Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Doctor's Associates, Inc. v. Casarotto

517 U.S. 681

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1996-06-03
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that FAA preempts state arbitration laws that do not place arbitration agreements on equal footing with other contracts
  • holding that generally applicable contract defenses, such as unconscionability, may be used to invalidate an arbitration clause
  • holding that FAA preempts Montana statute that establishes special requirements for the formation of arbitration agreements
  • holding that FAA displaces Montana statute that “conditions the enforceability of arbitration agreements on compliance with a special notice requirement not applicable to contracts generally”
  • holding that section 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act permits "generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability, [to] be applied to invalidate arbitration agreements"
  • holding that the Federal Arbitration Act preempted a state statute requiring that the arbitration clause be printed on the first page in capital letters
  • holding that an employer had standing to compel arbitration under a Form U-4, even if it is not a signatory to the agreement
  • holding that generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress or unconscionability, may be applied to invalidate arbitration agreements without contravening the Federal Arbitration Act

Citator

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Cited by
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Headnotes

  1. Arbitration & Dispute Resolution — Federal Preemption Section 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act permits state law to be applied to arbitration agreements only where that law governs the validity, revocability, and enforceability of contracts generally; generally applicable contract defenses such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability may be applied to invalidate arbitration agreements without contravening § 2. 517 U.S. 681, 686-687 (citing Perry v. Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 493, n. 9 (1987); Allied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v. Dobson, 513 U.S. 265, 281 (1995))
  2. Arbitration & Dispute Resolution — State Laws Singling Out Arbitration Provisions Courts may not invalidate arbitration agreements under state laws applicable only to arbitration provisions; by enacting § 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act, Congress precluded States from singling out arbitration provisions for suspect status and required instead that such provisions be placed upon the same footing as other contracts. 517 U.S. 681, 687 (citing Allied-Bruce, 513 U.S. at 281; Perry, 482 U.S. at 493, n. 9; Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 511 (1974))
  3. Arbitration & Dispute Resolution — Federal Preemption A state law that conditions the enforceability of arbitration agreements on compliance with a special notice requirement not applicable to contracts generally directly conflicts with § 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act and is displaced by the federal measure. 517 U.S. 681, 687
  4. Arbitration & Dispute Resolution — FAA Goals and Policies The goals and policies of the Federal Arbitration Act are to ensure that private agreements to arbitrate are enforced according to their terms, and a state rule that determines only the efficient order of proceedings does not undermine those goals, whereas a state rule that would invalidate the arbitration clause itself does. 517 U.S. 681, 688 (citing Volt Information Sciences, Inc. v. Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ., 489 U.S. 468, 478-479 (1989))
  5. Arbitration & Dispute Resolution — Federal Preemption A state statute that places arbitration agreements in a class apart from any contract and singularly limits their validity is inconsonant with, and therefore preempted by, § 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act, which mandates enforcement of arbitration agreements save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract. 517 U.S. 681, 688 (citing Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10 (1984))
DOCTOR'S ASSOCIATES, INC. v. CASAROTTO,517 U.S. 681(1996)
116 S.Ct. 1652
DOCTOR'S ASSOCIATES, INC. ET AL.v. CASAROTTO
ET UX.
CERTIORARI TO THE SUPREME COURT OF MONTANA
No. 95-559.
Argued April 16, 1996
Decided May 20, 1996
When a dispute arose between parties to a standard form franchise agreement for the operation of a Subway sandwich shop in Montana, respondent franchisee sued petitioners, franchisor Doctor's Associates, Inc. (DAI), and its agent, Lombardi, in a Montana state court. The court stayed the lawsuit pending arbitration pursuant to the arbitration clause set out in ordinary type on page nine of the franchise agreement. The Montana Supreme Court reversed, holding that the arbitration clause was unenforceable because it did not meet the state-law requirement that "[n]otice that a contract is subject to arbitration" be "typed in underlined capital letters on the first page of the contract." Mont. Code Ann. §27-5-114(4). DAI and Lombardi unsuccessfully argued that § 27-5-114(4) was preempted by § 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), which declares written provisions for arbitration "valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract." In arguing for preemption, DAI and Lombardi dominantly relied onSouthland Corp. v.Keating,465 U.S. 1, andPerryv.Thomas,482 U.S. 483, in which this Court established that "state law . . . is applicableifthat law arose to govern issues concerning the validity, revocability, and enforceability of contracts generally," but not if the state-law principle "takes its meaning precisely from the fact that a contract to arbitrate is at issue." Id., at 493, n. 9 (emphasis added). The Montana Supreme Court, however, thoughtVolt InformationSciences, Inc. v.Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford JuniorUniv.,489 U.S. 468, limited § 2's preemptive force and correspondingly qualifiedSouthlandandPerry;the proper inquiry, the Montana Supreme Court said, should focus not on the bare words of § 2 but on the question: Would the application of § 27-5-114(4)'s notice requirement undermine the FAA's goals and policies. In the Montana court's judgment, the notice requirement did not undermine these goals and policies, for it did not preclude arbitration agreements altogether. On remand from this Court for reconsideration in light ofAllied-BruceTerminix Cos. v.Dobson,513 U.S. 265, the Montana court adhered to its original ruling.Held:Montana's first-page notice requirement, which governs not "any contract," but specifically and solely contracts "subject to arbitration,"Page 682conflicts with the FAA and is therefore displaced by the federal measure. Generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability, may be applied to invalidate arbitration agreements without contravening § 2, see,e.g., Allied-Bruce,513 U.S., at 281, but courts may not invalidate arbitration agreements under state laws applicableonlyto arbitration provisions, see,e.g.,ibid. By enacting § 2, Congress precluded States from singling out arbitration provisions for suspect status, requiring instead that such provisions be placed upon the same footing as other contracts.Scherkv.Alberto-Culver Co.,417 U.S. 506,511. Montana's § 27-5-114(4) directly conflicts with § 2 because the State's law conditions the enforceability of arbitration agreements on compliance with a special notice requirement not applicable to contracts generally. The Montana Supreme Court misreadVoltin reaching a contrary conclusion. The state rule examined inVoltdetermined only the efficient order of proceedings; it did not affect the enforceability of the arbitration agreement itself. Applying § 27-5-114(4) here, in contrast, would invalidate the arbitration clause. Pp. 686-688.274 Mont. 3,901 P.2d 596, reversed and remanded.

GINSBURG, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which REHNQUIST, C.J., and STEVENS, O'CONNOR, SCALIA, KENNEDY, SOUTER, and BREYER, JJ., joined. THOMAS, J., filed a dissenting opinion,post, 689.
Mark R. Dravitzargued the cuse for petitioners. With him on the briefs wereJeffrey R. BabbinandH. Bartow Farr III.Lucinda A. Sikesargued the cause for respondents. With her on the brief wereDavid C. Vladeck, Paul Alan LevyandWilliam C. Watt.fn*
JUSTICE GINSBURG delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case concerns a standard form franchise agreement for the operation of a Subway sandwich shop in Montana.Page 683When a dispute arose between parties to the agreement, franchisee Paul Casarotto sued franchisor Doctor's Associates, Inc. (DAI), and DAI's Montana development agent, Nick Lombardi, in a Montana state court. DAI and Lombardi sought to stop the litigation pending arbitration pursuant to the arbitration clause set out on page nine of the franchise agreement.

The Federal Arbitration Act (FAA or Act) declares written provisions for arbitration "valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract."9 U.S.C. § 2. Montana law, however, declares an arbitration clause unenforceable unless "[n]otice that [the] contract is subject to arbitration" is "typed in underlined capital letters on the first page of the contract." Mont. Code Ann. §27-5-114(4) (1995). The question here presented is whether Montana's law is compatible with the federal Act. We hold that Montana's first-page notice requirement, which governs not "any contract," but specifically and solely contracts "subject to arbitration," conflicts with the FAA and is therefore displaced by the federal measure.
I
Petitioner DAI is the national franchisor of Subway sandwich shops. In April 1988, DAI entered a franchise agreement with respondent Paul Casarotto, which permitted Casarotto to open a Subway shop in Great Falls, Montana. The franchise agreement stated, on page nine and in ordinary type: "Any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this contract or the breach thereof shall be settled by Arbitration . . . ." App. 75.

In October 1992, Casarotto sued DAI and its agent, Nick Lombardi, in Montana state court, alleging state-law contract and tort claims relating to the franchise agreement. DAI demanded arbitration of those claims, and successfully moved in the Montana trial court to stay the lawsuit pending arbitration.Id., at 10-11.Page 684

The Montana Supreme Court reversed.Casarottov.Lombardi,268 Mont. 369,886 P.2d 931(1994). That court left undisturbed the trial court's findings that the franchise agreement fell within the scope of the FAA and covered the claims Casarotto stated against DAI and Lombardi. The Montana Supreme Court held, however, that Mont. Code Ann. §27-5-114(4) rendered the agreement's arbitration clause unenforceable. The Montana statute provides:
"Notice that a contract is subject to arbitration . . . shall be typed in underlined capital letters on the first page of the contract; and unless such notice is displayed thereon, the contract may not be subject to arbitration."


Notice of the arbitration clause in the franchise agreement did not appear on the first page of the contract. Nor was anything relating to the clause typed in underlined capital letters. Because the State's statutory notice requirement had not been met, the Montana Supreme Court declared the parties' dispute "not subject to arbitration."268 Mont., at 382,886 P.2d, at 939.

DAI and Lombardi unsuccessfully argued before the Montana Supreme Court that § 27-5-114(4) was preempted by § 2 of the FAA.1DAI and Lombardi dominantly relied on our decisions inSouthland Corp. v.Keating,465 U.S. 1(1984), andPerryv.Thomas,482 U.S. 483(1987). InSouthland, we held that § 2 of the FAA applies in state as well as federal courts, see465 U.S., at 12, and "withdr[aws] the power of the states to require a judicial forum for the resolution of claims which the contracting parties agreed to resolve by arbitration,"id., at 10. We noted in the pathmarkingSouthlandPage 685decision that the FAA established a "broad principle of enforceability,"id., at 11, and that § 2 of the federal Act provided for revocation of arbitration agreements only upon "grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract." InPerry, we reiterated: "[S]tate law, whether of legislative or judicial origin, is applicableifthat law arose to govern issues concerning the validity, revocability, and enforceability of contracts generally. A state-law principle that takes its meaning precisely from the fact that a contract to arbitrate is at issue does not comport with [the text of § 2]."482 U.S., at 493, n. 9.

The Montana Supreme Court, however, read our decision inVolt InformationSciences, Inc. v.Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior Univ.,489 U.S. 468(1989), as limiting the preemptive force of § 2 and correspondingly qualifyingSouthlandandPerry.268 Mont., at 378-381,886 P.2d, at 937-939. As the Montana Supreme Court comprehendedVolt, the proper inquiry here should focus not on the bare words of § 2, but on this question: Would the application of Montana's notice requirement, contained in § 27-5-114(4), "undermine the goals and policies of the FAA."268 Mont., at 381,886 P.2d, at 938(internal quotation marks omitted). Section 27-5-114(4), in the Montana court's judgment, did not undermine the goals and policies of the FAA, for the notice requirement did not preclude arbitration agreements altogether; it simply prescribed "that before arbitration agreements are enforceable, they be entered knowingly."Id., at 381,886 P.2d, at 939.

DAI and Lombardi petitioned for certiorari. Last Term, we granted their petition, vacated the judgment of the Montana Supreme Court, and remanded for further consideration in light ofAllied-Bruce Terminix Cos. v.Dobson,513 U.S. 265(1995). See515 U.S. 1129(1995). InAllied-Bruce, we restated what our decisions inSouthlandandPerryhad established:Page 686
"States may regulate contracts, including arbitration clauses, under general contract law principles and they may invalidate an arbitration clause `upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation ofanycontract.'9 U.S.C. § 2(emphasis added). What States may not do is decide that a contract is fair enough to enforce all its basic terms (price, service, credit), but not fair enough to enforce its arbitration clause. The Act makes any such state policy unlawful, for that kind of policy would place arbitration clauses on an unequal `footing,' directly contrary to the Act's language and Congress's intent."513 U.S., at 281.


On remand, without inviting or permitting further briefing or oral argument,2the Montana Supreme Court adhered to its original ruling. The court stated: "After careful review, we can find nothing in the[Allied-Bruce]decision which relates to the issues presented to this Court in this case."Casarottov.Lombardi,274 Mont. 3,7,901 P.2d 596,598(1995). Elaborating, the Montana court said it found "no suggestion in[Allied-Bruce]that the principles fromVolton which we relied [to uphold § 27-5-114(4)] have been modified in any way."Id., at 8,901 P.2d, at 598-599. We again granted certiorari,516 U.S. 1036(1996), and now reverse.
II
Section 2 of the FAA provides that written arbitration agreements "shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation ofanycontract."9 U.S.C. § 2(emphasis added). Repeating our observation inPerry, the text of § 2 declares that state law may be applied "ifthat law arose to govern issuesPage 687concerning the validity, revocability, and enforceability of contracts generally."482 U.S., at 493, n. 9. Thus, generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability, may be applied to invalidate arbitration agreements without contravening § 2. SeeAllied-Bruce,513 U.S., at 281;Rodriguez de Quijasv.Shearson/American Express, Inc.,490 U.S. 477,483-484(1989);Shearson/American Express Inc. v.McMahon,482 U.S. 220,226(1987).

Courts may not, however, invalidate arbitration agreements under state laws applicableonlyto arbitration provisions. SeeAllied-Bruce,513 U.S., at 281;Perry,482 U.S., at 493, n. 9. By enacting § 2, we have several times said, Congress precluded States from singling out arbitration provisions for suspect status, requiring instead that such provisions be placed "upon the same footing as other contracts."Scherkv.Alberto-Culver Co.,417 U.S. 506,511(1974) (internal quotation marks omitted). Montana's § 27-5-114(4) directly conflicts with § 2 of the FAA because the State's law conditions the enforceability of arbitration agreements on compliance with a special notice requirement not applicable to contracts generally. The FAA thus displaces the Montana statute with respect to arbitration agreements covered by the Act. See 2 I. Macneil, R. Speidel, T. Stipanowich, G. Shell, Federal Arbitration Law § 19.1.1, pp. 19:4-19:5 (1995) (underSouthlandandPerry, "state legislation requiring greater information or choice in the making of agreements to arbitrate than in other contracts is preempted").3Page 688

The Montana Supreme Court misread ourVoltdecision and therefore reached a conclusion in this case at odds with our rulings.Voltinvolved an arbitration agreement that incorporated state procedural rules, one of which, on the facts of that case, called for arbitration to be stayed pending the resolution of a related judicial proceeding. The state rule examined inVoltdetermined only the efficient order of proceedings; it did not affect the enforceability of the arbitration agreement itself. We held that applying the state rule would not "undermine the goals and policies of the FAA,"489 U.S., at 478, because the very purpose of the Act was to "ensur[e] that private agreements to arbitrate are enforced according to their terms,"id., at 479.

Applying § 27-5-114(4) here, in contrast, would not enforce the arbitration clause in the contract between DAI and Casarotto; instead, Montana's first-page notice requirement would invalidate the clause. The "goals and policies" of the FAA, this Court's precedent indicates, are antithetical to threshold limitations placed specifically and solely on arbitration provisions. Section 2 "mandate[s] the enforcement of arbitration agreements,"Southland,465 U.S., at 10, "save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract,"9 U.S.C. § 2. Section 27-5-114(4) of Montana's law places arbitration agreements in a class apart from "any contract," and singularly limits their validity. The State's prescription is thus inconsonant with, and is therefore preempted by, the federal law.Page 689

* * *

For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Supreme Court of Montana is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.It is so ordered.
JUSTICE THOMAS, dissenting.
For the reasons given in my dissent last Term inAllied-Bruce TerminixCos. v.Dobson,513 U.S. 265(1995), I remain of the view that § 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act,9 U.S.C. § 2, does not apply to proceedings in state courts. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.Page 690
  1. Page 682 Briefs ofamici curiaeurging reversal were filed for the American Council of Life Insurance byPatricia A. Dunn, Stephen J. Goodman, andPhillip E. Stano;for the International Franchise Association et al. byWilliam J. FitzpatrickandJohn F. Verhey;and for Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc., byKennedy P. Richardson.Deborah M. Zuckerman, Steven S. Zaleznick, andPatricia Sturdevantfiled a brief for the American Association of Retired Persons et al. asamici curiaeurging affirmance. ↩
  2. Page 684 Section 2 provides, in relevant part:

    "A written provision in . . . a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract or transaction, or the refusal to perform the whole or any part thereof, . . . shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract."9 U.S.C. § 2. ↩
  3. Page 686 Dissenting Justice Gray thought it "cavalier" of her colleagues to ignore the defendants' request for an "opportunity to brief the issues raised by the . . . remand and to present oral argument."Casarottov.Lombardi,274 Mont. 3,9-10,901 P.2d 596,599-600(1995). ↩
  4. Page 687 At oral argument, counsel for Casarotto urged a broader view, under which § 27-5-114(4) might be regarded as harmless surplus. See Tr. of Oral Arg. 29-32. Montana could have invalidated the arbitration clause in the franchise agreement under general, informed consent principles, counsel suggested. She asked us to regard § 27-5-114(4) as but one illustration of a cross-the-board rule: Unexpected provisions in adhesion contracts must be conspicuous. See also Brief for Respondents 21-24. But the Montana Supreme Court announced no such sweeping rule. The court did not assert as a basis for its decision a generally applicable principle of "reasonable expectations" governing any standard form contractPage 689term. Cf.Transamerica Ins. Co. v.Royle,202 Mont. 173,180,656 P.2d 820,824(1983) (invalidating provision in auto insurance policy that did not "honor the reasonable expectations" of the insured). Montana's decision trains on and upholds a particular statute, one setting out a precise, arbitration-specific limitation. We review that disposition, and no other. It bears reiteration, however, that a court may not "rely on the uniqueness of an agreement to arbitrate as a basis for a state-law holding that enforcement would be unconscionable, for this would enable the court to effect what . . . the state legislature cannot."Perryv.Thomas,482 U.S. 483,493, n. 9 (1987). ↩