Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Collins v. Texas
223 U.S. 288
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1912-02-19
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- recognizing the “right of the State to adopt a policy even upon medical matters concerning which there is difference of opinion and dispute”
- the right to practice medicine is not a fundamental right
- regarding licensing requirements for osteopathy
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Collins v. Texas. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 140 opinions
Headnotes
- Constitutional Law — Standing A court will not speculate whether persons other than the party before it may suffer from a statute's alleged defects; where the party attacking the constitutionality of a statute has not himself suffered a wrong, no constitutional question is presented for decision. 223 U.S. at 292
- Constitutional Law — Police Power and Regulation of Occupations Under its police power a State may constitutionally prescribe conditions for practicing the healing art in its various branches, including systems in which drugs are not administered, such as osteopathy, in order to secure the competence of those who follow that practice. 223 U.S. at 292 (citing Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114)
- Constitutional Law — Equal Protection A state statute establishing a Board of Medical Examiners and prescribing the conditions under which persons will be licensed to practice osteopathy does not deprive one who does not apply for a license thereunder of his property without due process of law or deny him the equal protection of the law. 223 U.S. at 292
- Habeas Corpus — Review of Constitutional Questions on the Merits Where the facts are admitted, the single constitutional question goes to the jurisdiction of the state court, and that question has arisen as plainly as it ever will, a writ of error to review a state judgment denying release on habeas corpus will be determined on the merits rather than dismissed. 223 U.S. at 292 (distinguishing Bailey v. Alabama, 211 U.S. 452)
- Constitutional Law — Equal Protection The classification made by a statute regulating the practice of medicine is not arbitrary, unreasonable, or oppressive where it has a fair relation to the objects of the statute and affects alike all persons similarly situated within the sphere of its operation.
- Constitutional Law — Privileges or Immunities The right to practice medicine without regulation is not a privilege or immunity of national citizenship protected by the Fourteenth Amendment; that clause applies only to privileges and immunities incident to citizenship of the United States as distinguished from citizenship of the several States.
- Constitutional Law — Vested Rights A statute regulating the practice of medicine is not invalid as applied to a practitioner who had an established business when the law was passed; there is no vested right to practice medicine free from supervision and regulation by the State. 223 U.S. at 293 (citing Dent v. West Virginia, 129 U.S. 114; Reetz v. Michigan, 188 U.S. 505)
- Constitutional Law — Police Power and Judicial Deference The details of legislation enacted under the police power rest primarily within the discretion of the state legislature, and a court will not interfere so long as the act fairly secures or tends to secure the objects sought to be attained and is not patently unreasonable; the judiciary is not concerned with the wisdom or policy of the act.
- Constitutional Law — Judicial Deference to State Court Construction While the construction of a state statute by the state court of criminal appeals may not be in all respects conclusive upon the Supreme Court, that construction is one toward which the Court will lean.
- Constitutional Law — Ex Post Facto A statute regulating the practice of medicine, requiring proof of qualifications for licensure, does not infringe the provisions of the ex post facto clause.
COLLINSv. TEXAS,223 U.S. 288(1912)
32 S.Ct. 286
COLLINSv. THE STATE OF TEXAS.
ERROR TO THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF THE STATE OF TEXAS.
No. 165.
Argued January 25, 26, 1912.
Decided February 19, 1912.
THE facts, which involve the constitutionality of certain
provisions of the statute of Texas establishing the Board of
Medical Examiners, are stated in the opinion.
The statute deprives plaintiff in error of his property without due process of law, and denies him the equal protection of the law.
The last two clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment are restrictions upon the exercise of arbitrary and capricious power over persons and property when exercised by the State through any of its agencies.Ex parte Virginia,Page 289100 U.S. 339;Yick Wov.Hopkins,118 U.S. 356;Holdenv.Hardy,169 U.S. 366;Barbierv.Connolly,113 U.S. 27;Nelsonv.The State Board of Health, 57 S.W. 504;Statev.Mylod, 40 Atl. Rep. (R.I.) 753;Statev.Biggs,46 S.E. 401(N. Car.);Statev.Liffring,55 N.E. 168(Ohio);Statev.McKnight,42 S.E. 580(N. Car.);Bennettv.Ware, 61 S.E. 548;Statev.Biggs,46 S.E. 401.
The words "bona fide" and "reputable" in the description of the medical school of which one is to be a graduate mean, as stated in section seven of the act, that it shall be a school having a course of instruction as high as the better class of medical schools in the United States.
The acts, under the facts of this case, discriminate against plaintiff in error as an osteopath, and violate the Fourteenth Amendment, in that they discriminate in favor of nurses who practise not only nursing, but treat minor ailments; in favor of masseurs who, in their particular spheres of labor, treat diseases, light disorders and injuries, and charge therefor money and other compensation; and also discriminate in favor of druggists, who prescribe remedies and charge therefor.
If Chapter 123 applies to an osteopath who practises only as such, it discriminates against osteopaths in providing for the issuance of a verification license to legal practitioners of medicine who were practising under the provisions of previous laws, or under diplomas of reputable and legal colleges of medicine, there being no provision in the law for the issuing of a verification license to osteopaths.
The acts are in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment in discriminating against osteopaths in requiring that they should have a diploma from a bona fide medical school before they can present themselves for examination before the Medical Board of Examiners for a license to practise,Page 290and in requiring them to accept a license to practise medicine.
To require plaintiff to obtain a diploma from a medical college as defined in said act, and to require him to pass an examination in the scientific branches of medicine before he could be granted a license to practise osteopathy is a direct discrimination in favor of those medical schools requiring a knowledge of materia medica, therapeutics, chemistry and the practice of medicine, in contravention of the Fourteenth Amendment.Watsonv.Maryland,218 U.S. 173;Reetzv.Michigan,188 U.S. 505, distinguished.Mr. Jewell P. Lightfoot, Attorney General of Texas, with whomMr. James D. Walthall, Mr. C.E. Lane, Mr. James N.Wilkerson, Mr. Timothy J. ScofieldandMr. Frank J. Loeschwere on the brief, for defendant in error:
The acts do not violate the privileges or immunities clause; that provision applies only to those privileges and immunities which are incident to citizenship of the United States as distinguished from citizenship of the several States.SlaughterHouse Cases, 16 Wall. 36, 74;Bartmeyerv.Iowa, 18 Wall. 129;Millerv.Texas,153 U.S. 535;Orrv.Gilman,183 U.S. 278;Re Kemmler,136 U.S. 436;United Statesv.Cruikshank,92 U.S. 542;United Statesv.Reese,92 U.S. 214;Hallv.DeCuir,95 U.S. 485;Kirtlandv.Hotchkiss,100 U.S. 491;Presserv.Illinois,116 U.S. 252.
The right to practise medicine without regulation is not one of such privileges and immunities.SupraandDentv.WestVirginia,129 U.S. 114.
The acts under consideration do not violate the due process clause. They were passed under the police power of the State, and are a proper exercise of that power in scope and purpose. The details of such legislation rest primarily within the discretion of the state legislature. This court can only interfere when fundamental rights guaranteed underPage 291the Federal Constitution are violated by such statutes.Watsonv.Maryland,218 U.S. 173;Dentv.West Virginia,129 U.S. 114;Reetzv.Michigan,188 U.S. 505;Hawkerv.New York,170 U.S. 189;Meffertv.Packer,195 U.S. 625;Williamsv.Arkansas,217 U.S. 79;Peoplev.Apfelbaum,251 Ill. 18;Statev.Smith, 135 S.W. 465;Parksv.State,159 Ind. 211;Fellerv.State Examiners,34 Minn. 391;Burroughsv.Webster,150 Ind. 607;Braggv.State,134 Ala. 165;Statev.Buswell,40 Neb. 158;Littlev.State,60 Neb. 749;Statev.Gravett,65 Ohio St. 289;Statev.Marble,72 Ohio St. 21;Peoplev.Allcutt,102 N.Y.S. 678, aff'd189 N.Y. 517;Peoplev.Mulford,125 N.Y.S. 680, aff'd202 N.Y. 624;Peoplev.Reetz,127 Mich. 87;Peoplev.Phippin,70 Mich. 6;Statev.Miller,146 Iowa 521;Statev.Adkins,145 Iowa 671;Statev.Wilhite,132 Iowa 226;Statev.Edmunds,127 Iowa 333;Statev.Heath,125 Iowa 585;Statev.Bair,112 Iowa 466;Fosterv.PoliceCommissioners,102 Cal. 483;Schollev.State,90 Md. 729;Statev.Yegge,19 S.D. 234.
The provisions of this statute are not such as result in any arbitrary deprivation of plaintiff in error's liberty or property, or of his right to engage in a lawful calling. CasessupraandCommonwealthv.Porn,196 Mass. 326;Bandelv.Dept. of Health,193 N.Y. 133; McGehee on Due Process of Law, 52.
The act is not void as exceeding the police power of the State on account of any menace to the public, such as the danger of being exposed to the administration of drugs by persons not skilled in their administration.
This court is not concerned with the wisdom or policy of the act, so long as the act fairly secures or tends to secure the objects sought to be attained by it and is not patently unreasonable.Otisv.Parker,187 U.S. 606.
The act does not violate the equal protection clause.
The state legislature has the power to make regulationsPage 292of the character involved herein, and the details of such legislation rest primarily within the discretion of the state legislature. Casessupra.
The classification made in the statute is not arbitrary, unreasonable or oppressive, and was within the legislative power of the State, as having a fair relation to the objects of the statute. Within the sphere of its operation it affects alike all persons similarly situated.
Plaintiff in error does not, and cannot on the record in this case, contend that the Board of Medical Examiners of Texas has been guilty of any unfair or unjust action toward him. His contentions are based upon fancied inequalities of the statute which arise only on his own theory of how the act would have been construed by the board had he in fact requested from it authority to practise, or the right to take an examination as provided by the act.
While the construction of the act by the Court of Criminal Appeals of the State of Texas may not, perhaps, be in all respects conclusive upon this court, that construction is one toward which this court will lean. Casessupra, and seeAtchison c. Railroad Co. v.Matthews,174 U.S. 96,101;Marchantv.Penna. R.R. Co.,153 U.S. 380;BaltimoreTraction Co. v.Belt R. Co.,151 U.S. 137;Minneapolis c. R.Co. v.Minnesota,193 U.S. 53; McGehee on Due Process, 37, 40, 306, note 7.
The act will be taken in this court as construed by the Court of Criminal Appeals of the State of Texas to include in the "practise of medicine" the practise of osteopathy.57 Tex.Crim. 2.
The act must also be taken as not in conflict with the constitution of Texas.Reetzv.Michigan,188 U.S. 505.
The object of the statute is to protect the sick and afflicted from the pretensions of the ignorant, the unskilled and the unscrupulous. The statute was passed to protect the health and promote the welfare of the people of Texas,Page 293and to protect them from imposition and fraud. It seeks to prohibit and punish fraud, deception, charlatanry and quackery in the practice of healing, to prevent empiricism, and to bring the practice under such control that, as far as possible, the ignorant, the unscientific, the unskilled, and the unscrupulous practitioner may be excluded. Casessupra; Statev.Oredson,96 Minn. 509;O'Neilv.State,115 Tenn. 427;Peoplev.Blue Mountain Joe,129 Ill. 370;Statev.Bair,112 Iowa 466;Commonwealthv.Jewelle,199 Mass. 558;Peoplev.Phippin,70 Mich. 6,19.
In construing the act consideration must be given to the purpose of the legislature, and to the mischief intended to be guarded against. Whether it is fair and reasonable and a valid exercise of the police power, or arbitrary and capricious must be determined in the light of the object sought to be attained by the act. 1 Kent's Comm. 462; 2 Sutherland's Stat. Const. (2d ed. by Lewis), §§ 370-376, 456.
There is no vested right to practise either the medical or legal profession, free from supervision and regulation by the State.Broadwellv.Illinois, 16 Wall. 130;Reetzv.Michigan,188 U.S. 505;Hawkerv.New York,170 U.S. 189;Peoplev.King,110 N.Y. 418;Peoplev.Phippin,70 Mich. 6; 22 Am. Eng. Ency. of Law (2d ed.), 9, 780.
The statute does not infringe the provisions of theex postfactoclause; see casessupra; Eastmanv.State,109 Ind. 281;Statev.Creditor,44 Kan. 568;Craigv.Medical Examiners,12 Mont. 211;Statev.Coleman,64 Ohio St. 377.
This statute is not an unconstitutional interference with vested rights.Allopathic State Boardv.Fowler, 50 La. Ann. 1358;Peoplev.Moorman,86 Mich. 433;Williamsv.People,121 Ill. 87;Thompsonv.Staats, 15 Wend. (N.Y.) 395;Hewittv.Charier, 16 Pick. (Mass.)Page 294395;Statev.Hale,15 Mo. 606;Bibberv.Simpson,50 Me. 181;Dankworthv.State,136 S.W. 788.
The statute establishes a Board of Medical Examiners and requires "all legal practitioners of medicine in this State, who, practising under the provisions of previous laws, or under diplomas of a reputable and legal college of medicine, have not already received license from a State Medical Examining Board of this State" to prove their diplomas, or existing license, or exemption existing under any law; whereupon they are to receive a verification license. § 6. By § 7 applicants not licensed under § 6 must pass an examination, conditioned among other things on their being graduates of "bona fide reputable medical schools;" schools to be considered reputable "whose entrance requirements and courses of instruction are as high as those adopted by the better class of medical schools of the United States, whose course of instruction shall embrace not less than four terms of five months each." By § 9 the examinations are to be fair to every school of medicine, are to be conducted on the scientific branches of medicine only, and are to include anatomy, physiology, chemistry, histology, pathology, bacteriology, physical diagnosis, surgery, obstetrics, gynecology, hygiene, andPage 295medical jurisprudence. Those who pass are to be granted licenses to practise medicine. By § 10 nothing in the act is to be construed to discriminate against any particular system, and the act is not to apply to dentists legally registered and confining themselves to dentistry, nurses who practise only nursing, masseurs, or surgeons of the United States Army, Navy, c., in the performance of their duties.
The only other material sections of the act are §§ 13 and 14, the former of which declares that "any person shall be regarded as practising medicine within the meaning of this act. . . . (2) Or who shall treat or offer to treat any disease or disorder, mental or physical, or any physical deformity or injury by any system or method or to effect cures thereof and charge therefor, directly or indirectly, money or other compensation." By § 14 any person practising medicine in violation of the act is punished by fine and imprisonment, and is not to recover anything for the services rendered.
The facts charged against the plaintiff in error are admitted. It also is admitted that before the passage of the statute he had spent $5,000 in fitting up his place, and was deriving a net income from his calling of at least the same sum. He held a diploma from the chartered American School of Osteopathy, Kirksville, Missouri, after a full two years' course of study there, but it does not appear that he presented this diploma to the Board of Medical Examiners or attempted to secure either a verification license or license in any form. The Board in passing upon qualifications does not examine in therapeutics or materia medica, which, it will be observed, are not mentioned in the act. On these facts we are of opinion that the plaintiff in error fails to show that the statute inflicts any wrong upon him contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. If he has not suffered we are not called upon to speculate upon other cases, orPage 296to decide whether the followers of Christian Science or other people might in some event have cause to complain.
We are far from agreeing with the plaintiff in error that the definition of practising medicine in § 13 is arbitrary or irrational, but it would be immaterial if it were, as its only object is to explain who fall within the purview of the act. That it does, and of course we follow the Texas court in its decision that the plaintiff in error is included. It is true that he does not administer drugs, but he practises what at least purports to be the healing art. The State constitutionally may prescribe conditions to such practice considered by it to be necessary or useful to secure competence in those who follow it. We should presume, until the Texas courts say otherwise, that the reference in § 4 to the diploma of a reputable and legal college of medicine, and the confining in § 7 of examinations to graduates of reputable medical schools, use the words medicine and medical with the same broad sense as § 13, and that the diploma of the plaintiff in error would not be rejected merely because it came from a school of osteopathy. In short, the statute says that if you want to do what it calls practising medicine you must have gone to a reputable school in that kind of practice. Whatever may be the osteopathic dislike of medicines, neither the school nor the plaintiff in error suffers a constitutional wrong if his place of tuition is called a medical school by the act for the purpose of showing that it satisfies the statutory requirements. He cannot say that it would not have been regarded as doing so, because he has not tried.Dentv.West Virginia,129 U.S. 114,124.
An osteopath professes, the plaintiff in error professes, as we understand it, to help certain ailments by scientific manipulation affecting the nerve centres. It is intelligible therefore that the State should require of him a scientific training.Dentv.West Virginia,129 U.S. 114;Watsonv.Maryland,218 U.S. 173. He like othersPage 297must begin by a diagnosis. It is no answer to say that in many instances the diagnosis is easy — that a man knows it when he has a cold or a toothache. For a general practice science is needed. An osteopath undertakes to be something more than a nurse or a masseur, and the difference rests precisely in a claim to greater science, which the State requires him to prove. The same considerations that justify including him justify excluding the lower grades from the law.Watsonv.Maryland,218 U.S. 173,179,180. Again, it is not an answer to say that the plaintiff in error is prosecuted for a single case. If the legislature may prohibit a general practice for money except on the condition stated, it may attach the same conditions to a single transaction of a kind not likely to occur otherwise than as an instance of a general practice. A distinction between gratuitous and paid for services was made in the Maryland statute sustained inWatsonv.Maryland,218 U.S. 173,178. Finally, the law is not made invalid as against the plaintiff in error by the fact that he had an established business when the law was passed.Dentv.WestVirginia,129 U.S. 114.Reetzv.Michigan,188 U.S. 505,510.
The objections that prevailed against a writ of error like this inBaileyv.Alabama,211 U.S. 452, do not exist here. There as here it was attempted to interrupt the ordinary course of a trial by habeas corpus, and there as here the State allowed the attempt and discharged the writ on the merits. But in that case it did not appear that the constitutional question relied upon had arisen or necessarily would arise, although afterwards it did.219 U.S. 219. But here the facts are admitted, the question appears as plainly as it ever will, and is supposed to go to the jurisdiction of the court. Therefore we have discussed the case on the merits; perhaps more than it needed in view of the decisions cited and others that establish the right of the State to adopt a policy even uponPage 298medical matters concerning which there is difference of opinion and dispute.Hawkerv.New York,170 U.S. 189;Meffertv.Packer,195 U.S. 625;Jacobsonv.Massachusetts,197 U.S. 11. See alsoWilliamsv.Arkansas,217 U.S. 79.Judgment affirmed.