Is Lockhart v. Leeds still good law?

Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Lockhart v. Leeds

Lockhart v. Leeds, 195 U.S. 427 (1904)

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1904-12-05
Topic: general

Mr. Justice Peckham, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court. .One phase of this controversy has already béen. before this court in Lockhart v. Johnson, 181 U. S. 516, which was an ac *433 tion of ejectment brought by the plaintiff (who is the complainant herein) to recover possession of the mine above mentioned from the defendants herein. It was there held that the plaintiff could not maintain an action, as the facts showed that he had no legal title, and that the remedy he might have, if any, was in equity.

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Lockhart v. Leeds. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by: 62 opinions

Headnotes

Civil Procedure — Pleadings — Construction Pleadings must be construed reasonably and not with such strictness as to refuse to adopt the natural construction of the pleading merely because a particular fact might have been more distinctly alleged, where its existence is fairly, naturally, and reasonably to be presumed from the averments actually made. 195 U.S. 427 (opinion of Peckham, J.)
Remedies — Pleading — Prayer for General Relief Under a prayer for general relief, a plaintiff may obtain the relief to which he is entitled upon the facts plainly stated in the bill; the relief so granted must be agreeable to the case made by the bill, but relief will not be denied merely because it rests on a different legal theory from that advanced under a special prayer, where both prayers are based upon the same facts clearly set forth in the bill. 195 U.S. 427 (opinion of Peckham, J.)
Remedies — Constructive Trusts — Trustees Ex Maleficio Where defendants are in possession of a mine under a title obtained from the Government through fraud and connivance with one who was legally bound to take the title for the plaintiff, the plaintiff, who cannot maintain ejectment because he never had the legal title, may proceed in equity to have the defendants declared trustees ex maleficio for his benefit and to recover from them the materials taken from the mine. 195 U.S. 427 (opinion of Peckham, J.)
Remedies — Injunctions — Pendente Lite In an equity suit by a plaintiff equitably entitled to a mine against defendants holding under a fraudulent location, where some of the defendants are insolvent, the plaintiff is entitled to an injunction restraining the defendants from further mining during the pendency of the suit, to issue upon such security as may seem appropriate to the court below. 195 U.S. 427 (opinion of Peckham, J.)

LOCKHARTv. LEEDS,195 U.S. 427(1904)

25 S.Ct. 76

LOCKHARTv. LEEDS.

APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF THE TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO.

No. 10.

Argued October 20, 1904.

Decided December 5, 1904.

Pleadings must be construed reasonably and not with such strictness as to refuse to adopt the natural construction of the pleading because a particular fact might have been more distinctly alleged, although its existence is fairly, naturally and reasonably to be presumed from the averments actually made. There is nothing in the intricacy of equity pleading that prevents plaintiff from obtaining the relief under the general prayer to which he may be entitled upon the facts plainly stated in the bill; and the court will not deny the relief if plaintiff its otherwise entitled thereto because it is asked under the general relief prayer on a different theory from that which is advanced under one of the special prayers. Where the defendants are in possession of a mine, having obtained title thereto from the Government through fraud and connivance with one who was legally bound to take the title for the plaintiff, and the plaintiff cannot maintain ejectment, never having had the legal title, his remedy is by action in equity to have the defendants declared trusteesexmaleficiofor his benefit, and if it also appears that some of them are insolvent the defendants will be restrained from further miningpendente lite.

THE appellant filed his bill in this suit in the proper court

of New Mexico for the purpose of obtaining relief against the

defendants mentioned therein. The defendants demurred on several

grounds, among which was that the complainant's

Page 428

remedy, if any, was at law, and that the bill did not state a

case for a court of equity. The demurrer was sustained and the

bill dismissed, and the judgment of dismissal was affirmed by the

Supreme Court of New Mexico, and the complainant thereupon

appealed to this court. Among other things the bill averred that

about May 7, 1893, the complainant and one Johnson, and the

defendant Pilkey, entered into an agreement in Bernalillo County,

New Mexico, by which they were to become partners in the

enterprise mentioned in the agreement, and that for the

consideration mentioned therein Pilkey was to start out to

discover, if possible, and to locate for the purpose of operation

by the parties, any mining claim of gold, silver or other metal,

and that in order to enable Pilkey to carry out his portion of

the agreement he was to be furnished certain tools, etc., and

some money. If he discovered any such mine it was his duty to

locate the same and to send in to the other partners specimens of

the ore in order that its value might be determined. Work was to

be begun within twenty days after the signing of the agreement.

Any fraud by Pilkey was to forfeit his share, which was to be

one-third interest in any mine discovered and worked.

The agreement was to continue for a year, and all discoveries

and locations of any mines during that time by Pilkey were to be

under the agreement mentioned. After the making of this agreement

Pilkey started out to prospect and to discover, if possible, a

mining claim of the character mentioned. The parties were aware

at the time of the execution of the agreement of the existence of

the place where Pilkey went for the purpose of prospecting and

discovering a mine, and that there possibly might be a valuable

claimant that place. Accordingly, Pilkey at once went to the

spot, and on or about the tenth of July, 1893, he discovered the

claim at that place, and it turned out to be a valuable mine. He

located the mine according to the agreement, and posted the

notice thereon provided by the laws of the United States and New

Mexico, and proceeded to do work thereon pursuant to the

provisions

Page 429

of those laws, but did not do all the work made necessary by

them. The bill then alleges that Pilkey commenced to sink a shaft

or cut upon the mineral-bearing lode, and did work enough thereon

to arrive at mineral-bearing ore in place, within less than

ninety days from the time of taking possession of the lode, and

it is then averred that the parties were ready, able and willing

in all things to comply with the laws spoken of, "and would have

so done except for the wrongful, fraudulent and unlawful acts of

the defendants hereinafter mentioned." Some time about October 1,

1893, Pilkey, while so in possession of the lode, wrongfully and

fraudulently conspired, combined and confederated with the

defendants to defraud plaintiff, and they agreed that said

Pilkey, in violation and fraud of the rights of the plaintiff in

and to the mine, should transfer, convey and deliver possession

of the mine to the defendants, or one of them, without the

knowledge or consent of plaintiff and the said Johnson. This was

done. It was also agreed that they should do all other acts

necessary to transfer the right to defendants. Pilkey was to have

a certain proportion of interest in the mine and the defendants

the balance. The defendants also caused and procured the

defendant Pilkey to stop work upon the mine under the agreement

already referred to, and it was also agreed that Pilkey should

fail and neglect to record, in the proper office, a copy of the

location notice posted by him on the ground. The defendants also

covered up and concealed the work which had been done on the

ground by Pilkey, and they posted another notice thereon and

called the mine the "Washington" mine, and filed a copy of the

same for record December 13, 1893, without the knowledge or

consent of the plaintiff or his copartner, Johnson, and they made

the location for the benefit of themselves as locators under the

mining laws of the United States. For the purpose of concealing

the interest of Pilkey in such pretended location it was agreed

that each of the four defendants named should be entitled to a

fifth interest, and that Pilkey should be entitled to the

remaining fifth, which last-named interest should

Page 430

be claimed and held by Walker in trust for Pilkey. Johnson

subsequently transferred all his interest, under the agreement of

copartnership between plaintiff, Johnson and Pilkey, to the

complainant, who was, at the time of the commencement of the

suit, the owner of Johnson's interest under the assignment. The

bill further states that after the removal by the defendants of

the original location notice posted by Pilkey, as already stated,

the complainant procured a copy thereof and had the same recorded

in the office of the recorder of the county on December 9, 1893.

The complainant averred that, by virtue of the premises, he

became and was at the commencement of the suit the equitable

owner of said mine, and of the gold and silver ores therein

contained, so discovered and located by Pilkey under the

agreement, and that he was equitably entitled, as against the

defendants, to the possession and enjoyment of the same and to

the preferential right to acquire the legal title from the United

States, and that the pretended location of the mine under the

name of the Washington mine, by and in the names of the

defendants named, was wholly inoperative and void, and that

Pilkey, by reason of his participation in a fraudulent conspiracy

with the defendants, forfeited all right or interest in the said

mine pursuant to the agreement made by Pilkey with complainant

and Johnson, and complainant averred that he was equitably the

owner of and entitled to such interest. He further averred that

the defendants refused to permit complainant to enter upon the

property or to work the same, and that the defendants claim title

to the mining property under and by virtue of their agreement

with Pilkey and their pretended location of the same as the

Washington lode. It is further averred that the defendants were

engaged in mining, extracting and converting to their own use the

ores and minerals contained in the mine and had mined and removed

ores and minerals of great value therefrom, and had converted to

their own use all such minerals, and that, unless enjoined, they

would remove all the ores and minerals, and thereby the entire

substance

Page 431

and value of the property would be destroyed and the complainant

would sustain irreparable injury, as the defendants, or some of

them, were wholly insolvent. To this bill the defendants

demurred, as already stated.

Mr. J.H. McGowanfor appellant:

The facts set out in the bill were sufficient to apprise the defendants what they were called on to answer. They show the fraud of defendants.Atkinsv.Dick, 14 Peters, 114;UnitedStatesv.Am. Bell Telephone Co.,128 U.S. 315; Gould's Eq. Pr. § 176; Ency. Pl. Pr. § 271; Shipman Eq. Pr. § 231.

The complainant is entitled to equitable relief in the absence of allegations showing why he himself did not record the location notice within the required time beyond those in the bill which set forth the contract and showed that appellant relied on his partner who was to do all the required acts for location according to law.

That appellant has no remedy at law was settled finally inLockhartv.Johnson,181 U.S. 516. The prayer of the bill including that of general relief is sufficient to warrant the court in holding the defendants trustees for appellant. Story Eq. Pl. § 40;Stanleyv.Valentine,79 Ill. 544;Hopkinsv.Snedaker,71 Ill. 449;Espinolav.Blasco,15 La. 426;Hillearyv.Hurale, 6 Gill. 105;McIntyrev.Philadelphia, 24 Pennsylvania, 439;Van Voorhisv.Bond,110 Mich. 3;Websterv.Harris,16 Ohio 490;Holdenv.Holden,24 Ill. App. 106.Mr. W.B. Childersfor appellees:

The bill was insufficient. There was no averment that possession was taken before the expiration of the ninety days allowed for perfecting a location. Story on Eq. Pl. §§ 241, 246. The facts which determine whether the remedy is at law or equity are not distinctly alleged.Dillonv.Barnard, 21 Wall. 437. Recovery must be had on the case made by the pleading or not at all.Grosholzv.Newman, 21 Wall. 488;Hardingv.Page 432Handy, 11 Wheat. 103;Harrisonv.Nixon, 9 Peters, 483;Bradleyv.Converse, 4 Cliff. 366. The groundwork of the case on which relief is sought must be distinctly alleged in the bill.Pelhamv.Edelmeyer, 15 F. 262;Fosterv.Goddard, 1 Black, 506;Socolav.Grant, 15 F. 487;Eyrev.Potter, 15 How. 42;Kohlerv.Hubbey, 2 Black, 715;Wilkinsonv.Dobbie, 12 Blatch. 298;S.C., Fed. Cas. 17,670. As to what particularity is necessary in allegations of fraud, seeUnited Statesv.Atherton,102 U.S. 372;Amblerv.Choteau,107 U.S. 589;Voorheesv.Bostwick, 16 Wall. 16; 9 Ency. of Pl. Pr. 687, and authorities cited;Foggv.Blair,139 U.S. 127;St. Louis Ry. Co. v.Johnston,127 U.S. 577;Van Weelv.Winston,115 U.S. 237;Brooksv.O'Hara, 7 F. 532;Phelpsv.Elliot, 35 F. 455.

General accusations of fraud and collusion are ineffective. 1 Daniell, Ch. Pr., 5th ed., 324, and notes;Rileyv.Lyons, 11 Heisk. 251;Whitthornev.St. Louis M.I. Co., 3 Tenn. Ch. 147;Hazardv.Griswold, 21 F. 178;Lafayette Co. v.Neely, 21 F. 744.

The defendants cannot be held as constructive trustees under the prayer for general relief, only such relief as is agreeable to the case made by the bill can be granted.Englishv.Foxall, 2 Peters, 612;Hobsonv.McArthur's Heirs, 16 Peters, 182;Boonv.Chiles, 10 Peters, 177;Wilsonv.Graham, 4 Wn. C.C. 53;S.C., 30 Fed. Cases, No. 17,804;Allenv.Pullman Palace Car Co.,139 U.S. 658;Haywardv.National Bank, and cases cited,96 U.S. 614;Georgiav.Stanton, 6 Wall. 77; 1 Daniell's Ch. Pr. 386;Curryv.Lloyd, 22 F. 264; Story Eq. Pl. § 42; 3 Ency. of Pl. Pr. 350. The bill was not filed for the purpose now claimed.

MR. JUSTICE PECKHAM, after making the foregoing statement, delivered the opinion of the court.

One phase of this controversy has already been before this court inLockhartv.Johnson,181 U.S. 516, which was an actionPage 433of ejectment brought by the plaintiff (who is the complainant herein) to recover possession of the mine above mentioned from the defendants herein. It was there held that the plaintiff could not maintain an action, as the facts showed that he had no legal title, and that the remedy he might have, if any, was in equity.

Upon the trial of the ejectment action the plaintiff offered to prove in substance the same facts as are set forth in this bill in regard to Pilkey's action under the agreement with plaintiff and Johnson, and the fraudulent conspiracy entered into by the defendants for the purpose of defrauding the plaintiff out of his right to such mine. The evidence was objected to and excluded on the ground that it did not show any legal title in the plaintiff, assuming its truth; that in the courts of the United States an action of ejectment was based upon the strict legal title, and if the plaintiff failed to show that it was in him he must fail in such action. The defendants now contend that if the plaintiffs have any remedy it is at law, and also that there is no cause of action stated in the bill. At the time of the trial of this suit the ejectment action had not been decided by this court, the action having been here decided May 13, 1901. It must be regarded, as determined by the decision in that case, that the complainant herein has no remedy at law, and if he has none in this suit he is without remedy for the gross fraud set out in the bill. All facts well pleaded in the bill are admitted by the demurrer, and the question, therefore, is, whether the bill states facts sufficient to entitle him to relief in a court of equity.

The court below has held that the bill does not state with sufficient certainty the time when plaintiff discovered the alleged fraud set forth in the bill, in that it does not appear by any certain averment that the plaintiff did not discover such fraud before the expiration of the ninety days after the discovery of the lode in which to file a copy of the notice of location in the recorder's office, which, if he had done, he might, by himself filing the copy, have thereby fulfilled all the provisionsPage 434of the statute relating to the location and recording of the notice of claim. We entirely agree with the court below that the facts constituting the cause of action in equity must be distinctly alleged so that the defendant may know what he has to meet and so that he may, if he choose, put them in the issue. The rule must receive a reasonable interpretation and must be so enforced as to further and not obstruct the administration of justice. We think the court below erred in holding that there was no sufficient averment as to the time of the discovery by plaintiff of the alleged fraud set forth in the bill, assuming such averment to have been necessary. He averred that Pilkey, acting under the agreement with plaintiff and Johnson, discovered the mine and located the same by posting the requisite notice on the ground on the tenth of July, 1893. He also averred that some time about the first of October (the exact time, however, he could not state) the defendants entered into the conspiracy and combination referred to. This was but a few days before the expiration of the statutory time in which to file a copy of the notice of claim in the recorder's office of the county. He averred that the conspiracy and combination was secret, and that while the plaintiff and his copartner Johnson were able and willing to comply with all the laws of the United States and Territory, they failed to do so because of the wrongful, fraudulent and unlawful acts of the defendants hereinafter mentioned. Those acts were a secret effacement of the work done by Pilkey, the taking down of the notice of claim posted on the ground by him, the failure to file a copy thereof, the posting of a claim on the part of the defendants, and the filing of a copy of such notice in the recorder's office on December 13, 1893.

We think the plain import of these averments is that the conspiracy and combination did not become known to the plaintiff until after the expiration of the ninety days from the discovery of the mine, in which to file a copy of the notice posted on the ground, in the recorder's office of the proper county. That is a sufficiently definite averment of time, andPage 435it is enough to show that the failure to file a copy of the notice within the necessary time was owing to the action of the defendants.

Under the agreement first mentioned between plaintiffs, Johnson and Pilkey, as copartners, it became the duty of Pilkey, in order to complete the location it was his duty to make, to file a copy of the notice in the recorder's office, and the parties to the agreement had the right to rely upon Pilkey to file the necessary copy for record, and it is plain that the failure to file on the part of the plaintiff was because of his ignorance of such failure on the part of Pilkey consequent upon Pilkey's fraudulent conspiracy and agreement with the other defendants not to file it. After the discovery of the conspiracy the plaintiff did procure a copy of the original notice posted by Pilkey on the ground and filed the same in the office of the recorder on the tenth of December, 1893. Taking these allegations together, we think it hypercritical to hold that the bill does not with sufficient distinctness allege the fact that the plaintiff did not discover the fraud until after the expiration of the ninety days mentioned, and hence did not himself file the copy notice within that time.

All pleadings must be construed reasonably, and not with such strictness as to refuse to adopt the natural construction of the pleading because a particular fact might have been more distinctly alleged, although its existence is fairly, naturally and reasonably to be presumed from the averments made in the pleading.

The agreement between the plaintiffs, Pilkey and Johnson, shows it to have been the duty of Pilkey to make the necessary filing for record in order to complete the location of the mine which he in the agreement was to do. The plaintiff had the right to rely upon Pilkey carrying out that agreement and fulfilling his duty thereunder by making the necessary filing, and plaintiff alleges that he would have done all things made necessary by law had it not been for this fraudulent combination and conspiracy on the part of the defendants. WePage 436regard the allegations of the bill as sufficient in these particulars.

Again, it is alleged that the bill prays that the location of what is called the Washington lode by the defendants be declared void, and that the plaintiff may have the possession of the claim, while the plaintiff now asks to have the defendants treated as constructive trustees, etc., which is inconsistent, as alleged, with the former prayer for relief. The bill contains a prayer for general relief in addition to the prayer for special relief, and under such prayer this relief may be given. It is objected that under the prayer for general relief no relief of that nature can be granted, inasmuch as it is opposed to the special relief asked for by the bill, and also because the general allegations in the bill do not justify such relief. All the facts upon which the plaintiff seeks relief from a court of equity are clearly stated in the bill. The facts constituting the fraud are set forth, and it is alleged that the parties doing the acts mentioned concealed them from the plaintiff for the purpose of defrauding plaintiff out of his interest and ownership in the mine. Having set out all the facts upon which the right to relief is based, the plaintiff asks specially for the possession and also for the proceeds of the mine, because, by reason of the facts, the location made by the defendants was a void location. Whether it was a void location or not, was matter of law arising from the facts appearing in the bill. Those facts were not changed in the slightest degree, nor were any inconsistent facts set up thereafter. The plaintiff now under his prayer for general relief contends that, although the location of the Washington lode by the defendants may have been so far valid as to create a title in the defendants, yet that by reason of the fraud already distinctly set forth in the bill the plaintiff was entitled to avail himself of that title, and to hold them as trusteesexmaleficio, for his benefit.

There is nothing in the intricacy of equity pleading that prevents the plaintiff from obtaining the relief under the general prayer, to which he may be entitled upon the facts plainlyPage 437stated in the bill. There is no reason for denying his right to relief, if the plaintiff is otherwise entitled to it, simply because it is asked under the prayer for general relief and upon a somewhat different theory from that which is advanced under one of the special prayers. The cases ofEnglishv.Foxall, 2 Pet. 595;Boonev.Chiles, 10 Pet. 177;Hobsonv.McArthur, 16 Pet. 182;Haywardv.National Bank,96 U.S. 611;Georgiav.Stanton, 6 Wall. 50, are not opposed to the views just stated.

We agree that the relief granted under the prayer for general relief must be agreeable to the case made by the bill, and that in substance is what is held by the above cases. The case made by the bill consists of the material facts therein stated, and where all the facts are stated it is no reason for denying relief under a general prayer, because it may differ from the theory of the law upon which the special prayer for relief is based, where both prayers are based upon the same facts clearly set forth in the bill.

The defendants contend that if Pilkey, under the fraudulent agreement alleged, and pursuant thereto, surrendered possession to the defendants, the latter became co-tenants with the plaintiff, and he could maintain an action at law to recover possession from his co-tenants. We have already held that the plaintiff could not, upon the facts, maintain ejectment. When Pilkey surrendered possession to defendants under this fraudulent agreement, and they entered and posted the notice and filed the copy, they did not enable plaintiff to maintain ejectment against them as upon his ouster of possession by defendants.

Neither plaintiff nor Johnson had ever had anything but a constructive possession through the possession of Pilkey, and when he fraudulently surrendered it to the other defendants and they entered and completed their location, the plaintiff could not then sustain ejectment, as we have already held. This is not in opposition to the case ofErhardtv.Boaro,113 U.S. 527. The question whether the relief should be at law or in equity was not there raised. The action was commencedPage 438in Colorado, and was in accordance with the usual form in actions for mining claims under the procedure in Colorado, and was brought to recover possession of a mine. There was no discussion as to the forum. The complaint simply followed the usual practice. Here we have already held in the ejectment suit (181 U.S.supra), that the relief is not to be had by ejectment, but must be obtained in equity if at all. Under the circumstances we think it immaterial whether Pilkey surrendered possession before or after the expiration of ninety days from the discovery of the mine, July 10, 1893. All the acts of fraud set up in the bill committed by the defendants are, if proved, sufficient to entitle the plaintiff to treat them as trusteesex maleficio, and to recover from them as such trustees all the materials taken from the mine. SeeSaundersv.Mackey,5 Mont. 523;Dohertyv.Morris,11 Colo. 12. Upon the case made by the bill, some of the defendants being insolvent, we think the plaintiff entitled to an injunction restraining the defendants from further mining during the pendency of the suit; an injunction to issue upon such security as may seem appropriate to the court below.

We decide this case solely upon the questions raised by the demurrer.

The judgments of the Supreme Court of New Mexico and of the trial court must be reversed, and the case remanded to the Supreme Court with directions to remand it to the District Court for the Second Judicial District of the Territory of New Mexico, within and for the county of Bernalillo, with directions to overrule the defendants' demurrer and with leave to answer upon such terms as may seem proper to that court.So ordered.Page 439