Alexander v. Aero Lodge No. 735, International Ass'n of Machinists & Aerospace Workers

How later courts describe this case

• “a city would be unduly hamstrung if its permit decision subjected it to potential liability on the basis of financial arrangements independently made by property owners affected by those decisions.”
• determination of class status must be made prior to decision on merits
• “lack of substantiality in' a federal question may appear either because it is obviously without merit or because its unsoundness so clearly results from the previous decisions of (the Supreme Court) as to foreclose the subject”