Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
H. Hackfeld & Co. v. United States
197 U.S. 442
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1905-04-03
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- acknowledging that no public policy rule prevents the United States attorney from stipulating to ultimate facts
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed H. Hackfeld & Co. v. United States. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 74 opinions
Headnotes
- Criminal Law & Procedure — Strict Construction of Penal Statutes Section 10 of the act of March 3, 1891, which imposes upon one who has brought immigrants into the United States not permitted to land here the duty of returning them to the place from whence they came, with a penalty in case the duty is neglected, is a highly penal statute and must be strictly construed; penal statutes are not to be construed so strictly as to defeat the obvious intention of the legislature, but an offense defined by such a statute is not to be broadened by judicial construction so as to include acts not intended by Congress. 197 U.S. at 448–449
- Immigration — Duty to Return Excluded Aliens — Meaning of "Neglect" The word "neglect" as used in the penal statute imposing upon a shipowner or master the duty of returning excluded immigrants to the port from whence they came does not make the shipowner or master an insurer of the absolute return of the immigrant at all hazards; it requires instead that he take every precaution to detain the immigrant and prevent his escape, and holds him only to the care and diligence required by the circumstances, so that no more is required than a faithful and careful effort to carry out the duty imposed. 197 U.S. at 448–451
- Evidence — Stipulations — Negligence as Ultimate Fact Where the parties in an action under the penal statute have stipulated the evidentiary facts concerning the escape of immigrants and further stipulated that the escape did not occur by reason of any negligence or want of proper care on the part of the master or officers of the vessel, the court cannot regard the stipulation as to lack of negligence as a mere conclusion of law and find negligence on the evidentiary facts as stipulated; the defendant is entitled to have the case tried upon the assumption that the ultimate fact of lack of negligence stipulated into the record was established as well as the specific facts recited, and it will be presumed that the government's attorney has done his duty and not stipulated away the rights of the prosecution. 197 U.S. at 445–446
- Torts — Question of Law or Fact While the issue of negligence is ordinarily one of fact to be determined by the jury, where the state of facts is such that reasonable minds may fairly differ upon the question as to whether there was negligence or not, its determination is a matter of fact for the jury to decide, whereas where there is no reasonable doubt as to the facts or the inference to be drawn from them, the question becomes one of law. 197 U.S. at 446
HACKFELD CO.v. UNITED STATES,197 U.S. 442(1905)
25 S.Ct. 456
H. HACKFELD AND COMPANYv. UNITED STATES.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT.
No. 164.
Argued March 6, 1905.
Decided April 3, 1905.
THIS case is here on writ of certiorari to the Circuit Court
of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, to review a judgment of that
court, affirming a judgment of the District Court for the
District of Hawaii, in which the petitioner, Hackfeld and
Company, was adjudged guilty of a violation of section 10 of the
act of March 3, 1891,26 Stat. 1084, and to pay a fine of $600,
for neglecting to return to the port from whence they came,
Yokohama, Japan, two certain Japanese immigrants unlawfully in
the United States, in violation of the act of Congress. The
conviction was upon information filed and trial had to the court,
a jury having been waived, and was upon a stipulated finding of
facts, agreed upon by the attorney for the United States and the
petitioner. After statements as to the corporate character of the
defendant company, and that it was the agent of the steamship
Korea, a vessel plying between the State of California and the
Empire of Japan, it is stipulated that the vessel brought into
the port of San Francisco in the United States two certain
Japanese immigrants from Yokohama, Japan, on October 28, 1902;
that on the following day, October 29, 1902, the said Japanese
were denied admission into the United States by the board of
special inquiry at the port of San Francisco, and the said board,
being duly appointed and authorized in the premises, ordered the
deportation of the said Japanese immigrants. That on the seventh
day of November, 1902, the said Japanese were received on board
the vessel Korea for transportation to Japan. The stipulation
then recites the following facts:
"That on the twelfth day of November, A.D. 1902, the said
steamship Korea did arrive at the port of Honolulu, in the
District and Territory of Hawaii; that at the time of the arrival
of said steamship Korea at said port of Honolulu, the said
immigrants were still on board of said vessel; that said Japanese
immigrants, together with certain deported Chinese, were placed
in a room on board said vessel and locked up by the steerage
steward of said vessel; at 12 o'clock midnight of said twelfth
day of November, A.D. 1902, said Japanese were still
Page 444
on board said vessel in said room; that between that time and 5
o'clock on the morning of the thirteenth day of November,
A.D. 1902, said Japanese had effected their escape; that the only
method of egress was through portholes, which were nearly 25 feet
above the water; that this method of escape could not have been
reasonably anticipated by the master, or officers, or agents of
said steamship Korea; that said escape did not occur byvis
majoror inevitable accident; and that said escape did not occur
by reason of any negligence or lack of proper care on the part of
the officers of the vessel or said defendant.
"That the said defendant made search for said escaped
immigrants, but up to the present time has not apprehended the
said immigrants, and said immigrants have not been returned to
Japan."
From the conviction in the lower court upon these stipulated
facts a writ of error was taken to the Circuit Court of Appeals
for the Ninth Circuit. In that court, without passing upon the
question whether the statute justified conviction without proof
of negligence, it was held that the judgment of conviction should
be affirmed because the facts recited left room for the inference
that the petitioner was found guilty of negligence in putting the
Japanese in the room without taking the necessary precautions
against escape through the portholes. The stipulation that the
escape did not occur by reason of negligence or lack of proper
care on the part of the officers of the vessel it was held did
not bind the court nor prevent it from placing upon the facts
stipulated the construction which, in its judgment, they should
properly receive. 125 F. 596, 60 C. C.A. 428.
The trial court was bound by the stipulation and the claim therein that the escape did not occur by reason of any negligence or lack of proper care on the part of the vessel or defendant. The stipulation met the requirements of the court.Page 445Raimondv.Terrebonne Parish,132 U.S. 192;Wilsonv.Merchants' L. T. Co.,183 U.S. 121,128. This court is bound by the stipulation as by a finding of the lower court.Dooleyv.Pease, 88 F. 446;S.C.,180 U.S. 126;Supervisorsv.Kennicolt,103 U.S. 554. The conviction cannot be sustained under the act in the absence of negligence. The act is highly penal and must be strictly construed.United Statesv.Wiltberger, 5 Wheat. 95.Warrenv.United States, 58 F. 559, is adverse to petitioner and was wrongly decided. SeeUnited Statesv.Spruth, 71 F. 678.Mr. Assistant Attorney General Robbfor the United States:
The recital in the stipulation as to absence of negligence was a conclusion of law and not of fact. Where the facts are undisputed, admitted, or conclusively proved, negligence is a question of law for the court. 21 Am. Eng. Ency. Law, 506;Grand Trunk Ry. Co. v.Ives,144 U.S. 408;Elliottv.Chicago, Mil. St. Paul Ry. Co.,150 U.S. 245;Union Pac. Ry.Co. v.McDonald,152 U.S. 262;So. Pac. Co. v.Pool,160 U.S. 438.
Assuming the recital as a fact such a stipulation is void against public policy. The transportation company was a custodian and comes under the rule that an officer who keeps a prisoner so negligently that he escapes is guilty of crime. Bishop Cr. Law., ed. 1865, § 392, § 1056; 1 Russell on Crimes, 8th Am. ed., 420;Smithv.Commonwealth,59 Pa. 325. Negligence was to be presumed.Lumber Co. v.Bibb,139 Cal. 325;Berkshirev.Railway Co.,28 Mo. App. 225;Gravesv.Alsap,1 Ariz. 274,282;Detroitv.Beckman,34 Mich. 125;Murphyv.People,3 Colo. 147;AttorneyGeneralv.Rice,64 Mich. 385;Jonesv.MadisonCounty,72 Miss. 777;Holmesv.Johnston,59 Tenn. 155;Happelv.Brethauer,70 Ill. 166. The admission of specific facts nullifies a reservation denying their legal effect. 20 Ency. Pl. Prac., 661;Haightv.Green,19 Cal. 113.
The defendant was properly adjudged guilty by the trialPage 446court even if there was no evidence before the court upon which a finding of negligence could be based.
Section 10 formed a part of the immigration act of 1891. The Executive Department immediately took the position that the act demanded that transportation companies bringing immigrants whose admission the law prohibited were chargeable at all hazards with the responsibility of returning them to the ports which from they came. This was sustained by the courts.Warrenv.UnitedStates, 58 F. 559. And seeUnited Statesv.Spruth, 71 F. 678.
The evidentiary facts in the stipulation upon which this case was tried are not very fully set forth, and the Government and the defendant were content to stipulate that the method of escape through the portholes (assuming that it was by this means the immigrants escaped) could not have been reasonably anticipated by those in charge of the Korea, and that the escape did not occur by reason of any negligence or lack of proper care upon the part of the officers of the vessel or the defendant.
We think the parties were entitled to have this case tried upon the assumption that these ultimate facts, stipulated into the record, were established, no less than the specific facts recited.
We come then to the important question in this case, as to the construction of the statute under which the petitioner was convicted and fined. The conviction was under section 10 of the act of March 3, 1891,26 Stat. 1084, which is as follows:
"SEC. 10. That all aliens who may unlawfully come to the United States shall, if practicable, be immediately sent back on the vessel by which they were brought in. The cost of their maintenance while on land, as well as the expense of the return of such aliens, shall be borne by the owner or owners of the vessel on which such aliens came; and if any master, agent, consignee, or owner of such vessel shall refuse to receive backPage 448on board the vessel such aliens, or shall neglect to detain them thereon, or shall refuse or neglect to return them to the port from which they came, or to pay the cost of their maintenance while on land, such master, agent, consignee, or owner shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not less than three hundred dollars for each and every offense; and any such vessel shall not have clearance from any port of the United States while any such fine is unpaid."
The question is as to the effect of this requirement upon shipowners who have wrongfully brought aliens into this country, and who, having received them on board the vessel for the purpose of returning them to the place from whence they came, shall neglect to detain them thereon, or neglect to return them. In this case, the court found the defendants guilty as charged in the information in that they refused and neglected to return to the port from whence they came the two Japanese immigrants. It is the contention of the Government that this statute requires of persons, situated as were the defendants, the absolute duty of returning to the place from whence they came, immigrants unlawfully brought into the ports of the United States; and that the word "neglect" as used in this statute is equivalent to the word "fail" or "omit," and the return of the immigrants is required at all hazards, and the vessel owner will only be relieved when the default is the result ofris majoror inevitable accident. This contention finds support in the case ofWarrenv.United States, 58 F. 559, decided in November, 1893, in the Circuit Court of Appeals for the First Circuit, in which section 10 of the act of March 3, 1891, was directly under consideration. We are cited to no other cases construing this section wherein it was directly involved, although inUnited Statesv.Spruth, 71 F. 678, a case in the District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, involving the eighth section of the same act, Judge Butler criticized the decision in theWarren case, and expressed doubts as to the construction therein given to the language of a criminal statute. The word "neglect"Page 449as sometimes used, imports an absence of care or attention in the doing or omission of a given act, or it may be used in the sense of an omission or failure to perform some act. To "neglect" is not always synonymous with to "omit." Whether the use of the term is intended to express carelessness or lack of attention required by the circumstances, or to express merely a failure to do a given thing depends upon the connection in which the term is used and the meaning intended to be expressed. These meanings find illustration in the lexical definition of the word, as well as the adjudicated cases in which it has been construed when applied to different subjects. In Webster's Dictionary the verb "neglect" is defined as meaning "not to attend to with due care or attention; to forbear one's duty in regard to; to suffer to pass unimproved, unheeded, undone." In the Standard Dictionary the word is defined as meaning "to fail to perform through carelessness." And in the Century Dictionary: "1. To treat carelessly or heedlessly; forbear to attend to or treat with respect; be remiss in attention to or duty toward; 2. To overlook or omit; disregard. 3. To omit to do or perform; let slip; leave undone; fail through heedlessness to do or in doing (something)."
As defined in the penal statutes of several of the States, the word "neglect" is said to import "a want of such attention to the nature or probable consequences of the act or omission as a prudent man ordinarily bestows in acting in his own concerns." Words and Phrases Judicially Defined, vol. 5, p. 4940.
While the term may be used as indicative of carelessness, it may also merely mean an omission or failure to do or perform a given act. This meaning finds illustration in the case ofRosenplaenterv.Roessle,54 N.Y. 262,266, in which a guest at a hotel who failed to deposit his valuables for safekeeping as required by the statute, was held to have "neglected" to deposit within the meaning of the law, for, having the opportunity so to do, he omitted to avail himself of this means of safekeeping. An illustration of the meaning of the term when indicativePage 450of a want of care is found inWatsonv.Hall,46 Conn. 204,206, in which case it was held that in a statute by which a grand juror is made subject to prosecution when he shall neglect to make reasonable complaint of a crime, the word "neglect" was construed to be used in the sense of omission from carelessness to do something that can be done and that ought to be done, and the grand juror was held not to have neglected the complaint when, after investigation, he had become convinced that the offense should not be prosecuted.
In which sense is the term used in this statute? This is a highly penal statute and we think the well known rule, as laid down by Mr. Chief Justice Marshall in the case ofUnited Statesv.Wilberger, 5 Wheat. 76, 95, is applicable here:
"The rule that penal laws are to be construed strictly is, perhaps, not much less old than construction itself. It is founded on the tenderness of the law for the rights of individuals; and on the plain principle that the power of punishment is vested in the legislative, not in the judicial department. It is the legislature, not the court, which is to define a crime, and ordain its punishment."
It is true that in the construction of penal statutes, as well as others, the object and purpose is to ascertain the correct meaning of the act with a view to carrying out the expressed intent of the legislature, and penal statutes are not to be construed so strictly as to defeat the obvious intention of the legislature.United Statesv.Lacher,134 U.S. 624. We are to search for the true meaning of this statute, remembering that it undertakes to define an offense which is not to be broadened by judicial construction so as to include acts not intended by Congress. The statute imposes upon one who has brought immigrants into the United States not permitted to land here, the duty of returning them to the place from whence they came, with a penalty by fine in case the duty is neglected. If, by this requirement, it was intended to make the shipowner or master an insurer of the absolute return of the immigrant, at all hazards, except when excused byvis majoror inevitablePage 451accident, it would seem that Congress would have chosen terms more clearly indicative of such intention, and instead of using a word of uncertain meaning, would have affixed the penalty in cases wherein the owner or masteromittedorfailedto safely return the immigrant illegally brought here, or provided some punishment for the person who had so far complied with the terms of the statute as to receive the immigrant on board his vessel, but had permitted the escape, either with or without fault upon his part. Where the statute permits of a construction which does not require this absolute insurance of the return of the immigrant, but holds the shipowner to the care and diligence required by the circumstances, we do not feel inclined to adopt the construction least favorable to the accused. This statute imports a duty, and in the absence of a requirement that it shall be performed at all hazards, we think no more ought to be required than a faithful and careful effort to carry out the duty imposed.
It is urged by the Government that in view of the reenactment of section 10 as section 19 of the act of 1903,32 Stat. 1213, it is to receive a construction in harmony with the judicial interpretation given to the act before the revision. While recognizing the rule that doubtful terms which have acquired through judicial interpretation a well understood legislative meaning are presumed to be used by the legislature in the sense determined by authoritative decisions,The Abbotsford,98 U.S. 440, we do not think the rule applies to this case. So far as we know, there has been but one decision, in theWarren case,supra, which was doubted in theSpruth case, supra. In 1900 the construction of this act was under consideration by the Attorney General of the United States upon a question submitted by the Secretary of the Treasury involving the remission of fines to which the owner or master of a vessel was supposed to be liable under the terms of the act now under consideration. In construing section 10 of the act the Attorney General said:
"But while I assume nothing relative to the facts in thisPage 452case, with which it is your duty to deal and not mine, I am clearly of the opinion that in a case where every precaution to detain in safe custody and prevent escape has been rigidly taken, and yet in some real and unforeseen emergency an escape has occurred, there is no such neglect as the act contemplates. If the question were regarded otherwise, the act would rather have said `if any such alienshall escapefrom such vessel, such master shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished.'" Opinions of Attorneys General, v. 23, p. 277.
In this state of judicial and official opinion we do not think this act can be said to have received such judicial interpretation as should control its legislative meaning. We think the Attorney General, in the case cited, laid down the true rule, which does not make the shipowner the insurer at all hazards of the safe return of the immigrant, but does require every precaution to detain him and prevent his escape.
It is further urged by the Government that if the burden of proof in cases under this act is placed upon the prosecution, it will be impossible to convict, as the facts and circumstances under which the escape took place are within the knowledge of the defendants alone. We are not dealing with the question of burden of proof in this case, for here it is expressly stipulated that the defendants could not have anticipated the escape by the method employed and were not guilty of any want of care in the premises. Undoubtedly, the act of Congress should be given a reasonable interpretation, with a view to effect its purpose to prevent the introduction into this country of classes of persons excluded by the immigration laws. If this act should be construed as requiring the return at all hazards of the immigrants, those who are required to perform its mandate will doubtless claim the right to use all the force necessary to avoid the penalty of the law in delivering the immigrant to the country or place from whence he came. What would be the result of such power, it is easy to imagine. It is difficult to see how a shipowner could insure the return of such immigrantsPage 453without such confinement or imprisonment as may result in great hardship to that class of individuals who may themselves have had no intention to violate any law of this country. We think this statute was intended to secure, not the delivery of the immigrant, at all hazards, but to require good faith and full diligence to carry him back to the sport from whence he came. It follows that the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals must be reversed and the cause remanded to the District Court with instructions to discharge the petitioner.