Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Robinson v. Florida

378 U.S. 153

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1964-06-22
Topic
litigation

How later courts describe this case

  • manager's request that integrated group leave restaurant was state action where state regulations put special burdens on facilities serving both races
  • trespass convictions for violations of restaurant segregation, mandated by state regulations, held to reflect state policy and thus violate fourteenth amendment
  • state regulation placing additional restrictions on restaurants not enforcing a policy of segregation
  • an integrated group of 18 blacks and whites
  • action by state administrative body subject to equal protection clause

Citator

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Cited by
90 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — State Action State action prohibited by the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment may be brought about through a State's administrative and regulatory agencies just as through its legislature. 378 U.S. at 156-157 (citing Lombard v. Louisiana, 373 U.S. 267, 273)
  2. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection State regulations that, though not expressly forbidding restaurants to serve white and colored people together, embody a state policy imposing burdens upon any restaurant serving both races and are bound to discourage the serving of the two races together, involve the State so significantly in bringing about restaurant segregation that convictions for remaining in a restaurant after being asked to leave reflect that state policy and violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 378 U.S. at 156-157 (following Peterson v. City of Greenville, 373 U.S. 244)
ROBINSONv. FLORIDA,378 U.S. 153(1964)
ROBINSON ET AL.v. FLORIDA.
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA.
No. 60.
Argued October 15, 1963.
Decided June 22, 1964.
Following refusal by appellants, Negroes and whites, to leave a Miami, Florida, restaurant, they were arrested and convicted under a state misdemeanor statute proscribing a guest's remaining at a restaurant after having been asked to leave by the management. The State Supreme Court affirmed, holding the statute did not deny equal protection of the laws. At the time of the arrest a State Health Board regulation applicable to restaurants and adopted under the legislature's authority required segregated rest rooms and the State had issued a manual based on state regulations requiring segregated facilities.Held:The regulations embodying a state policy which discouraged serving the two races together, involved the State so significantly in causing restaurant segregation as to violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.Petersonv.City of Greenville,373 U.S. 244, followed. Pp. 153-157.144 So.2d 811, reversed.
Alfred I. HopkinsandJack Greenbergargued the cause for appellants. WithMr. Hopkinson the briefs wereTobias SimonandHoward W. Dixon.George R. Georgieff, Assistant Attorney General of Florida, argued the cause for appellee. With him on the briefs wereRichard W. Ervin, former Attorney General of Florida, andJames W. Kynes, Attorney General of Florida.Ralph S. Spritzer, by special leave of Court, argued the cause for the United States, asamicus curiae, urging reversal. With him on the briefs wereSolicitor GeneralCox, Assistant Attorney General Marshall, Louis F.Claiborne, Harold H. Greene, Howard A. GlicksteinandDavid Rubin.
MR. JUSTICE BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
A criminal information filed in a Florida state court charged that these eighteen appellants had violatedPage 154§509.141of the Florida Statutes by remaining in a restaurant after the manager had requested them to leave.1The material facts are not in dispute and show: Shell's City Restaurant, which is one of nineteen departments in Shell's Department Store in Miami, had, at the time of appellants' arrest, a policy of refusing to serve Negroes. Appellants, Negroes and whites, went as a group into the restaurant and seated themselves at tables. In accordance with the restaurant's policy, the manager told appellants they would not be served. The manager called the police and, accompanied by one policeman, went to each table, again told appellants they would not be served, and requested them to leave. They refused. The police officers then advised them to leave, and when appellants persisted in their refusal the police placed them all under arrest.

At the trial, the Shell's City management explained that, while Negroes were welcomed as customers in the store's other departments, serving Negroes in the restaurant would be "very detrimental to our business" because of the objections of white customers. After these facts had been brought out during the examination of the State's witnesses, appellants moved for a directed verdict on the ground that their arrest, prosecution, and conviction by the State on this evidence would amount to state discrimination against them on account of color, thereby violating the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection of the laws. This motion was denied. ThePage 155appellants calling no witnesses, the trial court stayed the adjudication of guilt and the imposition of sentence and placed appellants on probation, as authorized by §948.01(3) of the Florida Statutes. On appeal, after various jurisdictional rulings in the Florida appellate courts,2the Supreme Court of Florida affirmed, holding the statute under which appellants were convicted to be nondiscriminatory.144 So.2d 811. The case is properly here on appeal under28 U.S.C. § 1257(2), and we noted probable jurisdiction.374 U.S. 803.

In this case we do not reach the broad question whether the Fourteenth Amendment of its own force forbids a State to arrest and prosecute those who, having been asked to leave a restaurant because of their color, refuse to do so. For here there are additional circumstances which, we think, call for reversal because of our holding inPetersonv.City of Greenville,373 U.S. 244. The petitioners inPetersonwere convicted of trespass in violation of a city ordinance after they had seated themselves at a lunch counter and remained there over the manager's protest. At that time, however, there existed another Greenville ordinance which made it unlawful for restaurants to serve meals to white persons and colored persons in the same room or at the same table or counter. InPetersonthe city argued that the manager's refusal to serve Negroes was based on his own personal preference, which did not amount to "state action" forbidden by the Fourteenth Amendment. But we held that the case must be decided on the basis of what the ordinance required people to do, not on the basis of what the manager wanted to do. We said:
"When a state agency passes a law compelling persons to discriminate against other persons because of race, and the State's criminal processes are employedPage 156in a way which enforces the discrimination mandated by that law, such a palpable violation of the Fourteenth Amendment cannot be saved by attempting to separate the mental urges of the discriminators."373 U.S., at 248.


See alsoLombardv.Louisiana,373 U.S. 267.

In the present case, when appellants were arrested and tried the Florida Board of Health had in effect a regulation, adopted under "authority of the Florida Legislature" and applicable to restaurants, which provided that "where colored persons are employed or accommodated" separate toilet and lavatory rooms must be provided.3A month before petitioners were arrested, the State of Florida had issued a "Food and Drink Services" manual, based on state regulations. The manual said that as a "basic requirement,"
"Separate facilities shall be provided for each sex and for each race whether employed or served in the establishment."


While these Florida regulations do not directly and expressly forbid restaurants to serve both white and colored people together, they certainly embody a state policy putting burdens upon any restaurant which serves both races, burdens bound to discourage the serving of the two races together. Of course, state action, of the kind that falls within the proscription of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, may be brought about through the State's administrative and regulatory agencies just as through its legislature. Cf.Lombardv.Louisiana, supra,373 U.S., at 273. Here as inPetersonv.City of Greenville, supra, we conclude that the State through its regulations has become involved to such aPage 157significant extent in bringing about restaurant segregation that appellants' trespass convictions must be held to reflect that state policy and therefore to violate the Fourteenth Amendment.

The judgment of the Supreme Court of Florida is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.It is so ordered.

MR. JUSTICE DOUGLAS would reverse the judgment below for the reasons stated in his opinion in No. 12,Bellv.Maryland, post, p. 242.

MR. JUSTICE HARLAN, considering himself bound byPetersonv.City of Greenville,373 U.S. 244, acquiesces in the judgment of the Court.Page 158
  1. Page 154 The statute says that a manager or other person in authority at a restaurant (among other places named in the statute) shall have the right to remove or cause to be removed any person "who, in the opinion of the management, is a person whom it would be detrimental" to the restaurant to serve. The management must first give notice, orally or in writing, that the guest depart. The statute then provides, "[A]ny guest who shall remain or attempt to remain in such . . . restaurant . . . after being requested, as aforesaid, to depart therefrom, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . . . ." ↩
  2. Page 155 See132 So.2d 3(Supreme Court of Florida);132 So.2d 771(District Court of Appeal of Florida). ↩
  3. Page 156 Florida State Sanitary Code, c. VII, § 6. The substance of this regulation was reissued on June 26, 1962, and is now part of Florida Administrative Code, c. 170C, § 8.06. ↩