Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
United States v. Carver
United States v. Carver, 260 U.S. 482 (1923)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1923-01-02
- Topic
- general
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- Cited by
- 333 opinions
Headnotes
- Admiralty & Maritime Law — Maritime Liens Under the Maritime Lien and Ship Mortgage Acts, no maritime lien arises for supplies furnished to a chartered vessel where the charter forbids the imposition of a lien, and where the material-man, by the exercise of reasonable diligence, could have ascertained the existence of the charter and its terms; the statute charges the material-man with a duty to inquire, not merely to rest upon presumptions until put upon inquiry. 260 U.S. at 488–89
- Admiralty & Maritime Law — Maritime Liens A charter-party provision that the charterer will not "suffer nor permit to be continued any lien . . . which has or might have priority over the title and interest of the owner" imposes a primary obligation on the charterer not to suffer any lien to be imposed at all, and is distinguishable from a clause that merely provides for the discharge of liens after imposition, which is not a prohibition. 260 U.S. at 489
UNITED STATESv. CARVER,260 U.S. 482(1923)
43 S.Ct. 181
UNITED STATES, OWNER OF THE STEAMSHIPS "CLIO," "MOOSEABEE," "FORT LOGAN,"
AND "MORGANZA," ET AL.v. CARVER ET AL., COPARTNERS, UNDER THE FIRM NAME
OF BAKER, CARVER, AND MORRELL.
CERTIFICATE FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT.
No. 402.
Argued December 6, 1922.
Decided January 2, 1923.
QUESTIONS certified by the Circuit Court of Appeals, arising
upon an appeal from a judgment of the District Court, in
admiralty, upholding a claim of right to a maritime lien, in a
suitin personambrought against the United States and the
receiver of a ship corporation, under the Suits in Admiralty Act.
Maritime liens for necessaries or supplies would not have arisen against either the Clio or Morganza had both vessels been privately owned.
The person ordering the supplies or necessaries was without authority from the owner to impose maritime liens on either the Clio or Morganza.
The fact that the order for the supplies came from a shore agent and not from the master put the supply man on inquiry as to the extent of the authority of the person giving the order to bind the vessel. His failure to make any inquiry rebuts any possible presumption of authority in the person giving the order to impose liens on the vessel.
Under the lien statutes a supply man receiving an order from a person other than the master, is put upon inquiry as to the relation of the person giving the order to the vessel. If he fails to make any inquiry he is charged with such knowledge as a reasonable inquiry would have disclosed of any lack of authority in the person giving the order to bind the vessel.
Any possible presumption of authority in the person ordering the supplies for the Morganza to impose a maritime lien on the vessel is rebutted by knowledge in fact in the supply man of his lack of such authority.
The United States is not liable for what would have been a maritime lien had the vessels affected been privately owned.
The United States is not liable for the personal indebtedness of the States Steamship Corporation in respect of supplies and necessaries furnished to a vessel in respect of which no maritime lien would have arisen had such vessel been privately owned.Mr. E. Curtis Rousefor Carver et al.
A maritime lien arose for the supplies furnished the Clio which would have been enforceablein remhad that vessel been privately owned.Page 484
Whether the contracts under which the State Steamship Corporation obtained possession of the Clio and Morganza be called conditional or partial payment purchase contracts or charters, the fact remains that they were a complete and absolute demise of the vessels. The corporation was the ownerpro hacviceof the vessels at the time. That the corporation was in lawful possession has never been questioned.
The person ordering the supplies for these vessels was the person to whom the management of the vessels at the port of supply had been intrusted.
The certificate states that these libelants had no notice or knowledge of any charter or contract under which the State Steamship Corporation held the Clio, or that they were other than owners, and that they had no cause to suspect the existence of one.
The paragraphs of the Maritime Lien Statute of 1910 (36 Stat. 604), material to the consideration of the question here presented, are in §§ 1 and 2.
Since that statute, demised vessels have uniformly been held liablein rem, and subject to liens for supplies furnished on the order of the representatives named in the statute, although appointed by charterers or conditional vendees in possession under such contracts and clauses as exist here. The various Circuit Courts have been uniform in their construction of this statute.The Oceana, 244 F. 80 (certiorari denied245 U.S. 656);The Yankee, 233 F. 919, 926 (certiorari denied243 U.S. 649);The Penn, 276 F. 118;The St. Johns, 273 F. 1005; 277 F. 1020 (certiorari granted257 U.S. 626);The Ascutney, 278 F. 991;The Portland, 273 F. 401;The South Coast,251 U.S. 519;The Cratheus, 263 F. 693.
The appellant, relying on a forced construction of certain language used in the decision inPiedmont Coal Co. v.SeaboardFisheries Co.,254 U.S. 1, urges here, exactly as was unsuccessfully urged inThe Oceana, that,Page 485in the case where a charter exists, the Lien Statute of 1910 does not apply, and that the rule ofThe Valencia,165 U.S. 264, still obtains, and that a supplyman cannot obtain a lien where a charterer ordered the supplies.
Both of the objections pointed out by the Court inTheValencia, have been expressly eliminated by the Lien Statute of 1910 (and also that of 1920). First, by dispensing with the so-called home port rule and the presumption of dealing on the credit of the owner only and, secondly, by expressly giving the presumption of a lien for supplies upon the order of any one of a certain class of persons, whether appointed by a charterer, or agreed purchaser, or other ownerpro hac vice. This did away with the requirement for the express contract for lien referred to in that decision.
The statute was passed directly after theValenciadecision and obviously to modify its harshness and yet render practical the protection of the lien for maritime supplies. This interpretation of the decision is supported byPiedmont CoalCase,254 U.S. 1, andThe South Coast,251 U.S. 519.
There is nothing in the decision supporting the argument made by the appellant here that the mere fact of the existence of a charter prevents a supplyman procuring a lien and puts him on notice. On the contrary, the case supports the argument sustained inThe Oceanaand in the lower court in this case, that there must be some condition or circumstance brought home to the supplyman which puts him on inquiry or notice of the existence of a restriction which would prevent his acquiring a lien. This is made clear by the concluding paragraph of theValenciaopinion.
The rule urged by the appellant would bring back a worse chaos than ever existed before the statute. It would nullify in fact the entire point and force of thePage 486statute. It would require that every supplyman, on receiving an order, would have to initiate an inquiry, not as to the home port, it is true, but as to whether he was dealing with a representative of a charterer, vendee or other ownerpro hacvice. If he found that he was dealing with other than an owner personally, he would be obliged, at his peril, to inquire the exact authority of that person to order for the ship, and the fact that the person was in open, visible control of the management of the vessel at the port of supply or said he was the owner would be immaterial. He would be obliged to go to the original charter or contract or letter of appointment and record title. He could not rely on the statement of the purchaser or of the charterer. It is not always true that these charters or contracts are readily available. Therefore, the express words of the statute that these respective officers or agents, when appointed by a charterer, agreed purchaser in possession, or ownerpro hac vice, are to have the same authority as when appointed by the owner, or as the owner himself, would be expressly nullified. It seems too clear for extended argument that this could not have been the intention of the framers of the statute.
It is urged by the appellant that this difficulty would be cured by insisting on the order being signed by the master. The weakness of this lies in the fact that usually these charters are bareboat form, where the master is the appointee of the charterer, or agreed purchaser in possession. He has no greater authority than they, and, being the appointee of the charterer or vendee, his authority must necessarily be subject to the same inquiry. The master, as master, has no inherent power, in absence of the statute, to pledge the credit of the vessel. He never could do it in the home port, or where the owner was present. He could not do it in a foreign port unless necessity was shown, and also he had no funds and thePage 487owner had no credit. But by § 2 of the statute he is now given that power and is placed in the same class as managing owner, ship's husband or any other person such as the marine or port superintendent, or captain, to whom the management of the vessel, at the port of supply, is entrusted. This is the force of the decision inThe South Coast,251 U.S. 519, as applied to the present case.
The charter clearly contemplates that a lien may, in the course of operations, be incurred, and that this lien may be continued to exist for a limited time; that the vessel may be arrested to enforce such lien and may continue under such arrest to enforce such lien and may continue under such arrest for a limited time. It is practically the same clause which this Court said inThe South Coast,251 U.S. 519, was not a prohibition;The Oceana, supra; The Yankee, supra. The lien was not denied, in theValencia Case, because of the language of the clause, but because of the home port rule.
A maritime lien arose for the supplies furnished the Morganza herein which would have been enforceablein remhad that vessel been privately owned.
There being a right to a lienin remagainst the ships, had they been privately owned, this suit was maintainable under the Suits in Admiralty Act.
The questions certified are whether a maritime lien would have arisen against (1) the Clio or (2) the Morganza, if they had been privately owned; (3) if yes, whether the United States is liable for the amount of what would have been the lien; and (4) whether the United States is liable for the personal indebtedness of the State Steamship Corporation for supplies in respect of which no maritime lien would have arisen if the vessel had been privately owned.
We take up first questions 1 and 2. The Act of 1910, by which the transactions with the Clio were governed, after enlarging the right to a maritime lien and providing who shall be presumed to have authority for the owner toPage 489procure supplies for the vessel, qualifies the whole in § 3 as follows: "but nothing in this Act shall be construed to confer a lien when the furnisher knew, or by the exercise of reasonable diligence could have ascertained, that because of the terms of a charter party, agreement for sale of the vessel, or for any other reason, the person ordering the repairs, supplies, or other necessaries was without authority to bind the vessel therefor." We regard these words as too plain for argument. They do not allow the material-man to rest upon presumptions until he is put upon inquiry, they call upon him to inquire. To ascertain is to find out by investigation. If by investigation with reasonable diligence the material-man could have found out that the vessel was under charter, he was chargeable with notice that there was a charter; if in the same way he could have found out its terms he was chargeable with notice of its terms. In this case it would seem that there would have been no difficulty in finding out both. The Ship Mortgage Act of 1920 repeats the words of the Act of 1910.
But it is said that the charter-party if known would have shown that the master at least, if not the agent who ordered the supplies, had authority to impose a lien, since the charter-party contemplated the possibility of one being created and provided for its removal.The South Coast,251 U.S. 519, is cited as establishing the position. But there is a sufficient difference in the language employed there and here to bring about a different result. InThe South Coastthe contract went no farther than to agree to discharge liens within a month. Here the primary undertaking was that "the charterers will not suffer nor permit to be continued any lien," c. We read this as meaning will not suffer any lien nor permit the same to be continued. Naturally there are provisions for the removal of the lien if in spite of the primary undertaking one is imposed or claimed. But the primary undertakingPage 490is that a lien shall not be imposed. We are of opinion that the libelants got no lien upon the Clio, anda fortiorithat the Morganza was free. The denial of a writ of certiorari imports no expression of opinion upon the merits of the case, as the bar has been told many times. Therefore it is unnecessary to consider whether the libelants' argument is supported by the decisions to which they refer.The Yankee, sub nom. Rivers HarborsImprovement Co. v.Latta,243 U.S. 649.The Oceana, sub nom.Morse Dry Dock Repair Co. v.Conron Brothers Co.,245 U.S. 656.
As the libelants disclaim the contention that the United States is liable even if the vessels would not have been subject to a lien it is unnecessary to answer the fourth question. It is enough that the first and second are answered, No.Answer to questions 1 and 2, No.