Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Gray v. Connecticut

Gray v. Conn., 159 U.S. 74 (1895)

Type: Opinion
Court: Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction: Federal
Date: 1895-06-03
Topic: general

Me. Justice Field, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court. A license to pursue any business or occupation, from the governing authority of any municipality or State, can only be *77invoked for the protection of one in the pursuit of such business or occupation, so long as the same continues unaffected by existing or new conditions. The degree of care and scrutiny which should attend the pursuit of the business or occupation practised will necessarily depend upon the safety and freedom from injurious or dangerous conditions attending the prosecution of the same. In the preparation of medicinal compounds, intoxicating liquors and even still more dangerous ingredients are often properly used; but the protecting care of the government, municipal or state, in their use, should never be relaxed beyond the bounds of absolute safety.

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Cited by: 20 opinions

Headnotes

Constitutional Law — State Occupational Licensing — Police Power A license from a municipality or State to pursue a business or occupation protects the licensee only so long as the pursuit of that business or occupation remains unaffected by existing or new conditions that the legislature has constitutional power to enact; the degree of care and scrutiny attending the business depends on the safety and freedom from injurious or dangerous conditions attending its prosecution. 159 U.S. at 76
Constitutional Law — State Regulation — License Conditions The government's protective authority over the use of intoxicating liquors in medicinal preparations may not be relaxed beyond the bounds of absolute safety, and that responsibility cannot be stipulated or bartered away; prior statutory provisions governing a pharmacist's use of spirituous liquors do not prevent the lawful authority from later exacting further conditions it deems necessary or useful. 159 U.S. at 76–77
Constitutional Law — Equal Protection State statutes prohibiting the sale, offering for sale, or keeping with intent to sell spirituous liquors without a license, and making the granting of a druggist's license discretionary with the county commissioners, do not conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; a fine imposed for disregarding a requirement to obtain a druggist's license before using spirituous liquors in medicinal compounds violates no right under the state constitution or the Fourteenth Amendment. 159 U.S. at 75–77

GRAY v. CONNECTICUT,159 U.S. 74(1895)

GRAYv. CONNECTICUT.

ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF ERRORS OF THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT.

No. 258.

Submitted April 4, 1895.

Decided June 3, 1895.

A license to pursue any business or occupation, from the governing authority of any municipality or State, can only be invoked for the protection of one in the pursuit of such business or occupation so long as the same continues unaffected by existing or new conditions, which it is within the constitutional power of the legislature to enact. The provisions in the statutes of Connecticut that a person selling or offering for sale, or owning or keeping with intent to sell or exchange, spirituous liquors, without having a license therefor, and that the granting of such license to a druggist shall be discretionary with the county commissioners, are not in conflict with any of the provisions contained in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THE plaintiff in error was charged before a justice of the peace for the county of New London, in the town of Groton, State of Connecticut, with keeping a place in that town, on the 1st day of January, 1890, and on divers days subsequently, previous to the time of making the complaint, where it was reputed that intoxicating and spirituous liquors were kept for sale; and also of selling on the 1st day of January, 1890, and at divers days between that date and the time of making the complaint, in that town and county, without having a license therefor, to persons to the prosecuting agent unknown, spirituous and intoxicating liquors, on the premises, in quantities less than one gallon to be delivered at one time; and also with keeping on the 1st day of January, 1890, and at divers days between that date and the time of making the complaint, at that town and county without having a license therefor, spirituous and intoxicating liquors, with intent to sell the same, all of which acts are alleged to have been done against the peace of the State, to be of evil example and contrary to the statute in such case made and provided.

The plaintiff in error, who was thus charged, was arrested,Page 75and on his plea of not guilty was tried and found guilty before the justice of the peace, and was ordered to pay a fine of eighty dollars and costs, and to stand committed until the judgment was paid.

The accused moved for an appeal from the judgment to the next session of the criminal court of Common Pleas for New London County, which was granted, to be held on the second Tuesday of September, 1890, at Norwich, the accused then and there to answer the complaint, at which time he appeared, and, anolle prosequibeing entered upon the first count, for his plea to the other counts he said "not guilty." After a full hearing of the cause on a new trial in the criminal court of Common Pleas the accused was found guilty and sentenced to pay a fine of fifty dollars and the costs of the prosecution, and to stand committed until the judgment was complied with.

Upon the trial in that court the counsel of the appellant contended that the court should charge the jury —

1st. That if they found "that the defendant did not sell nor keep with intent to sell, spirituous and intoxicating liquors as such, but kept such liquors to be used in compounding medicines and in dispensing the prescriptions of physicians, it was their duty to acquit him."

2d. "That the defendant as a licensed pharmacist had the right to use in the compounding of his medicines and tinctures all ingredients necessary to their proper preparation, whether such ingredients or any of them were spirituous or intoxicating or otherwise."

3d. "That the State having licensed the accused to pursue his business and occupation as a pharmacist, the board of commissioners for New London County could not by any action of theirs deprive him of the right to pursue his said business in all its branches."

4th. That section 3087 of the Revised Statutes of Connecticut, which declares "that any person who, without having a license therefor, shall sell or exchange, or shall offer or expose for sale or exchange, or shall own or keep with intent to sell or exchange, any spirituous and intoxicating liquors, shall be fined," and section 3067 of such Revised Statutes, which providesPage 76"that a license to a druggist shall not be granted unless upon application made in the manner prescribed, and that the granting of such license shall bediscretionary with the countycommissioners," — were contrary to the provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, because they abridged his privileges and immunities as a citizen of the United States, and deprived him of his property without due course of law.

But the court refused so to charge the jury, and on the judgment rendered upon the verdict, the case was taken to the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut, in which court it was insisted that the court below had erred in instructing the jury that the only question for them to determine was whether the prisoner had complied with the regulations of the law, and in conducting his business had used liquors in compounding prescriptions, without having a license therefor from the board of pharmacy and the county commissioners; and that the court had erred in directing the jury that if it was necessary that a man should use liquor in compounding medicines in the State and could not practise the business of druggist without it, then the law made it a prerequisite to obtain not only a license from the board of pharmacy, but also from the county commissioners; and that the court had erred in not charging that sections 3087 and 3067 were contrary to the provisions of the constitution of the State and the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. The court affirmed the judgment, from which the case was brought to this court on writ of error, the plaintiff in error assigning the same errors which were assigned in the Supreme Court of Errors of Connecticut.

Mr. H.C. Robinsonfor plaintiff in error.Mr. Solomon Lucasfor defendant in error.

MR. JUSTICE FIELD, after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the court.

A license to pursue any business or occupation, from the governing authority of any municipality or State, can only bePage 77invoked for the protection of one in the pursuit of such business or occupation, so long as the same continues unaffected by existing or new conditions. The degree of care and scrutiny which should attend the pursuit of the business or occupation practised will necessarily depend upon the safety and freedom from injurious or dangerous conditions attending the prosecution of the same.

In the preparation of medicinal compounds, intoxicating liquors and even still more dangerous ingredients are often properly used; but the protecting care of the government, municipal or state, in their use, should never be relaxed beyond the bounds of absolute safety. The responsibility of the legal authority, municipal or state, cannot be stipulated or bartered away. Whatever provisions were prescribed by the law previous to 1890, in the use of spirituous liquors in the medicinal preparations of pharmacists, they did not prevent the subsequent exaction of further conditions which the lawful authority might deem necessary or useful.

For reasons which were deemed sufficient after 1890, by the authorities of Connecticut, the use of spirituous liquors in the preparation of pharmacists' compounds required still further provisions than those previously existing, and it was provided that such liquors could not be subsequently used in their preparation without the pharmacist's first procuring a druggist's license from the county commissioners.

The imposition by the court of a fine upon the accused for a disregard of this requirement trespassed in no way upon any of his rights under the constitution of the State, or under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution.Judgment affirmed.Page 78