Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Whitman v. Oxford National Bank
176 U.S. 559
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1900-02-26
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- "The simplest and most obvious interpretation of a Constitution, if in itself sensible, is the most likely to be that meant by the people in its adoption."
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Whitman v. Oxford National Bank. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 132 opinions
Headnotes
- Business & Corporate Law — Stockholder Liability — Constitutional Law A state constitutional provision declaring that corporate dues shall be secured by the individual liability of stockholders to an additional amount equal to the stock owned by each stockholder is self-executing and itself imposes the liability, rather than merely directing the legislature to provide for it; the legislature's discretion extends only to providing additional means of enforcement. 176 U.S. 559 (opinion of Brewer, J.)
- Business & Corporate Law — Stockholder Liability — Statutory Construction A constitutional provision imposing individual stockholder liability for corporate dues and the statutes enacted to enforce that liability are to be read together as a single body of law; it is immaterial what rights or remedies a creditor would have if the constitution or the statutes stood alone. 176 U.S. 559 (opinion of Brewer, J.)
- Business & Corporate Law — Stockholder Liability — Nature of Obligation The liability imposed on stockholders for corporate debts by a state constitution and statutes may be statutory in its origin, but it is contractual in its nature, because persons who voluntarily organize or subscribe to stock in a corporation under such a law enter into a contract authorized by statute and assume the prescribed liability to the corporation's creditors. 176 U.S. 559 (opinion of Brewer, J.)
- Civil Procedure — Choice of Law An action to enforce a stockholder's liability for corporate debts, created by another state's constitution and statutes, is not an action to enforce a penal statute but one to secure a private remedy, and may therefore be maintained in any court of competent jurisdiction, federal or state. 176 U.S. 559 (opinion of Brewer, J.)
WHITMANv. OXFORD NATIONAL BANK,176 U.S. 559(1900)
20 S.Ct. 477
WHITMANv. OXFORD NATIONAL BANK.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT.
No. 27.
Argued March 8, 9, 1899.
Decided March 5, 1900.
THIS was an action brought in the Circuit Court of the United
States for the Southern District of New York, by the National
Bank of Oxford, a national banking association, incorporated and
established under the laws of the United States, and doing
business at Oxford in the State of Pennsylvania, against George
L. Whitman, a citizen of the State of New York, asserting his
liability, under the provisions of the constitution and laws of
the State of Kansas, for a debt of more than $2000 due to the
plaintiff from the Arkansas City Investment Company, a
corporation of the State of Kansas, in which the defendant was a
stockholder.
Page 560
The constitution of the State of Kansas of 1859 provided, in
article 12, section 2, as follows:
"Dues from corporations shall be secured by individual
liability of the stockholders to an additional amount equal to
the stock owned by each stockholder; and such other means as
shall be provided by law; but such individual liabilities shall
not apply to railroad corporations, nor corporations for
religious or charitable purposes."
The General Statutes of 1868 of that State, chapter 23,
contained the following provisions:
"SEC. 32. If any execution shall have been issued against the
property or effects of a corporation, except a railway or a
religious or charitable corporation, and there cannot be found
any property whereon to levy such execution, then execution may
be issued against any of the stockholders, to an extent equal in
amount to the amount of stock by him or her owned, together with
any amount unpaid thereon; but no execution shall issue against
any stockholder, except upon an order of the court in which the
action, suit or other proceeding shall have been brought or
instituted, made upon motion in open court, after reasonable
notice in writing to the person or persons sought to be charged;
and, upon such motion, such court may order execution to issue
accordingly; or the plaintiff in the execution may proceed by
action to charge the stockholders with the amount of his
judgment."
"SEC. 40 (as amended in 1883). Laws 1883, c. 46, p. 88. A
corporation is dissolved — first, by the expiration of the time
limited in its charter; second, by a judgment of dissolution
rendered by a court of competent jurisdiction; but any such
corporation shall be deemed to be dissolved for the purpose of
enabling any creditors of such corporation to prosecute suits
against the stockholders thereof to enforce their individual
liability, if it be shown that such corporation has suspended
business for more than one year, or that any corporation now so
suspended from business shall for three months after the passage
of this act fail to resume its usual and ordinary business."
"SEC. 44. If any corporation, created under this or any
general statute of this State, except railway or charitable or
religious
Page 561
corporations, be dissolved, leaving debts unpaid, suits may be
brought against any person or persons who were stockholders at
the time of such dissolution, without joining the corporation in
such suit; and if judgment be rendered, and execution satisfied,
the defendant or defendants may sue all who were stockholders at
the time of dissolution, for the recovery of the portion of such
debt for which they were liable, and the execution upon the
judgment shall direct the collection to be made from property of
each stockholder, respectively; and if any number of stockholders
(defendants in the case) shall not have property enough to
satisfy his or their portion of the execution, then the amount of
deficiency shall be divided equally among all the remaining
stockholders, and collections made accordingly, deducting from
the amount a sum in proportion to the amount of stock owned by
the plaintiff at the time the company dissolved."
The complaint alleged, and the plaintiff at the trial
introduced evidence of, the following facts: The Kansas
corporation was duly formed under the general laws of the State
of Kansas in 1886, for the purpose of a general banking and real
estate business; had its only place of business at Arkansas City
in that State; was not a railway, religious or charitable
corporation; and had a capital of $200,000, divided into 2000
shares of $100 each, of which the defendant, from the time of the
formation of the corporation, and ever after, owned one half. In
December, 1890, that corporation made a general assignment for
the benefit of its creditors, and from that time wholly suspended
business. About four months before its failure, it indorsed and
guaranteed for value two promissory notes, together amounting to
$4875, which were discounted by the plaintiff. In 1895 the
plaintiff brought an action to recover the unpaid balance of
those notes, in a district court of the county of Cowley and
State of Kansas, against the corporation, and, after its general
appearance and subsequent default, recovered judgment against it
for the sum of $3449; an execution thereon against the
corporation was issued to the sheriff of the county, who returned
it wholly unsatisfied, because he could not find any property on
which to make a
Page 562
levy; and the corporation had in fact no assets of any kind.
The defendant moved the Circuit Court of the United States to
direct a verdict in his favor, upon the ground that it had no
jurisdiction to enforce a statutory remedy of the State of
Kansas. The court denied the motion, directed a verdict for the
plaintiff, overruled a motion for a new trial, and entered a
final judgment for the plaintiff. 76 F. 697. That judgment
was affirmed by the Circuit Court of Appeals. 51 U.S.App. 536.
The defendant thereupon applied for and obtained this writ of
certiorari.168 U.S. 710.
But this constitutional provision does not stand alone. The legislature of Kansas has acted on the subject-matter, and the constitution and the statutes are to be taken together, as making one body of law; and it serves no good purpose to inquire what rights and remedies a creditor of a corporation might have or what liabilities would rest upon a stockholder if either constitution or statutes stood alone and unaided by the other.
In section 32 of chapter 23 of the General Statutes of that State, passed before the organization of the corporation referred to, the legislature prescribed the mode of enforcing this constitutional liability, and if such were needed declared to what extent it could be enforced. It may be either by motion in a case in which judgment has been rendered against the corporation and execution thereon returned unsatisfied, or by a direct action by the plaintiff in such judgment. Neither remedy can be made effectual in the courts of Kansas against a stockholder unless by due service of process he is brought within the jurisdiction of such courts.Wilsonv.Seligman,144 U.S. 41;Howellv.Manglesdorf,33 Kan. 194,199.
Whatever else may be said about the remedy it is direct, certain and available to every creditor of a corporation, and leaves to the stockholders the adjustment between themselves of their respective individual shares of the corporate obligations. In view of the present tendency to carry on business through corporate instrumentalities and the freedom from personal liability which attends ordinary corporate action, it cannot be said that this limited additional remedy is open to judicial condemnation.
The liability which by the constitution and statutes is thus declared to rest upon the stockholder, though statutory in its origin, is contractual in its nature. It would not be doubted that if the stockholders in this corporation had formed a partnership,Page 564the obligations of each partner to the others and to creditors would be contractual, and determined by the general common law in respect to partnerships. If Kansas had provided for partnerships, with limited liability, and these parties, complying with the provisions of the statute, had formed such a partnership, it would also be true that their obligations to one another and to creditors would be contractual, although only in the statute was to be found the authority for the creation of such obligations. And it is none the less so when these same stockholders organized a corporation under a law of Kansas, which prescribed the nature of the obligations which each thereby assumed to the others and to the creditors. While the statute of Kansas permitted the forming of the corporation under certain conditions, the action of these parties was purely voluntary. In other words, they entered into a contract authorized by statute.Flashv.Conn,109 U.S. 371, is much in point. In that case a corporation was organized in the State of New York, under an act of legislature, which contained this provision:
"SEC. 10. All the stockholders of every company incorporated under this act shall be severally individually liable to the creditors of the company in which they are stockholders, to an amount equal to the amount of stock held by them respectively, for all debts and contracts made by such company, until the whole amount of capital stock fixed and limited by such company shall have been paid in, and a certificate thereof shall have been made and recorded as prescribed in the following section."
An action was brought in Florida against one of the stockholders, and on error to this court it was held that the stockholder was liable, the court saying (p. 377):
"We think the liability imposed by section 10 is a liability arising upon contract. The stockholders of the company are by that section made severally and individually liable, within certain limits, to the creditors of the company for its debts and contracts. Every one who becomes a member of the company by subscribing to its stock assumes this liability, which continues until the capital stock is all paid up and a certificate of that fact is made, published and recorded."Page 565
And again, after noticing the rulings of the Court of Appeals of the State of New York (p. 379):
"If this were a case arising in the State of New York we should therefore follow the construction put upon the statute by the courts of that State. The circumstance that the case comes here from the State of Florida should not leave the statute open to a different construction. It would be an anomaly for this court to put one interpretation on the statute in a case arising in New York, and a different interpretation in a case arising in Florida. Our conclusion, therefore, is that this action was not brought to enforce a liability in the nature of a penalty.
"The right of the plaintiffs to sue upon this liability in any court having jurisdiction of the subject-matter and the parties is, therefore, clear.Dennickv.Railroad Co.,103 U.S. 11."
And finally, in reference to the objection that the action was one at law against a single stockholder instead of in equity against all (p. 380):
"But in this case the statute makes every stockholder individually liable for the debts of the company for an amount equal to the amount of his stock. This liability is fixed, and does not depend on the liability of other stockholders. There is no necessity for bringing in other stockholders or creditors. Any creditor who has recovered judgment against the company and sued out an execution thereon, which has been returned unsatisfied, may sue any stockholder, and no other creditor can. Such actions are maintained without objection in the courts of New York, under section 10 of the statute relied on in this case.Shillingtonv.Howland,53 N.Y. 371;Weeksv.Suydam,64 N.Y. 173;Handyv.Draper,89 N.Y. 334;Rocky Mountain Nat. Bankv.Bliss,89 N.Y. 338."
InRichmondv.Irons,121 U.S. 27, in which the question presented was whether the individual liability of a stockholder in a national bank survived as against his administrator, it was said (p. 55):
"Under that act the individual liability of the stockholders is an essential element in the contract by which the stockholders became members of the corporation. It is voluntarilyPage 566entered into by subscribing for and accepting shares of stock. Its obligation becomes a part of every contract, debt and engagement of the bank itself, as much so as if they were made directly by the stockholder instead of by the corporation. There is nothing in the statute to indicate that the obligation arising under these undertakings and promises should not have the same force and effect, and be as binding in all respects, as any other contracts of the individual stockholder."
InConcord First National Bankv.Hawkins,174 U.S. 364,372, in which one national bank was sought to be charged as stockholder in another national bank, was this declaration:
"In the present case it is sought to escape the force of these decisions by the contention that the liability of the stockholder in a national bank to respond to an assessment in case of insolvency is not contractual, but statutory."
"Undoubtedly, the obligation is declared by the statute to attach to the ownership of the stock, and in that sense may be said to be statutory. But as the ownership of the stock, in most cases, arises from the voluntary act of the stockholder, he must be regarded as having agreed or contracted to be subject to the obligation."
Similar are the views entertained by the Supreme Court of Kansas.
InAbbeyv.Dry Goods Co.,44 Kan. 415,418, we find this statement:
"The nature of this liability is peculiar; it seems to have been created for the exclusive benefit of corporate creditors; the liability rests upon the stockholders of a corporation to respond to the creditors, for an amount equal to the stock held by each, and it has been held that the action to enforce this liability can only be maintained by the creditors themselves, in their own right and for their own benefit."
And again, inPlumbv.Bank of Enterprise,48 Kan. 484,486:
"Under our constitution and statutes, the individual liability stands as a sort of surety for the corporate liability, and creditors of the corporation are supposed to contract with reference to the individual responsibility of the stockholders."Page 567
InAchenbachv.Pomeroy Coal Co., 2 Kansas Ct. App. 357, 359, is this language:
"The liability of a stockholder in an insolvent corporation is of the nature of a liability on contract, and survives against the legal representatives of a deceased stockholder."
And while the word "statutory" is sometimes found in the opinions of that court as descriptive of the stockholder's liability, evidently the word is so used to indicate the origin rather than the nature of the liability. Thus, inHowellv.Manglesdorf,33 Kan. 194, it was said (p. 199):
"While the liability is statutory, it is one which arises upon the contract of subscription to the capital stock of the corporation, and an action to enforce the same is transitory, and may be brought in any court of general jurisdiction in the State where personal service can be made upon the stockholder."
Obviously this recognizes the contractual nature of the obligation as well as its statutory origin. Again, inPiercev.Security Company,60 Kan. 164, it was held that a stockholder, sued by a judgment creditor of the corporation, might set off against that claim the indebtedness of the corporation to him, accruing before he became liable as stockholder, the court saying (p. 166):
"Where the statute creates a liability against stockholders which is personal and several, and actionable by any creditor against any stockholder, it is generally held that a stockholder may in such a proceeding brought against himself set off debts due to him from the company."
Thus, while the statutory origin of the obligation is asserted, its contractual nature is recognized in that the right of set-off is affirmed.
That an action upon this liability is not one to enforce a penal statute of Kansas but only to secure a private remedy is not open to question since the decision inHuntingtonv.Attrill,146 U.S. 657.
And as this liability is one which is contractual in its nature, it is also clear that an action therefor can be maintained in any court of competent jurisdiction.Dennickv.Railroad Company,103 U.S. 11;Huntingtonv.Attrill,146 U.S. 657.Page 568
Similar views have been expressed by the highest courts of several States in like actions based upon the same Kansas constitutional and statutory provisions.Fergusonv.Sherman,116 Cal. 169;Bellv.Farwell,176 Ill. 489;Hancock National Bankv.Ellis,172 Mass. 39;WesternNational Bankv.Lawrence,117 Mich. 669;Guerneyv.Moore,131 Mo. 650. See alsoPainev.Stewart,33 Conn. 516;Cushingv.Perot, 175 Penn. St. 66;Rhodesv.United States National Bank, (U.S.Ct.Ap. 7th Cir.) 24 U.S. App. 607;Bank of North Americav.Rindge, (U.S. Cir.Ct.S. Dist. Cal.) 57 F. 279;McVickarv.Jones, (Cir.Ct. Dist. N.H.) 70 F. 754;Mechanics'Savings Bankv.Fidelity Insurance Company, (Cir.Ct. E. Dist. Penn.) 87 F. 113;Dexterv.Edmands, (Cir.Ct. Mass.) 89 F. 467;Brownv.Trail, (Cir.Ct. Dist. Md.) 89 F. 641.
We see no error in the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals, and it is, therefore,Affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE PECKHAM dissented.