Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Federal Communications Commission v. Woko, Inc.

329 U.S. 223

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1946-12-09
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • emphasizing that "the fact that [the Court] might not have made the same determination [about a licensee's eligibility] on the same facts does not warrant a substitution of judicial for administrative discretion since Congress has confided the problem to the latter"
  • FCC is not bound "to deal with all cases at all times as it has dealt with some that seem comparable"
  • "The willingness to deceive a regulatory body may be disclosed by immaterial and useless deceptions as well as by material and persuasive ones."
  • the Commission is not bound "to deal with all cases at all times as it has dealt with some that seem comparable"
  • "[Wle cannot say that the Commission is bound ... to deal with all cases at all times as it has dealt with some that seem comparable."
  • construing 18 U.S.C. § 1464

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Federal Communications Commission v. Woko, Inc.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
221 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Administrative Law — Judicial Review A court reviewing an agency's order may set it aside only where the order is unlawful, arbitrary, or capricious; findings of fact supported by substantial evidence are conclusive, and the court may not substitute its own judgment on the same facts for the discretionary determination Congress has confided to the agency. 329 U.S. 223, 226
  2. Administrative Law — Licensing — Concealment of Required Information It is not unlawful, arbitrary, or capricious for an agency to deny a license where required information was withheld and false information substituted, even absent a finding that the concealment was material or influenced the agency's decision; the fact of concealment may be more significant than the facts concealed, since a willingness to deceive a regulatory body may be disclosed by immaterial and useless deceptions as well as material and persuasive ones. 329 U.S. at 226–27
  3. Administrative Law — Licensing — Corporate Responsibility for Deception The presence of innocent stockholders does not, as a matter of law, immunize a corporation from the consequences of its officers' deception of a regulatory agency, although the fact of innocent ownership may be a proper consideration for the agency in determining just and appropriate action. 329 U.S. at 227
  4. Administrative Law — Agency Discretion An agency is not bound to deal with all cases at all times as it has dealt with some that seem comparable; the fact that its action departs from its treatment of comparable cases is a consideration appropriate for the agency in determining whether its action is too drastic, but does not render the action unlawful. 329 U.S. at 227–28
  5. Administrative Law — Licensing — Penalty A denial of a license because of the insufficiency or deliberate falsity of information lawfully required to be furnished is not a penal measure; it is not made illegal, arbitrary, or capricious by the fact that it may cause loss. 329 U.S. at 228
  6. Administrative Law — Licensing — Extent of Required Findings An agency's refusal to renew a license for deception is not rendered arbitrary or capricious by the agency's failure to make findings as to the quality of the station's past service and its equipment for future good service, where the applicant engaged in a systematic course of deception over approximately twelve years. 329 U.S. at 228–29
  7. Administrative Law — Licensing — False Applications An agency is not required, as a matter of law, to grant a license on a deliberately false application, even where the falsity was not of long duration and character. 329 U.S. at 229
  8. Administrative Law — Licensing — Public Interest Determination It is the agency, not the courts, that must be satisfied that the public interest will be served by renewing a license, and the mere fact that a reviewing court might not have made the same determination on the same facts does not warrant substitution of judicial for administrative discretion. 329 U.S. at 229
COMMUNICATIONS COMM'Nv. WOKO,329 U.S. 223(1946)
67 S.Ct. 213
FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSIONv. WOKO, INC.
CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA.
No. 65.
Argued November 22, 1946.
Decided December 9, 1946.
A corporation, which had operated a radio station for some years and appeared to have rendered public service of acceptable quality and to be able to continue, was denied a renewal of its license by the Federal Communications Commission on the ground that it could not be entrusted with the responsibilities of a licensee, because the Commission found that it had misrepresented the true ownership of its capital stock in applications and testimony before the Commission over a period of years.Held:1. The denial of the license was not unlawful, arbitrary or capricious within the meaning of47 U.S.C. § 402(e), providing for judicial review, even though the Commission failed to find that the concealment was of material facts or had influenced the Commission in making any decision or that it would have acted differently had it known the true facts. Pp. 226, 227.Page 2242. The fact that stockholders owning slightly more than 50% of its stock were not found to have had any part in or knowledge of the deception cannot immunize the corporation from the consequences of the deception, though it may be a proper consideration for the Commission in determining just and appropriate action. P. 227. 3. That its action in this case constitutes a departure from the course which the Commission has taken in dealing with misstatements and applications in other cases is a consideration appropriate for the Commission in determining whether its action in this case is too drastic; but the Commission is not bound to deal with all cases at all times as it has dealt with some that seem comparable. Pp. 227-228. 4. A denial of a license because of the insufficiency or deliberate falsity of the information lawfully required to be furnished is not a penalty and is not illegal, arbitrary or capricious within the meaning of47 U.S.C. § 402(e). P. 228. 5. The fact that the Commission failed to make findings as to the quality of the station's service in the past and its equipment for good service in the future did not make its action arbitrary or capricious in the circumstances of this case. Pp. 228-229. 6. The Commission is not required to grant a license on a deliberately false application. P. 229. 7. It is the Commission, not the courts, which must be satisfied that the public interest will be served by renewing a license. P. 229.153 F.2d 623, reversed.
The Federal Communications Commission refused to renew the
license of a radio station because of wilful misrepresentations
to the Commission as to the ownership of its stock. The United
States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed.
153 F.2d 623. This Court granted certiorari.327 U.S. 776.
Reversedand remanded to the Court of Appeals with direction to
remand to the Commission. P. 229.
Harry M. Plotkinargued the cause for petitioner. With him on the brief wereSolicitor General McGrath, Stanley M.Silverberg, Benedict P. CottoneandMax Goldman.Page 225William J. Dempseyargued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief wasWilliam C. Koplovitz.
MR. JUSTICE JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court.
WOKO, Incorporated, for some years has operated a radio station at Albany, New York, and appears to have rendered public service of acceptable quality and to be able to continue. The Federal Communications Commission refused to renew its license because of misrepresentations made to the Commission and its predecessor as to the ownership of the applicant's capital stock. Two hundred and forty shares, being twenty-four per cent of its outstanding capital stock, was owned by one Pickard and his family. For some twelve years they received all dividends paid on the stock and Pickard took an active interest in the Company's affairs. He also was a vice-president of the Columbia Broadcasting Company and had obtained the stock on the assurance that he would help to secure Columbia affiliation for Station WOKO, would furnish, without charge, Columbia engineers to construct the station at Albany, and would supply a grand piano and certain newspaper publicity.

The company, however, in reporting to the Federal Radio Commission and to the Federal Communications Commission the names of its stockholders as it was required to do for many years and in many applications, concealed the fact that the Pickards held this stock interest and represented that the shares were held by others. Its general manager appeared on behalf of the applicant at various hearings and furnished false testimony to both Commissions regarding the identity of the corporation stockholders and the shares held by each so as to conceal the Pickard holdings. The purpose of the concealmentPage 226was to prevent the facts from becoming known to Pickard's Columbia colleagues.

The Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia reversed the Commission's decision denying renewal of the license, a majority for the various reasons that we will consider. The dissenting Chief Justice noted that he did "very heartily agree with the view that this is a hard case. The Commission's drastic order, terminating the life of the station, punishes the innocent equally with the guilty, and in its results is contrary to the Commission's action in several other comparable cases. But that the making of the order was within the discretion of the Commission, I think is reasonably clear."153 F.2d 623,633. We granted certiorari because of the importance of the issue to the administration of the Act.

We come to a consideration of the reasons which led the Court of Appeals to reverse the order of the Commission under the admonition that "review by the court shall be limited to questions of law and that findings of fact by the Commission, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive unless it shall clearly appear that the findings of the Commission are arbitrary or capricious."48 Stat. 1094,47 U.S.C. § 402(e).

The Act provides as to applications such as WOKO filed that "All such applications shall set forth such facts as the Commission by regulation may prescribe as to the citizenship, character, and financial, technical, and other qualifications of the applicant to operate the station; the ownership and location of the proposed station . . . and such other information as it may require." It requires such statements to be under oath or affirmation.48 Stat. 1085,47 U.S.C. § 308(b). It provides, too, that any station license may be revoked for false statements in the application.48 Stat. 1086,47 U.S.C. § 312(a).

It is said that in this case the Commission failed to find that the concealment was of material facts or had influencedPage 227the Commission in making any decision, or that it would have acted differently had it known that the Pickards were the beneficial owners of the stock. We think this is beside the point. The fact of concealment may be more significant than the facts concealed. The willingness to deceive a regulatory body may be disclosed by immaterial and useless deceptions as well as by material and persuasive ones. We do not think it is an answer to say that the deception was unnecessary and served no purpose. If the applicant had forthrightly refused to supply the information on the ground that it was not material, we should expect the Commission would have rejected the application and would have been sustained in so doing. If we would hold it not unlawful, arbitrary or capricious to require the information before granting a renewal, it seems difficult to say that it is unlawful, arbitrary or capricious to refuse a renewal where true information is withheld and false information is substituted.

We are told that stockholders owning slightly more than 50 per cent of the stock are not found to have had any part in or knowledge of the concealment or deception of the Commission. This may be a very proper consideration for the Commission in determining just and appropriate action. But as matter of law, the fact that there are innocent stockholders can not immunize the corporation from the consequences of such deception. If officers of the corporation by such mismanagement waste its assets, presumably the State law affords adequate remedies against the wrongdoers. But in this as in other matters, stockholders entrust their interests to their chosen officers and often suffer for their dereliction. Consequences of such acts cannot be escaped by a corporation merely because not all of its stockholders participated.

Respondent complains that the present case constitutes a departure from the course which the Commission has taken in dealing with misstatements and applications inPage 228other cases. Much is made in argument of the fact that deceptions of this character have not been uncommon and it is claimed that they have not been dealt with so severely as in this case.Cf.Navarro Broadcasting Association, 8 F.C.C. 198. But the very fact that temporizing and compromising with deception seemed not to discourage it, may have led the Commission to the drastic measures here taken to preserve the integrity of its own system of reports. The mild measures to others and the apparently unannounced change of policy are considerations appropriate for the Commission in determining whether its action in this case is too drastic, but we cannot say that the Commission is bound by anything that appears before us to deal with all cases at all times as it has dealt with some that seem comparable.

It also is contended that this order inflicts a penalty, that the motive is punishment and that since the Commission is given no powers to penalize persons, its order must fall. We think it unnecessary to indulge in the exposition of what a penalty is. It is enough to decide this case to know what a penalty is not. A denial of an application for a license because of the insufficiency or deliberate falsity of the information lawfully required to be furnished is not a penal measure. It may hurt and it may cause loss, but it is not made illegal, arbitrary or capricious by that fact.

Lastly, and more importantly, the Court of Appeals suggested that in order to justify refusal to renew, the Commission should have made findings with respect to the quality of the station's service in the past and its equipment for good service in the future. Evidence of the station's adequate service was introduced at the hearing. The Commission on the other hand insists that in administering the Act it must rely upon the reports of licensees. It points out that this concealment was not caused by slight inadvertence nor was it an isolated instance, but thatPage 229the Station carried on the course of deception for approximately twelve years. It says that in deciding whether the proposed operations would serve public interest, convenience or necessity, consideration must be given to the character, background and training of all parties having an interest in the proposed license, and that it cannot be required to exercise the discretion vested in it to entrust the responsibilities of a licensee to an applicant guilty of a systematic course of deception.

We cannot say that the Commission is required as a matter of law to grant a license on a deliberately false application even if the falsity were not of this duration and character, nor can we say that refusal to renew the license is arbitrary and capricious under such circumstances. It may very well be that this Station has established such a standard of public service that the Commission would be justified in considering that its deception was not a matter that affected its qualifications to serve the public. But it is the Commission, not the courts, which must be satisfied that the public interest will be served by renewing the license. And the fact that we might not have made the same determination on the same facts does not warrant a substitution of judicial for administrative discretion since Congress has confided the problem to the latter. We agree that this is a hard case, but we cannot agree that it should be allowed to make bad law.

The judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed and the case remanded to that court with direction to remand to the Commission.

MR. JUSTICE BLACK took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.Page 230