Director of Civil Service of Massachusetts v. Boston Chapter, N.A.A.C.P., Inc.

How later courts describe this case

• roving police officers shook down bars that did not pay up
• “the question of the extent of defense discovery, at least that discovery which requires judicial assistance, is a matter within the discretion of the trial court”
• “significant disproportionality in minority employment, coupled with even minimal proof of a higher minority failure rate [on selection exams]” establishes prima facie claim
• Eleventh Amendment does not immunize state civil service officials from being taxed for costs
• one-to-one hiring quota to remedy unlawful discrimination and eradicate its effects
• minorities awarded hiring preference to ameliorate the effects of past discrimination
• there must be a fit between the qualifications and the job
• cut off score of 70 on a test is arbitrary