Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Pullman Co. v. Knott

235 U.S. 23

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1914-11-02
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • A statute "is not to be upset upon hypothetical and unreal possibilities, if it would be good upon the facts as they are"

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Pullman Co. v. Knott. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
53 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Scope of Fourteenth Amendment A state constitution is not incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, so alleged violations of state constitutional provisions are not, by themselves, violations of the federal Constitution. 235 U.S. at 27
  2. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection A state tax will not be invalidated under the equal protection provision of the Fourteenth Amendment on the basis of hypothetical or unreal possibilities if it is valid upon the facts as they actually exist. 235 U.S. at 27
  3. Constitutional Law — Due Process A statutory provision requiring a state officer to estimate the amount of gross receipts and fix the tax due when a party subject to the tax fails to make the required report does not deprive the party of property without due process of law, because the statute affords an adequate opportunity to be heard by permitting the party to fix the amount itself through compliance with the reporting requirement. 235 U.S. at 27–28
  4. Constitutional Law — Deference to State Courts on State Constitutional Questions A federal court will decline to strike down a state taxing statute as invalid under the state constitution where the state court has upheld comparable statutes in decisions that are apparently broad enough to cover the challenged statute, even if possible distinctions could be drawn, because the validity of the law under the state constitution must ultimately be decided by the state courts. 235 U.S. at 28–29
PULLMAN CO.v. KNOTT,235 U.S. 23(1914)
35 S.Ct. 2
PULLMAN COMPANYv. KNOTT, COMPTROLLER OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA.
SAMEv. SAME.
APPEALS FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES FOR THE NORTHERN
DISTRICT OF FLORIDA.
Nos. 383, 384.
Argued October 21, 1914.
Decided November 2, 1914.
The constitution of the State is not taken up into the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.Burtv.Smith,203 U.S. 129. A state tax will not be upset under the equal protection provision of the Fourteenth Amendment upon hypothetical or unreal possibilities if good upon facts as they are.KeokeeConsolidated Coke Co. v.Taylor,234 U.S. 224.Quaere, whether a classification of sleeping and parlor car companies excluding railroad companies operating their own sleeping and parlorPage 24cars is so arbitrary as to be unconstitutional under the equal protection provision of the Fourteenth Amendment. The provision in the statute involved in this case that the proper state officer fix the amount of gross receipts on which the tax shall be based in case the party subject to the tax shall fail to make a report of the actual gross receipts as required by the statute,heldnot a deprivation of property without due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment as denying an opportunity to be heard. The court in this case declines to overthrow a state taxing statute on the ground of its invalidity under the state constitution as the decisions of the state court sustaining similar statutes are apparently broad enough to cover this statute, even though there may be possible distinctions between it and the statutes involved in the other cases.Louisville Nashville R.R. Co. v.Garrett,231 U.S. 298. The statutes of Florida of 1907 and 1913 imposing taxes on sleeping and parlor car companies held not unconstitutional under the Federal or the state constitution.
THE facts, which involve the constitutionality of a statute of
Florida taxing sleeping car companies, are stated in the opinion.
Mr. Frank B. Kellogg, with whomMr. Gustavus S. FernaldandMr. John E. Hartridgewere on the brief, for appellant:

The tax is not a capitation tax or a license tax provided for by §5of art.9of the Florida constitution.

The tax is not anad valoremtax based upon a "just valuation of all property" and provided for by "a uniform and equal rate of taxation" throughout the State.

The statute and imposition of the tax thereunder deprives the appellant of its property without due process of law, and denies to appellant the equal protection of the laws in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.

The case presented is within the cognizance of the equity jurisdiction of the Federal court.Mr. Thomas F. West, Attorney General of the State of Florida, for appellee.Page 25
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the court.
These are suits to prevent the collection of a tax on gross receipts for different years, derived from business done by the appellant in the State of Florida, and to have the laws under which the tax would be assessed, declared contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment. The bills are like those stated in231 U.S. 571, and aver the following facts. Chapter 5597 of the laws of Florida for 1907, now § 44 of Chapter 6421 of the laws of 1913, imposes a license tax, which has been paid. Section 46 of Chapter 5596 of the laws of 1907 imposes a taxad valorem, which also has been paid, with immaterial exceptions. Up to 1907 this property tax had not existed, but sleeping and parlor car companies had been required to make a return of gross receipts from business done between points within the State and to pay a percentage upon such returns, which it paid in lieu of all other taxes. But by § 47 of said Chapter 5596 (now § 45 of Chapter 6421 of the laws of 1913), the last mentioned tax was continued in force alongside of the newad valoremtax of § 46, and the appellant contends that after the levying of a property tax the tax on gross returns became void. An application for a preliminary injunction was heard before three judges and was denied, whereupon this appeal was taken and asupersedeaswas granted upon payment of the sum in dispute into court.

The cases come here upon an alleged infringement of the Constitution of the United States, but are argued mainly upon the constitution of the State. Of course the latter is not taken up into the Fourteenth Amendment.Castillov.McConnico,168 U.S. 674.Burtv.Smith,203 U.S. 129,135. It can be considered only because the cases come from the District Court upon the other ground. We will deal with the Federal question first. It is suggested that there is an arbitrary classificationPage 26because the tax is confined to sleeping and parlor car companies and does not fall upon railroads operating their own sleeping and parlor cars. If otherwise this were a valid objection, as to which we need express no opinion, it is enough to say that a tax is not to be upset upon hypothetical and unreal possibilities, if it would be good upon the facts as they are.Keokee ConsolidatedCoke Co. v.Taylor,234 U.S. 224. It does not appear that any railroad in Florida does operate its own sleeping or parlor cars, and the Attorney General of the State denies that such a case exists.

The other objection urged is that the tax payer is not given a hearing. The statute, as we have said, requires the companies to make a report and fixes a percentage ($1.50 per $100) to be paid. If the report is not made the Comptroller is to estimate the gross receipts and add ten per cent. of the amount of the taxes as a penalty. If the companies do as required there is nothing to be heard about. They fix the amount and the statute establishes the proportion to be paid over.Bell's Gap R.R. Co. v.Pennsylvania,134 U.S. 232. The provision in case of their failure to report is not, as it seemed to be suggested in argument, an alternative left open for the companies to choose. It is a provision for their failure to do their duty. In that event their chance and right to be heard have gone by.

We do not feel called upon to discuss the objections under the constitution of the State at length. Starting with the conceded proposition that the tax to be valid must be eitherad valoremor a license tax, the appellant argues that this cannot be a license tax, as was held by the Judges who refused the injunction, because the payment of it is not made a condition of the right to do business; because another tax is imposed in terms for a license; and because the history of the law shows that for years it took the place of a property tax. These considerationsPage 27undoubtedly are very strong. But as we are dealing with the validity of the law under the state constitution, a matter that must be decided finally by the state court, and as the state court has held other gross earning taxes to be license taxes,Afro-American Industrial Benefit Ass'nv.Florida,61 Fla. 85,89, we are of opinion that if this act is to be overthrown it should not be overthrown by us. It is true that there are possible distinctions between this case and the Florida decision cited, but it seems to us not improbable that the Supreme Court had in view a principle broad enough to cover the case at bar.Louisville Nashville R.R. Co. v.Garrett,231 U.S. 298,305.Decree affirmed.