State of Mississippi was not created until 1817 when for the first time is mentioned the islands within six leagues of the shore.
The deep water sailing channel is the proper boundary line between the two States recognized by all rules of international law. "Coast" is the seaboard of a country and includes bordering islands. 6 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 171;The Anna, C. Rob. 373.
Mr. Justice Story inThomasv.Hatch, 3 Sumn. 178, defined "shore" to be the space between the margin of the water at a low stage, and the banks to be what it contains in its greatest flow; Lord Hale defined it as synonymous with flat; Mr. Justice Parker does the same in6 Mass. 436,439, and Chief Justice Marshall described the shore of a river as bordering on the water's edge.Alabamav.Georgia, 23 How. 513.
"Thalweg" a term now universally used by international law-writers to define water boundaries between States and Nations, is a German word composed of two separate words, "thal," a valley, and "weg," way, meaning the middle or the deepest or most navigable channel. An English equivalent may be "fairway" or "midway" or "main channel."Page 25
Where a navigable river forms the boundary of coterminous States, the middle of the channel — thefilum aquaeorthalweg— is generally taken as the line of their separation. 1 Halleck's Int. Law, Baker's ed. p. 145, citing Gundling, Jus Nat., p. 248; Wolfius, Jus Gentium, §§ 106-109; Stypmannus, Jus Marit., etc., cap. V., n. 476-552; Merlin, Repertoire, voc. "alluvium"; Rayneval, Droit de la Nature, tome I, p. 307; De Cussy, Droit Maritime, liv. I, tit. II, § 57; Rayneval, Inst. du Droit Nat., liv. II, ch. XI; Pothier, CEuvres de, tome X, pp. 87,88; Voet, ad Pandects, tome I, pp. 606, 607; Heineccius, Recitaciones, lib. II, tit. I, §§ 356-369; Las Siete Partidas, pt. III, tit. XXVIII, L. 31; Gomez, Elementos, lib. II, tit. IV, § 3; Febrero Mexicana, tome I, p. 161; Sala Mexicana, tome II, p. 62; Justinian, Inst., lib. II, tit. I, Nos. 20-24; De Camp's Manuel des Prop. Riv.,passim;Chardon, Droit a' Alluvion,passim;Grotius, De Jur. Bel. ac. Pac., lib. VII, ch. III, § 17; Ortolan Domaine International, Nos. 85-93; Heffter, Droit International, No. 69, note; Gunther, Europ. Volkerrecht, tit. II, p. 57; Pestel, Commentarii de Repub. Batav. No. 268; Bowyer, Universal Public Law, ch. XXVIII; Riquelme, Derecho Pub. Int., lib. I, tit. I, ch. IV; Bello, Derecho Internacional, pt. I, cap. III; Pando, Derecho Internacional, p. 99; Almeda, Derecho Publico, tome I, p. 199; Cushing, Opinions U.S. Att'ys Gen'l, vol. VIII, p. 175; Crittenden, Opinions U.S. Att'ys Gen'l, vol. V, pp. 264, 412; Puffendorf, De Jur. Nat. et Gent., lib. IV, ch. V, § 8; Wolfius, Jus Gentium, §§ 108, 109; Proudhon et Dumay, Domaine Public, tome IV, ch. LVI, sec. 7. See also Baker's Int. Law, p. 68; Bowen's Int. Law, p. 10; Creasy, Int. Law, p. 221, citing Halleck, p. 138, Twiss, p. 201; Grotius, Lib, II, ch. III, sec. 18; Klubn, sec. 133; Twiss, Law of Nations, citing Grotius, lib. II, ch. III, § 8; Puffendorf, lib. IV, ch. V, § 8; Hall, Int. Law, citing Grotius, lib. II, ch. III, § 18, Wolfius, Jus Gentium, §§ 106, 107, Vattel, liv. LIV, ch. XXII, § 266, De Martens, Precis, No. 39, the Twee Gebroeders, 3, Rob. 339, 340; Bluntschli, §§ 297, 298, 301; Twiss, I, §§ 143, 144; Droit des Gens, Rivier, sec. 14; Droit des Gens,Page 26De Martens, vol. 1, No. 39; Droit International, Fodere, § 657;Devoe Mfg. Co.,108 U.S. 401; Moore, Int. Arb., vol. 1, p. 229, where the decision of the San Juan water boundary dispute is found; the boundaries of the various bordering States on the Danube, State Papers, 1878, 1879, vol. 70, p. 514et seq.;the Detroit river boundary, Gannett's Boundaries, 3d ed. p. 12; the Alaskan boundary case, Foreign Relations, 1903, p. 544.
Louisiana's title to the disputed territory is confirmed by prescription, usucaption, acquiescence, and specific acknowledgment by the State of Mississippi.
The surveys of this territory were made by the United States Government about the year 1842 and all lands to the channel were credited to Louisiana.
Under the Swamp Land Acts of 1849 and 1850 all lands selected by Louisiana south of the channel were approved by the Government and portions of them were subsequently sold by Louisiana to individuals at different times down to 1894.
The disputed territory has always been subject to the sovereignty of Louisiana and has yielded taxes to her exclusively according to the assessments laid by her officers.
All of the Departments of the Government in interpreting the acts of Congress have accredited the disputed territory to Louisiana.
The State of Mississippi has recognized the disputed territory as being the property of the State of Louisiana, and her present boundary pretension is but a matter of recent creation after long years of recognition of, and acquiescence in, Louisiana's ownership and sovereignty.
It was only after the oyster fishermen of Mississippi by their wasteful system of fishing had either fished up or destroyed all of the Mississippi oysters of any value that these fishermen began to invade Louisiana waters in search of them. Until recent years the Louisiana fisheries were open to all, but are now closed to all except her citizens. It was the exercise of this right that incurred Mississippi's displeasure and brought about this suit. That State made no claim to the territory under thePage 27Swamp Acts and it was granted to Louisiana by the Government.
In 1839 a survey of the Mississippi coast was made pursuant to an act of its legislature. This survey and the report accompanying the same show the deep water channel and credit the territory south of it to Louisiana. The official maps made and supplied by the State to county officers pursuant to the acts of 1866 and 1871 are to the same effect. See also map published by the board of immigration and agriculture of Mississippi under act of 1882.
The doctrine of ownership by prescription is fully sustained by the writers on international law and by the decisions. Pradier Fodere, tome II, p, 337, citing and reviewing all the authorities; the Delagoa Bay dispute, State Papers, vol. 66, 1874, 1875, p. 554; the Great Britain-Venezuela dispute, Moore's Int. Arb. vol. 5, p. 5017;Keyserv.Coe, 9 Blatch. 32;Rhode Islandv.Massachusetts, 4 How. 638;Missouriv.Kentucky, 11 Wall. 403;Kentuckyv.Indiana,136 U.S. 511;Virginiav.Tennessee,148 U.S. 522.Mr. Hannis Taylor, Mr. J.N. FlowersandMr. MonroeMcClurg, with whomMr. William Williams, Attorney General of the State of Mississippi, was on the brief, for defendant:
The action of Congress from 1812 to 1819 in carving out of the Louisiana Purchase and the Mississippi Territory the States of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, giving each a portion of the sea front shows the execution of a common design. The different acts so far as they may be in apparent conflict, must be construed together. 26 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed. 620;Alexanderv.Alexandria, 5 Cranch, 8;Pattersonv.Winn, 14 Pet. 366;United Statesv.Freeman, 3 How. 563;Conversev.United States, 21 How. 463;United Statesv.Walker, 22 How. 299;Ryanv.Carter,93 U.S. 78;Vanev.Newcombe,132 U.S. 220.
In connection with the foregoing the court must apply the equally important rule that, where a particular construction ofPage 28a statute will occasion great inconvenience or produce inequality and injustice, that view is to be avoided if another and more reasonable interpretation is present in the statute.BateRefrigerating Co. v.Sulzberger,157 U.S. 37;Wilsonv.Rousseau, 4 How. 646, 680;Bloomerv.McQuewan, 14 How. 539, 553;Blakev.National Banks, 23 Wall. 307, 320;UnitedStatesv.Kirby, 7 Wall. 482, 486;Knowltonv.Moore,178 U.S. 77. All laws should receive a sensible construction. General terms should be so limited in their application as not to lead to injustice, oppression, or absurd consequence. It will always, therefore, be presumed that the legislature intended exceptions to its language, which would avoid results of this character. The reason of the law, in such cases, should prevail over its letter.United Statesv.Kirby, 7 Wall. 482.
In order to understand the controlling reason underlying the three acts in question considered as one connected whole, there must be taken into consideration the physical conformation and relative extent of the sea front, which they attempted to apportion, as equally as possible, among the States of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. It is well settled that courts will take judicial notice of the prominent geographical facts and features of the country.The Apollon, 9 Wheat. 362;The Montello, 11 Wall. 411. A court will also take judicial notice of the positions of islands off the coast of a State.Statev.Wagner,61 Me. 178. The court has therefore complete judicial knowledge of the geography of the sea front in question, and of the positions of the islands adjacent thereto, to whose partition the three related acts must be applied. To the States of Mississippi and Alabama were given, in identical language, all islands "within six leagues of the shore," and to Louisiana "all islands within three leagues of the coast," the conclusion is irresistible that the wider zone of islands given to the States first named was intended to compensate for the fact that the latter has more than four times as long a sea front as both combined. Everything indicates the intention of Congress to give to each of the three States in question the islands directlyPage 29in front of it; and to the first two a zone of islands twice as wide as that given to the latter for the reason stated. The rule of construction which provides that statutes shall be so construed that they shall not "produce inequality and injustice" is based upon the assumption that legislatures always intend by their acts to establish equality and justice. In this case full justice and equality could not be accorded either to Mississippi or Alabama, even by the grant of the wider zones of islands, because of the far more extended sea front of Louisiana.
There is a well defined international rule which provides that where there is more than one channel in a river dividing coterminous States, the deepest channel is the mid-channel or thalweg for the purposes of territorial demarcation. Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, II, c. 3, sec. 17; Vattel, Droit des Gens, Bk. I, c. XXII, sec. 26. This general rule has no application to a case governed by a special rule established by convention, or by a special right based on prior possession. Twiss, Int. Law, p. 127; 1 Halleck, Int. Law (Baker's ed.), p. 171. It appears from these authorities that the rule in question is confined to the mid-channel or thalweg of rivers, or to a mid-channel which forms the line of separation through the bays and estuaries through which the waters of the river flow into the sea. The moment the sea is reached, or a body of water which is a part of the sea, the rule is at end.
The attempt to extend the rule beyond the estuaries of the river into the open sea, that is, into the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico, cannot be supported either by reason or authority. Not by reason, because the wide expanse of water, unconfined between banks, utterly fails to serve as a boundary; not by authority, because there is no precedent for such an extension of the rule in any work on international law.
Whenever it is necessary for two contiguous States to run a water boundary through an archipelago of islands off their coasts it is only possible to do so by convention, as international law provides no rule upon the subject. For that reasonPage 30Great Britain and the United States, in the famous treaty of 1846, stipulated that the line between them should be continued westward along the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude "to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island, and thence southerly, through the middle of said channel and of Fuca's Straits to the Pacific Ocean." The Emperor of Germany was called upon, as arbitrator, to decide "whether the boundary line which, according to the Treaty of Washington of June 15, 1846, after being carried westward along the forty-ninth parallel of northern latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island is thence to be drawn southerly through the middle of the said named channel and of the Fuca Straits to the Pacific Ocean, should be drawn through the Rosario Channel as the Government of Her Britannic Majesty claims, or through the Haro Channel as the Government of the United States claims." There was no pretense of the existence of any such general rule of international law or "custom" as complainant claims in this case. Only the conventional rule laid down in the treaty was contended for by either side, and its construction was the only subject of the award.
By the express terms of the acts, Congress established a definite land boundary for the State of Louisiana. A special rule having been thus established by competent authority, a general rule, even if such a one existed could not be invoked. General rules of international law are never applied under such circumstances. See Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, II, c. 3; Bluntschli, XV, 2; Martens, Precis, sec. 119, p. 320; Calvo, Droit Int., I, sec. 19, p. 109; Phillimore, Int. Law, I, pp. 44, 45 (2d ed. London); 1 Twiss, Law of Nations, pp. 130, 131; Lawrence's Wheat., p. 28; 1 Halleck, Int. Law, (Baker's ed.), p. 50; Lorimer, Ins. of Int. Law, I, p. 43.
Physical geography simply reproduces the actual coast lines of maritime States, as they are defined by nature at the point of contact of the sea with the land, while the political coast line, superimposed upon it by operation of international law,Page 31is vastly shorter by reason of the fact that the artificial and imaginary line cuts across the heads of bays and inlets. The natural coast line, as known to physical geography, exists primarily for the purposes of boundary. The artificial coast line, as known to international law, exists only for the purposes of jurisdiction. Rivier, Principles du Droit des Gens, vol. I, pp. 145, 146, 170.
Both in their popular and technical senses "coast" and "shore" are identical and convertible terms. 4 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed. p. 818. SeeUnited Statesv.Pacheco, 2 Wall. 587: Farnham on Waters, vol. 2, p. 1463 and vol. 1, p. 227. The word "shore" is also used in admitting Alabama.
An island is a body of land surrounded by water. 17 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law, 2d ed. p. 530. A body of land continually covered by water is not an island.Weberv.Pere Marquette Boom Co.,62 Mich. 626. It does not lose its character by being almost submerged at high tide.De Guyerv.Banning,167 U.S. 723. As to erosion and submergence, seeWiddicombev.Rosemiller, 118 F. 295. It is necessary that a strip of navigable water should separate it from the mainland.Dumphryv.Williams, 2 Pugsley (N.B.), 350;Kingv.Young,76 Me. 76;AmericanRiver Water Co. v.Amsden,6 Cal. 443;AttorneyGeneralv.Woods,108 Mass. 436;Grand Rapidsv.Powers,89 Mich. 94;Bamphreyv.State,52 Minn. 181.
The business of a cartographer, or map-maker, is to describe land forms, not to settle titles of particular sovereignties to particular parts of the earth's surface. The value of every map depends upon two factors: first, the completeness of the data out of which it is constructed; second, the skill of the cartographer in working such data into an harmonious whole. Early maps, which are necessarily based upon incomplete data, are almost invariably misleading guides. For that reason, international jurists generally regard such maps as of little or no value in boundary controversies. The great English jurist, Sir Travers Twiss, in speaking of the uselessness of maps in thePage 32investigation of boundary questions, has even regretted that they are ever appealed to at all. See Greenhow's History of Oregon and California, p. 437, note;United Statesv.Texas,162 U.S. 1.
There is nothing in the Swamp Land Act to give color to the idea suggested in the bill, that Congress, as well as the various departments of the United States Government, having authority in the premises, have themselves recognized the boundary line contended for by Louisiana by reason of the fact that the United States Government has confirmed to the State of Louisiana the lands composing Half Moon Island, etc. So far from there being the slightest foundation of truth for that suggestion the fact is that the act in question undertook to give to complainant as a donation certain lands which, by her application for them, she admitted belonged, not to her, but to the United States.
If defendant's contention is sound that the islands in question were conveyed to her by an express grant upon her admission to the Union in 1817, then the subsequent act of March 2, 1849, purporting to donate certain swamp and overflowed lands to complainant can have no possible operation for the simple reason that the United States had, at the date of said act, neither title nor interest. Grants made by a legislature are not warranties; and if the thing granted was not in the grantor at the time of the grant, no estate passes to her grantee.Ricev.Minn. N.W.R.R. Co., 1 Black, 358;Polkv.Wendal, 9 Cranch, 87. If that be true, then theex parteproceeding of the Secretary of the Interior in 1852 was simply null and void as an attempt to take away a part of the domain of a State without the consent of its legislature. Art. IV, § 3, Const. U.S.
The doctrine of acquiescence does not apply to wild and unsettled lands such as were those in dispute. The assertion of sovereignty by Louisiana practically dates from the act of its legislature of 1902 relating to the dredging of oysters. Mississippi has never acquiesced in the claims of Louisiana but onPage 33the contrary has exercised sovereignty over the disputed territory in many ways,e.g., its courts in 1821 convicted for robbery; an inquest was held upon a body found in the waters of Isle a Pitre in 1886; in 1893 an arrest was made for violations of oyster laws in these waters. The legislature in 1857 passed an oyster and game law covering the territory in question, which was embodied in the Revised Statutes of the State for 1871, 1880 and 1892.
It is apparent that the enforcement of the oyster legislation of the two States led to a conflict between the authorities of both, which involved a dispute as to the true boundary line.
In 1886 the State of Louisiana passed an act vesting the power to control the oyster industry in the hands of the officials of the parishes of the State in their several localities, along general lines laid down in the law. Laws Louisiana, 1886, Act No. 106. This was followed by the acts of 1892 (No. 110), 1896 (No. 121), and 1900 (No. 159). By the act of 1896 non-resident oyster fishermen were prohibited from fishing oysters in Louisiana waters, and the dredging of oysters was also prohibited, in this particular differing from the laws of Mississippi, which permitted it. By a concurrent resolution of 1900 a Legislative Commission was created to investigate and report on the oyster industry of the State.
In January, 1898, the parochial authorities of the parish of St. Bernard equipped and sent out an official expedition to exclude from the oyster waters of the parish any non-residentPage 34oyster fishermen who might be found fishing therein. Non-resident Mississippi oystermen were found fishing oysters there, and they were notified that they must stop fishing and move out of those waters. These Mississippians then complained to the Mississippi authorities and a conference ensued between representatives of the parish of St. Bernard and the county of Hancock. In January, 1901, at the instance of the Louisiana Legislative Commission appointed under the act of 1900, and of committees appointed from the police juries of the Louisiana parishes of St. Bernard and Plaquemines, a meeting of the state officials of Louisiana was held in New Orleans to consider the subject of the dispute with the State of Mississippi, and the invasion by non-residents of the Louisiana oyster waters. This meeting resulted in the appointment by the Governor of Louisiana of a commission of five members, and an official communication from the Governor of Louisiana addressed to the Governor of Mississippi requesting the latter to appoint a similar commission to see if it were possible to effect an amicable settlement of the dispute between the two States. This Mississippi commission was accordingly appointed, and the two commissions held a joint conference in New Orleans in March, 1901. Louisiana presented at the conference a map showing the Louisiana contention as to the boundary, which is the map attached to the bill and marked Exhibit E. The Mississippi commission reported that it was impossible to effect an amicable extra-judicial settlement of the dispute, and that the only hope of settlement was a friendly suit in the Supreme Court of the United States. This report was submitted by the Mississippi commission to the Governor of Mississippi and was transmitted to the legislature of that State. At this session the State of Mississippi passed a new law controlling her oyster waters and oyster industry. Laws, 1902, c. 58. This act created a state oyster commission, vested with entire control of the Mississippi oyster industry. It took the control of the industry out of the hands of the coast county authorities and centralized it in this state department, which was authorized to establish aPage 35system of patrol of the Mississippi oyster waters and to maintain patrol boats to sustain the oyster laws in her territory. In July, 1902, the State of Louisiana followed the example of the State of Mississippi and adopted an act, Acts 1902, No. 153, creating a state oyster commission of Louisiana as a state department vested with full control of the oyster industry of Louisiana, and authorized to establish patrol boats and maintain an armed patrol on the Louisiana oyster waters to protect her rights in the oyster industry therein. In view of the danger of an armed conflict, the Oyster Commissions of both States, in September, 1902, adopted a joint resolution establishing a neutral territory between the two States "pending the final decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in the boundary suit to be instituted," to remain a common fishing ground. Thismodus vivendidid not include all of the disputed territory, but the waters of Mississippi Sound between the deep water channel and the north shore line of the Louisiana marshes were embraced by it.
In the following October this bill was filed. Louisiana appeared through her Governor and her Attorney General, and the action of the Governor in instituting the suit was subsequently approved, ratified and confirmed by the legislature.
The facts that the act of Congress admitting the State of Louisiana gave that State all islands within three leagues or nine miles of her coast, and that the subsequent act of Congress admitting the State of Mississippi purported to give that State all islands within six leagues or eighteen miles of her shore, and that some islands within nine miles of the Louisiana coast were also within eighteen miles of the Mississippi shore, furnished the basis for a boundary controversy, although, in our judgment, the apparent inconsistency is reconcilable, as hereinafter explained. And that controversy involved to each State pecuniary values of magnitude, as is shown by the evidence on both sides. We think that there existed between the two States, in their sovereign capacity as States, a controversy affecting the boundary line separating them in the locality inPage 36question of a character to justify the exercise of our original jurisdiction within the rules laid down inMissouriv.Illinois,200 U.S. 496;S.C.,180 U.S. 208;Pennsylvaniav.Wheeling Bridge Company, 13 How. 518, 589;Louisianav.Texas,176 U.S. 1;Kansasv.Colorado,185 U.S. 125.
2. The State of Louisiana was admitted into the Union by the act of Congress approved April 6, 1812,2 Stat. 701, c. 50, which commenced as follows:
"Whereas, the representatives of the people of all that part of the territory or country ceded under the name of `Louisiana' by the treaty at Paris on the thirtieth day of April, one thousand eight hundred and three, between the United States and France, contained within the following limits, that is to say: Beginning at the mouth of the river Sabine; thence, by a line to be drawn along the middle of said river, including all islands, to the thirty-second degree of latitude; thence due north to the northernmost part of the thirty-third degree of north latitude; thence along said parallel of latitude to the river Mississippi; thence, down the said river, to the river Iberville; and from thence, along the middle of the said river, and Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the Gulf of Mexico; thence, bounded by the said Gulf, to the place of beginning, including all islands within three leagues of the coast; . . ."
Map or diagram No. 1 (antep. 4), given in the opening statement, shows the limits as thus defined.
By an act of Congress approved April 14, 1812,2 Stat. 708, c. 57, additional territory was added to the State of Louisiana, described thus:
"All that tract of country comprehended within the following bounds, to wit: Beginning at the junction of the Iberville, with the river Mississippi; thence along the middle of the Iberville, the river Amite, and the Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the eastern mouth of the Pearl river; thence up the eastern branch of Pearl river to the thirty-first degree of north latitude; thence along the said degree of latitude to the river Mississippi; thence down the said river to the place of beginning,Page 37shall become and form a part of the said State of Louisiana, and be subject to the constitution and laws thereof, in the same manner, and for all intents and purposes, as if it had been included within the original boundaries of the said State."
This added territory is shown on map or diagram No. 2 (antep. 5). The eastern boundary of Louisiana was thereby moved eastward from the Mississippi to Pearl river, and Louisiana was given the country south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude, and north of the boundary formed by the river Iberville, the middle of Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain and the Rigolets.
The river Iberville is called on this map Bayou Manchac, and is still known by that name. The Rigolets is a gut connecting the waters of Lakes Pontchartrain and Borgne, both of which are bodies of salt water and were originally arms of the sea. In order to reach the open waters of the Gulf of Mexico from the middle of Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain the line ran through the Rigolets into Lake Borgne, and after the addition to the State by the act of April 14, 1812, the eastern boundary line of Louisiana entered Lake Borgne to the south by Pearl river as well as the Rigolets. To get from Lake Borgne into the open water of the Gulf of Mexico beyond Chandeleur Islands and around to the western boundary of Louisiana, it was necessary, as Louisiana contends, to follow the deep water channel north of Half Moon or Grand Island, through Mississippi Sound, and thence by the pass between Cat Island and Isle a Pitre, north of the Chandeleur Islands, into the open Gulf. Many maps are given in the record, some made at dates long prior to the admission of Louisiana as a State, some at that time, and some within a few years thereafter, and all show the St. Bernard peninsula to be geographically a true part of the State of Louisiana, or of an area of country that was to form the State, and that the said peninsula projected itself as a well-defined arm of land out into the waters of the Gulf, branching off as a projection from the main body of land composingPage 38the State, and forming a part of it. We observe that on many of these early maps the term "peninsula" is applied to this projection, and that designation is sufficiently accurate for the purpose of description.
November 14, 1803, President Jefferson sent a communication to Congress, in which, among other things, he said:
"The object of the following pages is to consolidate the information respecting the present State of Louisiana, furnished to the Executive by several individuals among the best informed on the subject.
"Of the province of Louisiana no general map, sufficiently correct to be depended upon, has been published, nor has any been yet procured from a private source. It is, indeed, probable that surveys have never been made upon so extensive a scale as to afford the means of laying down the various regions of a country which in some of its parts appears to have been but imperfectly explored. . . .
"St. Bernardo.
"On the east side of the Mississippi, about five leagues below New Orleans, and at the head of the English Bend, is a settlement known by the name of the Poblacion de St. Bernardo, or the Terre au Boeufs, extending on both sides of a creek or drain, whose head is contiguous to the Mississippi, and which flowing eastward, after a course of eighteen leagues, and dividing itself into two branches, falls into the sea and Lake Borgne. This settlement consists of two parishes, almost all the inhabitants of which are Spaniards from the Canaries, who content themselves with raising fowls, corn and garden stuff for the market at New Orleans. The lands cannot be cultivated to any great distance from the banks of the creek, on account of the vicinity of the marsh behind them, but the place is susceptible of great improvement, and of affording another communication to small craft of from eight to ten feet draught, between the sea and the Mississippi."
"Country from Plaquemines to the sea, and effect of the hurricanes:Page 39
"From Plaquemines to the sea is twelve or thirteen leagues. The country is low, swampy, chiefly covered with reeds, and having little or no timber, and no settlement whatever. It may be necessary to mention here, that the whole lower part of the country, from the English Turn downwards, is subject to overflowing in hurricanes, either by the recoiling of the river, or reflux from the sea on each side; and, on more than one occasion, it has been covered from the depth of two to ten feet, according to the descent of the river, whereby many lives were lost, horses and cattle swept away, and a scene of destruction laid. The last calamity of this kind happened in 1794, but fortunately they are not frequent. In the preceding year the engineer who superintended the erection of the fort at Plaquemines was drowned in his house near the fort, and the workmen and garrison escaped only by taking refuge on an elevated spot in the fort, on which there were notwithstanding two or three feet of water. These hurricanes have generally been felt in the month of August. Their greatest fury lasts about twelve hours. They commence in the southeast, veer about to all the points of the compass, are felt most severely below, and seldom extend more than a few leagues above New Orleans. In their whole course they are marked with ruin and desolation. Until that of 1793, there had been none felt from the year 1780."
This communication was, of course, before Congress when the act of 1812, admitting Louisiana, was approved, and the peninsula was clearly recognized as forming part of the parish of St. Bernard, as was its marshy character and that of the adjoining parish.
By the act of Congress, approved March 1, 1817,3 Stat. 348, c. 23, the inhabitants of the western part of the then Mississippi Territory were authorized to form for themselves a state constitution and to be admitted into the Union with the following boundaries: "Beginning on the river Mississippi at the point where the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee strikes the same; thence east along the said boundary line to the Tennessee river; thence up the same to the mouth of BearPage 40creek; thence by a direct line to the northwest corner of the county of Washington; thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico; thence westwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the most eastern junction of Pearl river with Lake Borgne; thence up said river to the thirty-first degree of north latitude; thence west along the said degree of latitude to the Mississippi river; thence up the same to the beginning."
The people in convention, August 15, 1817, formed a constitution and state government (approved subsequently by popular vote), and the State was admitted by resolution December 10, 1817,3 Stat. 472.
The State of Alabama was admitted by the act of March 2, 1819,3 Stat. 489, c. 47, which provided: "That the said State shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Beginning at the point where the thirty-first degree of north latitude intersects the Perdido river; thence, east, to the western boundary line of the State of Georgia; thence along said line, to the southern boundary line, to State of Tennessee; thence, west, along said boundary line, to the Tennessee river; thence, up the same, to the mouth of Bear creek; thence, by a direct line, to the northwest corner of Washington county; thence, due south, to the Gulf of Mexico; thence, eastwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river; and thence, up the same to the beginning."
The islands, marsh or otherwise, claimed by Louisiana in this case were all within three leagues of her coast. The act admitting Mississippi was passed five years after the Louisiana act, yet Mississippi claims thereunder the disputed territory, as being islands within eighteen miles of her shore. If it were true that this repugnancy between the two acts existed, it is enough to say that Congress, after the admission of Louisiana, could not take away any portion of that State and give it to the State of Mississippi. The rule,Qui prior est tempore, potior in jure, applied, and section three of article IV of the Constitution does not permit the claims of any particular State to bePage 41prejudiced by the exercise of the power of Congress therein conferred.
But it is said that the act admitting Louisiana, the act admitting Mississippi, and the act admitting Alabama must be construed asin pari materia;and, being so construed, that Congress must be held to have had in view in the three acts a division of the coast along the Gulf of Mexico so as to equalize the water frontage of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Alabama.
We do not regard these acts asin pari materiain any proper sense. They provided for the admission of three separate States, and the subject of each was not only not identical with, but not even similar to, that of the others. They did not form part of a homogeneous whole, of a common system, so as to allow a claimant under the later act to successfully contend that it changed the earlier act by construction or effected such change because declaratory of the meaning of the prior act.
And assuming for the sake of argument that the Louisiana and Mississippi acts were irreconcilably inconsistent, but remembering that when Louisiana was admitted into the Union, the territory now composing the coast counties of Mississippi, that is, below the thirty-first degree of north latitude, was not actually a part of the Mississippi Territory but was in dispute between the United States and Spain, the theory of any preconcerted design in regard to the water front of the two States is too unreasonable to be entertained.
In the treaty of peace between England, France and Spain of February 10, 1716, Article VII, on the subject of the boundary line separating the dominions of England and France in the New World, provided: "That for the future the confines between the dominions of His Brittanic Majesty and those of His Most Christian Majesty in that part of the world shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the river Mississippi from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence by a line drawn along the middle of this river and the Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain to the sea." According to this treaty England retained the port of Mobile and its river and everything eastPage 42of the Rigolets. The Island of Orleans, formed by the river Iberville, Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, the Rigolets, the Gulf of Mexico and the Mississippi river, remained the property of France. In the treaty of February 10, 1763, practically the same language is used in describing the boundary line separating the British from the French territory, and by the twentieth article the cession to England of Florida by Spain and all that Spain possessed on the continent of North America was provided for. By the treaty of September 3, 1783, between England and Spain, England retroceded East and West Florida to Spain. By the treaty of St. Ildefonso of October 1, 1800, Spain ceded to France "the colony or province of Louisiana with the same extent that it now has in the hands of Spain, and that it had when France possessed it, and such as it should be after the treaties subsequently entered into between Spain and other States." April 30, 1803, France ceded to the United States "the colony or province of Louisiana," using the same description as used by Spain in ceding the territory to her, and stating in Article II "In the cession made in the preceding article are included the adjacent islands belonging to Louisiana. . . ."
There is nothing in any of these transfers to raise a doubt that the peninsula of St. Bernard was part of the Island of Orleans and that this Island of Orleans was in fact formed by the extension to the sea of the boundary line coming down through the middle of Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain and so finding its way to the sea by the deep water channel.
March 26, 1804, an act of Congress was approved, dividing the country acquired as Louisiana from France into two parts, providing:
"That all that portion of the country ceded by France to the United States, under the name of Louisiana, which lies south of the Mississippi Territory and of an east and west line to commence on the Mississippi river, at the thirty-third degree of north latitude, and to extend west to the western boundary of the said cession, shall constitute a Territory of the UnitedPage 43States under the name of the Territory of Orleans; the government whereof shall be organized and administered as follows:
* * * * * * * *
"SECTION 12. The residue of the Province of Louisiana, ceded to the United States, shall be called the District of Louisiana, the government whereof shall be organized and administered as follows: . . ."
Congress manifestly regarded the lands to the east, that were south of the Mississippi Territory, and which form the disputed area of to-day, as part of the original Island of Orleans, included in the treaty of April 30, 1803; and these were given to the Territory of Orleans, whose southeastern boundary was the original southeastern boundary of the Island of Orleans. At that date the Mississippi Territory did not extend south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude and its domain did not reach the shore of Mississippi Sound, so called.
February 20, 1811,2 Stat. 641, c. 21, an act of Congress was approved "to enable the people of the Territory of Orleans to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such State into the Union, on an equal footing with the original States, and for other purposes." The description of the limits was as follows: "Beginning at the mouth of the river Sabine, thence, by a line to be drawn along the middle of the said river, including all islands to the thirty-second degree of latitude; thence due north to the northernmost part of the thirty-third degree of north latitude; thence along said parallel of latitude to the river Mississippi; thence down the said river to the river Iberville; and from thence along the middle of the said river and Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain, to the Gulf of Mexico; thence bounded by said Gulf, to the place of beginning: including all islands within three leagues of the coast," etc.
The eastern boundary thus described is a water boundary, and, in extending this water boundary to the open sea or Gulf of Mexico, we think it included the Rigolets and the deep water sailing channel line to get around to the westward. A littlePage 44over one year later Louisiana was created a State by the act of Congress of April 6, 1812, with this identical eastern boundary line; and the addition of territory by the act of April 14, 1812, did not affect the deep water sailing channel line as a boundary.
April 7, 1798,1 Stat. 549, c. 28, an act was approved "for an amicable settlement of limits with the State of Georgia, and authorizing the establishment of a government in the Mississippi Territory," which read in part: "That all that tract of country bounded on the west by the Mississippi; on the north by a line to be drawn due east from the mouth of the Yasous to the Chatahouchee river; on the east by the river Chatahouchee; and on the south by the thirty-first degree of north latitude, shall be, and hereby is constituted one district, to be called the Mississippi Territory." This was in conformity with the treaty between Spain and the United States of October 27, 1795. Maps of that date, and subsequently, show that the admitted rights of the United States did not at the time extend south of the thirty-first degree of north latitude at that point.
By an act of January 15, 1811, the President of the United States was authorized, among other things, in the event that any foreign government attempted to occupy the same, to take possession of the country lying east of the river Perdido, and south of the State of Georgia and the Mississippi Territory. The river Perdido is in the State of Alabama, east of the State of Mississippi, and flows into the Gulf of Mexico between Mobile Bay in Alabama and Pensacola Bay in Florida. A few days later, and on March 3, 1811, an act of Congress was approved, providing that the act of January 15, 1811, and this act, should not be published until the end of the next session of Congress, unless with the consent of the President.
By resolution approved January 15, 1811, it was specifically declared that the United States could not without serious inquietude see any part of the territory adjoining the southern border of the United States pass into the hands of any foreign power, "and that a due regard to their own safety compelsPage 45them to provide, under certain contingencies, for the temporary occupation of the said territory."3 Stat. 471.
May 14, 1812, an act of Congress was passed,2 Stat. 734, c. 84, to enlarge the boundaries of the Mississippi Territory, which used the following language: "That all that portion of the territory lying east of Pearl river, west of the Perdido, and south of the thirty-first degree of latitude, be, and the same is hereby annexed to the Mississippi Territory," etc. The country described was not at the time in the possession of the United States, and on February 12, 1812, Congress passed an act "authorizing the President of the United States to take possession of a tract of country lying south of the Mississippi Territory and west of the river Perdido," which act referred to the tract as "not now in the possession of the United States."3 Stat. 472. But it was not until the enabling act in respect of Mississippi, approved March 1, 1817, that the language was used: "Thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico, thence westwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the most eastern junction of Pearl river and Lake Borgne," etc.
The claim of Mississippi is that the disputed area is composed of islands, and as those islands are within eighteen miles of her shore, that they were given to her by the act of March 1, and the resolution of December 10, 1817. It is true there are some islands in that area, such as Grassy, Half Moon, Petit Pass and Isle a Pitre, all of which are between the deep water channel on the north and the main coast line of St. Bernard peninsula on the south.
The contention of Louisiana is that these islands were previously given to her by the act of April 6, 1812, more than five years prior to the admission of Mississippi, and that her title thereto, even if the acts were in conflict, is superior to that of the State of Mississippi; and she also contends that the islands belong to her because they are south of the deep water sailing channel line, which she submits is the true boundary line between the two States. Mississippi denies that the peninsulaPage 46of St. Bernard and the Louisiana Marshes constitute a peninsula in the true sense of the word, but insists that they constitute an archipelago of islands. Certainly there are in the body of the Louisiana Marshes or St. Bernard peninsula portions of sea marsh which might technically be called islands, because they are land entirely surrounded by water, but they are not true islands. They are rather, as the Commissioner of the General Land Office wrote the Mississippi land commissioner in 1904, "in fact, hummocks of land surrounded by the marsh and swamp in said townships. . . ."
And when the Louisiana act used the words: "thence bounded by the said Gulf to the place of beginning, including all islands within three leagues of the coast," the coast referred to is the whole coast of the State, and the peninsula of St. Bernard formed an integral part of it. Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound are bodies of salt water and as such parts of the sea or Gulf, and as the coast of Louisiana began along the north shore of the peninsula, it is not to be supposed that the islands referred to by Congress in the Louisiana act were solely those islands to the south of that State.
The contention of Mississippi is based upon an assumed inconsistency between the Louisiana and the Mississippi acts, but we think upon a true interpretation, in the light of the facts, that no such inconsistency can be imputed. The maps show that there is a chain, not of alluvial but of sea sand islands running from the west shore of Mobile Bay in the State of Alabama, westward to and inclusive of Cat Island in the State of Mississippi. This chain forms the southern boundary of Mississippi Sound, and the islands are all relatively the same distance from the shore of the States of Mississippi and of Alabama. They, beginning at the eastern end, are Dauphin, Petit Bois, Horn, Ship and Cat Islands, and there are some other islands lying within this chain. If Congress referred to these islands as being thus within six leagues of the shore, when the act creating the State of Mississippi was passed, it follows that there would be no conflict with prior existing boundaries ofPage 47the State of Louisiana, particularly if the deep water sailing channel line be taken as the correct boundary between the States. And when Congress created a separate territorial government for the eastern part of Mississippi Territory and called it Alabama, by the act of March 3, 1817, it used the same language concerning the western and southern boundary of the Territory: "thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico, thence eastwardly, including all islands within six leagues of the shore to the river Perdido and thence up same to the beginning." It seems obvious to us that it was to this chain of islands that Congress referred when it admitted Mississippi into the Union, and that it had no intention whatsoever of giving Mississippi any claim of ownership in the sea marsh islands, which had been previously granted to the State of Louisiana.
We are of opinion that the peninsula of St. Bernard in its entirety belongs to Louisiana; that the Louisiana Marshes at the eastern extremity thereof form part of the coast line of the State; and that the islands within nine miles of that coast are hers, except as restricted by the deep water sailing channel regarded as a boundary. Cat Island, for instance, is within the nine miles, but it is north of the deep water channel, is not alluvial, and is conceded by both States to belong to Mississippi.
3. That there is a deep water sailing channel line emerging from the mouth of Pearl river, and extending east between Lower Point Clear and Grand Island, is shown by the numerous maps, surveys and sketches in the record. It separates into two branches, one of them passing between Cat Island and Isle a Pitre.
Among the maps put in evidence by Louisiana is one prepared by George Gauld, M.A., for the British Admiralty in the year 1778, and, from the relative depths of water given, the existence of this same channel, extending out into the Gulf, southwest of Cat Island, is shown and is the same as noted on maps of subsequent years.
February 14, 1839, an act of the legislature of Mississippi wasPage 48approved, providing for a survey of the Mississippi coast. The survey and report are given in full in the record, and the deep water channel above referred to is traceable in detail on the sketch. The channels indicated on this survey and on the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey map are the same channels. It may be noted, in passing, that the body of water now known as "Mississippi Sound," is not so designated on this sketch, and the first map which uses this name, to which our attention has been called, was issued in 1866.
Louisiana lies between the States of Mississippi to the east and Texas to the west. The southern portion of Louisiana is geologically of an alluvial formation, containing the delta of the Mississippi river. The peninsula of the parish of St. Bernard is practically a part of this delta formation.
Mississippi's mainland borders on Mississippi Sound. This is an inclosed arm of the sea, wholly within the United States, and formed by a chain of large islands, extending westward from Mobile, Alabama, to Cat Island. The openings from this body of water into the Gulf are neither of them six miles wide. Such openings occur between Cat Island and Isle a Pitre; between Cat and Ship Islands; between Ship and Horn Islands; between Horn and Petit Bois Islands; between Petit Bois and Dauphin Islands; and between Dauphin Island and the mainland on the west coast of Mobile Bay. The maps show all this, and, among others, reference may be made to Jeffrey's map of 1775, given in the record, and which in reduced form is reproduced from Jeffrey's Atlas of 1800 as the frontispiece of vol. II Adams' History of the United States.
Now to repeat, the boundary of Louisiana separating her from the State of Mississippi to the east is the thread of the channel of the Mississippi river, and this extends south until it reaches the thirty-first degree of north latitude and then runs directly east along that degree until Pearl river is reached; thence south along the channel of that river to Lake Borgne. Pearl river flows into Lake Borgne, Lake Borgne into Mississippi Sound and Mississippi Sound into the open Gulf of Mexico,Page 49through, among other outlets, South Pass, separating Cat Island from Isle a Pitre.
If the doctrine of the thalweg is applicable, the correct boundary line separating Louisiana from Mississippi in these waters is the deep water channel.
The term "thalweg" is commonly used by writers on international law in definition of water boundaries between States, meaning the middle or deepest or most navigable channel. And while often styled "fairway" or "midway" or "main channel," the word itself has been taken over into various languages. Thus in the treaty of Luneville, February 9, 1801, we find "le Thalweg de l'Adige," "le Thalweg du Rhin," and it is similarly used in English treaties and decisions, and the books of publicists in every tongue.
InIowav.Illinois,147 U.S. 1, the rule of the thalweg was stated and applied. The controversy between the States of Iowa and Illinois on the Mississippi river, which flowed between them, was as to the line which separated "the jurisdiction of the two States for the purposes of taxation and other purposes of government." Iowa contended that the boundary line was the middle of the main body of the river, without regard to the "steamboat channel" or deepest part of the stream. Illinois claimed that its jurisdiction extended to the channel upon which commerce on the river by steamboats or other vessels was usually conducted. This court held that the true line in a navigable river between States is the middle of the main channel of the river.
Mr. Justice Field, delivering the opinion of the court, said:
"When a navigable river constitutes the boundary between two independent States, the line defining the point at which the jurisdiction of the two separates is well established to be the middle of the main channel of the stream. The interest of each State in the navigation of the river admits of no other line. The preservation by each of its equal right in the navigation of the stream is the subject of paramount interest. It is, therefore, laid down in all the recognized treatises on internationalPage 50law of modern times that the middle of the channel of the stream marks the true boundary between the adjoining States up to which each State will on its side exercise jurisdiction. In international law, therefore, and by the usage of European nations, the term `middle of the stream,' as applied to a navigable river, is the same as the middle of the channel of such stream, and in that sense the terms are used in the treaty of peace between Great Britain, France, and Spain, concluded at Paris in 1763. By the language, `a line drawn along the middle of the river Mississippi from its source to the river Iberville,' as there used, is meant along the middle of the channel of the river Mississippi."
This judgment related to navigable rivers. But we are of opinion that, on occasion, the principle of the thalweg is applicable, in respect of water boundaries, to sounds, bays, straits, gulfs, estuaries and other arms of the sea.
As to boundary lakes and landlocked seas, where there is no necessary track of navigation, the line of demarcation is drawn in the middle, and this is true of narrow straits separating the lands of two different States; but whenever there is a deep water sailing channel therein, it is thought by the publicists that the rule of the thalweg applies. 1 Martens (F. de), 2d ed. 134; Hall, § 38; Bluntschli, 5th ed. §§ 298, 299; 1 Oppenheim, 254, 255.
Thus Martens writes: "What we have said in regard to rivers and lakes is equally applicable to the straits or gulfs of the sea, especially those which do not exceed the ordinary width of rivers or double the distance that a cannon can carry."
So Pradier Fodere says (Vol. II, p. 202), that as to lakes, "in communication with or connected with the sea, they ought to be considered under the same rules as international rivers."
The same view is confirmed by decisions of this court and of many arbitral tribunals.
InDevoe Manufacturing Company,108 U.S. 401, the question at issue was in regard to the boundary line between New York and New Jersey under an agreement between the twoPage 51States. The jurisdiction of the State of New Jersey was claimed "to extend down to the bay of New York, and to the channel midway of said bay," and this court sustained the claim. SeeHamburgAmerican Steamship Companyv.Grube,196 U.S. 407.
In the San Juan Water Boundary controversy between the United States and Great Britain, Emperor William I gave the award in favor of the United States, October 21, 1871, by deciding "that the boundary line between the territory of Her Brittanic Majesty and the United States should be drawn through the Haro Channel;" and it is apparent that the decision was based on the deep channel theory as applicable to sounds and arms of the sea, such as the straits of San Juan de Fuca; indeed in a subsequent definition of the boundary, signed by the Secretary of State, the British Minister, and the British representative, the boundary line was said to be prolonged until "it reaches the center of the fairway of the Straits of San Juan de Fuca." The fairway was the equivalent of the thalweg.
Again, in fixing the boundary line of the Detroit river, under the sixth and seventh articles of the treaty of Ghent, the deep water channel was adopted, giving Belle Isle to the United States as lying north of that channel.
So in theAlaskan Boundarycase, the majority of the arbitration tribunal, made up of Baron Alverstone, Lord Chief Justice of England, Mr. Secretary Root, and Senators Lodge and Turner, held that the middle of the Portland Channel was the proper boundary line and included Wales Island, to the north of which the channel passed. This sustained the American contention in regard to the thalweg and the island lying south of it.
But counsel contend that the rule "as to the flow of the midchannel or thalweg of the river Iberville (now known as Manchac) through the east, through Lakes Maurepas and Pontchartrain expires by its own limitation when such midchannel reaches Lake Borgne, which in contemplation of the rule is thePage 52open sea, and part of the waters of the Gulf of Mexico." This contention is inconsistent, as matter of fact, with the allegation of the cross bill that "the Mississippi Sound was recognized as a body of water six leagues wide, wholly within the State of Mississippi from Lake Borgne to the Alabama line, separate and distinct from the Gulf of Mexico," and with Mississippi's Exhibit Map A presenting her claim, while the record shows that the strip of water, part of Lake Borgne and Mississippi Sound, is not an open sea but a very shallow arm of the sea, having outside of the deep water channel an inconsiderable depth.
The maritime belt is that part of the sea which, in contradistinction to the open sea, is under the sway of the riparian States, which can exclusively reserve the fishery within their respective maritime belts for their own citizens; whether fish, or pearls, or amber, or other products of the sea. SeeManchesterv.Massachusetts,139 U.S. 240;McCreadyv.Virginia,94 U.S. 391.
InManchesterv.Massachusetts, the court said: "We think it must be regarded as established that, as between nations, the minimum limit of the territorial jurisdiction of a nation over tide waters is a marine league from its coast; that bays wholly within its territory not exceeding two marine leagues in width at the mouth are within this limit; and that included in this territorial jurisdiction is the right of control over fisheries, whether the fish be migratory, free swimming fish, or free moving fish, or fish attached to or embedded in the soil. The open sea within this limit is, of course, subject to the common right of navigation; and all governments, for the purpose of self protection in time of war or for the prevention of frauds on its revenue, exercise an authority beyond this limit."
Questions as to the breadth of the maritime belt or the extent of the sway of the riparian States require no special consideration here. The facts render such discussion unnecessary.
Islands formed by alluvion were held by Lord Stowell, in respect of certain mud islands at the mouth of the Mississippi,Page 53to be "natural appendages of the coast on which they border, and from which indeed they are formed."The Anna(1805), 5 C. Rob. 373.
As to these particular waters, the observations of Mr. Hall, 4th ed. p. 129, are in point: "Off the coast of Florida, among the Bahamas, along the shores of Cuba, and in the Pacific, are to be found groups of numerous islands and islets rising out of vast banks, which are covered with very shoal water, and either form a line more or less parallel with land or compose systems of their own, in both cases enclosing considerable sheets of water, which are sometimes also shoal and sometimes relatively deep. The entrance to these interior bays or lagoons may be wide in breadth of surface water, but it is narrow in navigable water."
He then states the specific case of the Archipelago de los Canarios on the coast of Cuba, and says: "In cases of this sort the question whether the interior waters are, or are not, lakes enclosed within the territory, must always depend upon the depth upon the banks, and the width of the entrances. Each must be judged upon its own merits. But in the instance cited, there can be little doubt that the whole Archipielago de los Canarios is a mere salt water lake, and that the boundary of the land of Cuba runs along the exterior edge of the bank."
In such circumstances as exist in the present case, we perceive no reason for declining to apply the rule of the thalweg in determining the boundary.
4. Moreover, it appears from the record that the various departments of the United States Government have recognized Louisiana's ownership of the disputed area; that Louisiana has always asserted it; and that Mississippi has repeatedly recognized it, and not until recently has disputed it.
The question is one of boundary, and this court has many times held that, as between the States of the Union, long acquiescence in the assertion of a particular boundary and the exercise of dominion and sovereignty over the territory within it, should be accepted as conclusive, whatever the internationalPage 54rule might be in respect of the acquisition by prescription of large tracts of country claimed by both.Virginiav.Tennessee,148 U.S. 503;Indianav.Kentucky,136 U.S. 479;Missouriv.Kentucky, 11 Wall. 395;Rhode Islandv.Massachusetts, 4 How. 591.
The Louisiana Enabling Act of February 20, 1811, provided that all the waste and unappropriated lands in said State should be and remain the property of the United States Government. In the disputed area of to-day are included lands and waters located in various townships, all of which are enumerated in the southeastern land district of Louisiana, east of the Mississippi river. The lands in these townships were surveyed by the Government about the year 1842, all of them as being in and forming a part of the State of Louisiana. By the Swamp Land Grants of 1849 and 1850, the United States granted to certain States the swamp and overflowed lands within their respective limits, in order that these lands might be reclaimed, protected from overflow, and brought into use. Louisiana made application to the United States for the approval to her of these lands as being part of her territory and situated within her limits. They all lay south of the deep water channel and were all approved to the State of Louisiana May 6, 1852. They were then offered by the State through the register of the state land office for sale and many sales of them were made from time to time to individuals and patents issued therefor in various years from 1853 to 1894. In 1892, in furtherance of the better protection of the lands of the parishes of St. Bernard and Plaquemines from overflow, the legislature of Louisiana adopted an act which created a Lake Borgne Basin Levee Commission, and provided a board of commissioners therefor as a department of the state government, and the register of the state land office was authorized to transfer all of the unsold lands to the board, which was done in April, 1895. The board was authorized by law to sell these lands and also to levy taxes to be used in establishing a protective levee system in the district. The board made sales of a considerable number of acresPage 55to different individuals from September 16, 1898, to March 7, 1902. Isle a Pitre was composed of certain enumerated sections of township ten, south of range twenty east, and these lands were approved to Louisiana by the Commissioner of the General Land Office of the United States May 6, 1852, as forming part of that State, and they were subsequently patented, sold and conveyed to various individuals, the chain of title extending from 1852, a period of over fifty years. The lands forming Isle a Pitre have been paying taxes to the State of Louisiana for years. Political and police control and jurisdiction by the parish of St. Bernard officials were exercised over the disputed area, and many instances are given of police control and jurisdiction by Louisiana officials over this general territory. This territory consisted, as heretofore stated, of what was known as the Louisiana Marshes, and it is admitted that they have immemorially been known by that name, though some of the witnesses for Mississippi said that they were also known as Grand Marshes, admitting, however, that they were quite as frequently called the Louisiana Marshes.
Some other matters may properly be referred to as showing the general understanding of and acquiescence in the boundary asserted by Louisiana.
In January, 1901, the Superintendent of the Coast and Geodetic Survey was applied to by a member of the House of Representatives from Mississippi for information in regard to the boundary line between Louisiana and Mississippi in the present disputed area, and Hodgkins, an assistant in the Department, a well-known expert in such matters, made a report January 30, 1901, which, after considering the subject in all its phases, showed that the correct boundary between the two States in the locality is the deep water sailing channel line contended for by Louisiana.
The United States Geological Survey published in the year 1900 a bulletin devoted to a discussion of the boundaries of the States and Territories, and giving a history of changes as they may have occurred. The third edition was published inPage 561904. Gannett's Boundaries, 58th Congress, 2d Session, H.R. Doc. 678.
In the opinion of that Bureau, Louisiana was originally bounded by the deep water channel, and is the owner of the area in dispute to-day, according to the report and the accompanying sketches.
In 1897, Louisiana requested the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries to make an investigation and report upon certain technical matters in connection with the oyster industry of that State, which investigation was made in February. 1898, by the United States Fish Commission steamer "Fish Hawk." A map was made of the area investigated in St. Bernard parish, and that map is given in the opening statement as Diagram No. 4. Louisiana's ownership was clearly recognized.
The General Land Office of the United States began as early as 1842 a detailed survey of the land forming the disputed area, of which township plats appear in the record. The survey gave the location of Marsh Island, Half Moon or Grand Island, an unnamed island, Petit Pass Island, and Isle a Pitre and the sections and townships comprised in these islands. They were all designated as being in the southeastern land district of Louisiana, east of the Mississippi river.
When, as we have said, Louisiana, in the year 1852, selected these and other lands within her state limits as enuring to her under the Swamp Land Grants, the General Land Office, on May, 6 1852, recognized the correctness of the claim to the lands and approved and patented them to her as a State. Mississippi also applied for the land enuring to her under the provisions of those grants, and received her swamp lands, but the State never selected and never had approved to her, as is shown by the books of the State Land Office of Mississippi, any of the lands in the disputed area of to-day; but it appeared that the State did have in her Land Office books a record of the lands forming St. Joseph's Island, which lay immediately north of the deep water channel, and did not extend south of that channel.Page 57
The General Land Office of the United States in all of the maps it has caused to be made of Louisiana and Mississippi has been consistent in its recognition of the ownership by Louisiana of the disputed area. See maps of Louisiana, 1879, 1886, 1887, 1896; and of Mississippi in 1890.
As before stated, in 1839, an engineer and surveyor made a report and sketch of the coast of Mississippi under the authority of that State. This showed the territory lying south of the deep water channel in outline to be a peninsular formation. The report referred to Horn, Petit Bois, Cat and Ship Islands as belonging to Mississippi, all of which are east of the disputed territory; and the territory southwest of the deep water channel, or South Pass, was described as the Louisiana Marshes. The official maps of Mississippi recognized Louisiana's ownership of the disputed territory. The state map of October 26, 1866, which was approved by Governor Humphrey and also by Governor Alcorn, did this; and other maps, as the official map of Mississippi, published under an act of the legislature of that State on March 8, 1882; Rand McNally's sectional map of Mississippi, compiled from the records of the office of the Surveyor General of the Board of Immigration and Agriculture, Jackson, Mississippi; and the Railroad Commissioners' map of Mississippi gave like recognition. The only exception seems to be a map of the Railroad Commission, issued in 1904, two years after this suit was instituted, wherein on the eighteen-mile theory, Mississippi for the first time cartographically extended her claims into the St. Bernard, Louisiana, peninsula.
The record contains much evidence of the exercise by Louisiana of jurisdiction over the territory in dispute, and of the general recognition of it by Mississippi as belonging to Louisiana. Apparently Louisiana had exercised complete dominion over it from 1812 with the acquiescence of Mississippi, unless the fact that the latter made a general reference to islands within six leagues of her shore in her code of 1880 indicated otherwise. But the evidence fails to satisfy us that she attempted any physical possession or control until after 1900. The few instancesPage 58referred to as showing that Mississippi asserted rights in the disputed area are of little weight and require no discussion.
Our conclusion is that complainant is entitled to the relief sought.Decree accordingly.