Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Hoeper v. Tax Comm'n of Wis.

284 U.S. 206

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1931-11-30
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • distinguishing between a "revenue measured” and a law “imposing regulatory taxes”
  • uncompensated taking of wife's property to pay husband's tax debt violates Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses of Fourteenth Amendment
  • “That which is not in fact the taxpayer‟s income cannot be 33 made such by calling it income.”
  • 'That which is not in fact the taxpayer's income cannot be made such by calling it income."
  • “That which is not in fact the taxpayer's income cannot be made such by calling it in- Page Proof Pending Publication come”
  • “any attempt ... to measure the tax on one person’s property or income by reference to the property or income of another is contrary to due process of law”
  • decided under the Fourteenth Amendment, but Heiner v. Donnan, 285 U.S. 312, 326 (1932) and Coolidge v. Long, 282 U.S. 582 (1931) hold that legislative restraint imposed by the due' process clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments is the same

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Hoeper v. Tax Comm'n of Wis.. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Authority status
pending
Cited by
192 opinions
Distinguished
1 times

Headnotes

  1. Constitutional Law — Due Process A state income tax statute that measures a husband's tax by reference to his wife's separate income, when under state law he has no ownership or control over her property or income, takes his property without due process of law in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. 284 U.S. at 215
  2. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection A state income tax law that singles out married persons for a heavier tax burden by combining their incomes for rate purposes, after the state has abolished the property incidents of the marriage relation, creates an arbitrary discrimination denying the equal protection of the laws. 284 U.S. at 215
  3. Constitutional Law — Taxation The fundamental conceptions of free government underlying the American constitutional system forbid a state from measuring the tax on one person's property or income by reference to the property or income of another; that which is not in fact the taxpayer's income cannot be made such by calling it income. 284 U.S. at 215
  4. Constitutional Law — Taxation A state may not attribute a wife's income to her husband for income tax purposes where, under state law, her income never at any moment becomes his property; he has no title to or control over it, and it remains hers until the tax is paid and after payment. 284 U.S. at 215-216
  5. Constitutional Law — Taxation The necessity of preventing frauds and evasions of the tax laws cannot justify a classification that otherwise violates the Due Process or Equal Protection Clause, because rights guaranteed by the Federal Constitution are superior to such supposed administrative necessity and are not to be lightly treated. 284 U.S. at 217
  6. Constitutional Law — Taxation An income tax statute that is in substance a comprehensive revenue measure cannot be justified as a regulation of the marriage relation, and arbitrary or discriminatory provisions contained in it cannot be sustained by calling them special regulations of the persons or relationships discriminated against. 284 U.S. at 217
  7. Constitutional Law — Equal Protection Under the law of Wisconsin a husband has no interest in or control over his wife's property, earnings, or income; the wife's separate income is her sole and separate property in the fullest degree and in no sense that of her husband, so that his taxable status is the same as that of a single person in all property, business, and economic relations. 284 U.S. at 214-215
HOEPERv. TAX COMMISSION,284 U.S. 206(1931)
52 S.Ct. 120
HOEPERv. TAX COMMISSION OF WISCONSIN ET AL.
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN.
No. 17.
Submitted October 15, 1931.
Decided November 30, 1931.
1. A Wisconsin income tax statute which authorizes an assessment against a husband of a tax computed on the combined total of his and his wife's incomes and augmented by surtaxes resulting from the combination, although under the laws of the State the husband has no interest in or control over the property or income of his wife,heldviolative of the due process and equal protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. P. 215.Page 2072. The statute as so applied cannot be justified either as necessary to prevent frauds and evasions or, since it is essentially a revenue measure, as a regulation of the marriage relation. Pp. 216, 217.202 Wis. 493;233 N.W. 100, reversed.
APPEAL from a judgment of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin which
affirmed a judgment upholding the validity under the Fourteenth
Amendment of statutes of the State imposing taxes upon incomes.
Mr. Claire B. Birdwas on the brief for appellant.

In Wisconsin, a husband has no interest in or control over his wife's property, earnings, or income.

R.S. 71.05(2)(d), which authorizes collection of a tax from a husband solely because his wife has separate income from a separate estate, takes his property without due process of law.Union Transit Co. v.Kentucky,199 U.S. 194;Home SavingsBankv.Des Moines,205 U.S. 503,510;Atchison, T. S.F.Ry. Co. v.O'Connor,223 U.S. 280,285;Western Unionv.Kansas,216 U.S. 1,38;Pullman Co. v.Kansas,216 U.S. 56,62;State Tax on Foreign Held Bonds, 15 Wall. 300.

An income tax may be levied only on the owner or legal beneficiary of income.Corlissv.Bowers,281 U.S. 376;Poev.Seaborn,282 U.S. 101. See alsoUnited Statesv.Robbins,269 U.S. 315,326-7;Old Colony Trust Co. v.Commissioner,279 U.S. 716.

No classification can make appellant liable for the tax on this income of his wife. Classification deals with discrimination, not fundamental liabilities. If the subject matter is not taxable at all to the person in question, then such taxation is the taking of property without due process of law. A valid tax may be made void by discriminatory classification. A void tax cannot be validated by classification.Page 208

The claim of opportunities for fraud and colorable transfers cannot avail to validate this tax.Schlesingerv.Wisconsin,270 U.S. 228,240.

Under the laws of Wisconsin, marriage affects only the social, and not at all the financial status of the parties.

A tax law based on property, which taxes one because of property rights of another with whom he has social but no financial relations, makes an arbitrary and unreasonable classification, having no relation to the subject matter of the tax law, and is void.Smithv.Cahoon,283 U.S. 553;Air WayElec. App. Corp. v.Day,266 U.S. 71,85;Southern Ry. Co. v.Greene,216 U.S. 400,417.

R.S. 71.09(4)(c), pursuant to which the State levied and collected from appellant a tax on his own income at a rate greater than collected of others of like income, also violates the Fourteenth Amendment. We see no need of separate discussion under this head. If the State may tax a husband because of separate estate and income of his wife, it may impose an increased rate on him on his own income for the same reason. If, on the other hand, the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits taxing him on his wife's income, the same reasoning prohibits increasing his own tax for that reason. The excess added to his proper tax is a tax on him solely because of his wife's income. It is a difference in amount or degree only, not a difference in principle.Messrs. John W. Reynolds, Attorney General of Wisconsin, andHarold M. Wilkiewere on the brief for the Tax Commission of Wisconsin, appellee.

Practical considerations upon which the legislature may well have relied are sufficient to sustain the law in question.

The statute permits the rate of tax and average income on which the tax is to be paid by the husband to be greater (by reason of his wife's income) than he otherwisePage 209would pay only where the husband and wife are living together. If the wife were living apart, she would have a separate exemption, be assessed separately, and so would he; and the rate would be somewhat lower. In such case, they would not be living in the same family establishment and the same reason would not exist for taxing him on the basis of greater ability to pay because of each spouse having an income. Greater ability to pay is of course a justification for requiring larger contributions by way of income taxation.Shafferv.Carter,252 U.S. 37,51.

It is true that Wisconsin has modified some of the common law incidents of the status of husband and wife. It has given the wife the right to her separate earnings and property, enlarged the right to sue, and given her other privileges.

But these changes were within the legislative power to modify the relative duties and rights of husband and wife. The legislature can make more changes. The very law here under consideration fixes a certain changed legal consequence from the relation of marriage. In view of this right of the state legislature to modify the duties and responsibilities in the marriage relation, we are unable to see even the presence of a federal question in this case.

Moreover, if there were technically a federal question here, we think the right of the state legislature to use the presence of the marriage relation as a ground for classification is so clear as to preclude the view that there is a substantial federal question here.

Practical considerations affecting ability to pay, and affecting the amount which the head of a family ought to contribute and can contribute by way of taxation without jeopardizing the support of his family, are surely at least as much for the consideration of the legislature and the court as the more technical considerations of strictly legal rights.Page 210

Whatever may be the situation as to strangers or collateral relatives, we all know that in fact the family burdens on a husband are greatly lightened by the possession and receipt of substantial income by his wife. The family unity is a fact which has not and probably cannot be changed by legislation. The relation in fact existing between husband and wife, with its practically universal accompaniment of assistance to each from the income of the other in the performance of the common family duties and in sustaining the common family burdens, would seem in itself quite sufficient to acquit a legislature, in respect of legislation such as is here involved, of a charge of having passed a law making unfair and arbitrary discriminations without any reasonable basis.

Under Wisconsin laws the husband still has substantial pecuniary advantages from the property and income of the wife which are not possessed by other persons.

The Wisconsin statutes provide that the father, mother, husband, children, and wife of any poor person who is so old or decrepit as to be unable to maintain himself, shall relieve and maintain him so far as they are able, and further, that the county judge on notice shall "by order require relief and maintenance from such relatives . . . if living and of sufficient ability . . . in the following order: first the husband or wife; then the father; then the children; and lastly the mother." Section 49.11 Wis. Stats.

In cases of divorce, where the custody of the children is awarded to the husband "the court may adjudge to the husband out of the separate estate of the wife, such sums for the support and education of such minor children as it shall deem just and reasonable." Sec. 247.27 Wis. Stats.

As to judicial separation, it is specifically provided that the court may divide between the parties the estate of the husband and so much of the estate of the wife as shall have been derived from the husband, havingalwaysduePage 211regard to the legal and equitable rights of each party, the ability of the husband, the special estate of the wife, the character and situation of the parties and all the circumstances of the case. Sec. 247.26.

He may still maintain an action for injury to or death of the wife in which the damages are measured, not only by the value of her services in the household, but also by other earnings which have aided in the support of the family.Herrov.MalleableIron Co.,181 Wis. 198,200.

That in exceptional cases a husband may possibly derive no benefit from the income of his wife does not invalidate this law.Quong Wingv.Kirkendall,223 U.S. 59,62;MetropolisTheatre Co. v.Chicago,228 U.S. 61,69.

Why should not marriage be a basis for classification? A court need not close its eyes to facts which everyone else knows. The fact that there may be some hard cases under this or any other law is not sufficient reason for condemning it.

The fact that evasion of just income taxation (higher rates for higher incomes) would be easier if the incomes of husband and wife were not combined and tax assessed on this basis is a further consideration supporting this law. The law has recognized almost from time immemorial that the marriage relationship offers peculiar opportunities for evasion. This is shown by statutes regulating transfers between husband and wife, by decisions holding that transactions between them should be closely scrutinized, and by other similar laws and decisions.

InSchlesingerv.Wisconsin,270 U.S. 228, the gift taxed could not, as a giftinter vivos, have been subjected at all to the graduated tax involved, even if all giftsinter vivoswere so subjected. And further, all giftsinter vivosexcept those within six years of death, escaped the tax.

Here the income of the wife can unquestionably be made the subject of a graduated tax just as that of the husband.Page 212No presumption is resorted to to make her income a partial measure of the tax. She and her husband both could be taxed at a higher rate because they each had income and they had each less burden to bear because they were husband and wife and lived in the same household. The rate is higher, but no subject matter is taxed which in a similar situation is not taxed the same way. In theSchlesingercase ofinter vivosgifts, only gifts within six years of death were taxed. Here the rule is absolutely the same as to every husband and wife living together and as to all their income. In every family the same rule applies as to all income. We therefore think this case is easily distinguishable. And if it were not, that case would only destroy one of the several grounds on which this statute should be sustained.Poev.Seaborn,282 U.S. 101;Corlissv.Bowers,281 U.S. 376;United Statesv.Robbins,269 U.S. 315;Old ColonyTrust Co. v.Commissioner,279 U.S. 716; andLucasv.Earl,281 U.S. 111, are clearly distinguishable.
MR. JUSTICE ROBERTS delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellant, a resident of Marathon County, Wisconsin, married in the year 1927. Subsequently to his marriage he was in receipt of income taxable to him under the income tax statute of the state. His wife, during the same period, received taxable income, composed of a salary, interest and dividends, and a share of the profits of a partnership with which her husband had no connection. The assessor of incomes assessed against the appellant a tax computed on the combined total of his and his wife's incomes as shown by separate returns, treating the aggregate as his income. The amount so ascertained and assessed exceeded the sum of the taxes which would have been due had their taxable incomes been separately assessed.1Page 213The authority for the assessor's procedure is found in the following sections of the act:

Section 71.05(2)(d): ". . . In computing taxes and the amount of taxes payable by persons residing together as members of a family, the income of the wife and the income of each child under eighteen years of age shall be added to that of the husband or father, or if he be not living, to that of the head of the family and assessed to him except as hereinafter provided. The taxes levied shall be payable by such husband or head of the family, but if not paid by him may be enforced against any person whose income is included within the tax computation."

Section 71.09(4)(c): "Married persons living together as husband and wife may make separate returns or join in a single joint return. In either case the tax shall be computed on the combined average taxable income. The exemptions provided for in subsection (2) of section 71.05 shall be allowed but once and divided equally and the amount of tax due shall be paid by each in the proportion that the average income of each bears to the combined average income."

Appellant paid the tax under protest, and after complying with requisite conditions precedent, instituted proceedings to recover so much thereof as was in excess of the tax computed on his own separate income. He asserted that the statute as applied to him violates the Fourteenth Amendment. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin overruled this contention and affirmed a judgment for appellees. The question is whether the state law as interpreted and applied deprives the taxpayer of due process and ofPage 214the equal protection of the law. The appellant says that what the state has done is to assess and collect from him a tax based in part upon the income received by his wife, and that such exaction is arbitrary and discriminatory, and consequently violative of the constitutional guaranties.

At common law the wife's property, owned at the date of marriage or in any manner acquired thereafter, is the property of her husband. Her earnings and income are his, he may dispose of them at will, and he is liable for her debts. Were the status of a married woman in Wisconsin that which she had at common law, the statutory attribution of her income to her husband for income tax would, no doubt, be justifiable. But her spouse's ownership and control of her property have been abolished by the laws of the state. Women are declared to have the same rights as men in the exercise of suffrage, freedom of contract, choice of residence for voting purposes, jury service, holding office, holding and conveying property, care and custody of children, and in all other respects.2Under the title "Property Rights of Married Women" it is enacted that a wife's real estate and its rents, issues and profits shall be her sole and separate property as if she were unmarried, and shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband;3and this is true of her personal property as well, whether owned at the date of marriage or subsequently acquired.4She may convey, devise or bequeath her property, real and personal, as if she were unmarried, and her husband has no right of disposal thereof, nor is it liable for his debts.5Either spouse may convey his or her property to the other or create a lien thereon in favor of the other.6The individual earningsPage 215of every married woman, except those accruing from labor performed for her husband, or in his employ or payable by him, are her separate property, and are not subject to his control or liable for his debts.7She may sue in her own name and have all the remedies of an unmarried woman in regard to her separate property or business and to recover her earnings, and is liable to suit and to the rendition of a judgment, which may be enforced against her separate property as if she were unmarried.8

Since, then, in law and in fact, the wife's income is in the fullest degree her separate property and in no sense that of her husband, the question presented is whether the state has power by an income-tax law to measure his tax, not by his own income but, in part, by that of another. To the problem thus stated, what was said inKnowltonv.Moore,178 U.S. 41,77, is apposite:

"It may be doubted by some, aside from express constitutional restrictions, whether the taxation by Congress of the property of one person, accompanied with an arbitrary provision that the rate of tax shall be fixed with reference to the sum of the property of another, thus bringing about the profound inequality which we have noticed, would not transcend the limitations arising from those fundamental conceptions of free government which underlie all constitutional systems."

We have no doubt that, because of the fundamental conceptions which underlie our system, any attempt by a state to measure the tax on one person's property or income by reference to the property or income of another is contrary to due process of law as guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. That which is not in fact the taxpayer's income cannot be made such by calling it income. CompareNicholsv.Coolidge,274 U.S. 531,540.Page 216

It is incorrect to say that the provision of the Wisconsin income tax statute retains or reestablishes what was formerly an incident of the marriage relation. Wisconsin has not made the property of the wife that of her husband, nor has it made the income from her property the income of her husband. Nor has it established joint ownership. The effort to tax B for A's property or income does not make B the owner of that property or income, and whether the state has power to effect such a change of ownership in a particular case is wholly irrelevant when no such effort has been made. Under the law of Wisconsin the income of the wife does not at any moment or to any extent become the property of the husband. He never has any title to it, or controls any part of it. That income remains hers until the tax is paid, and what is left continues to be hers after that payment. The state merely levies a tax upon it. What Wisconsin has done is to tax as a joint income that which under its law is owned separately and thus to secure a higher tax than would be the sum of the taxes on the separate incomes.

The court below assigned two reasons which it thought removed the constitutional objections to the application of the statute in the instant case. It cited and followed theIncome TaxCases,148 Wis. 456;134 N.W. 673;135 N.W. 164, where the statute here in question was sustained on the ground that the provisions under attack are necessary to prevent frauds and evasions of the tax by married persons, and stated that the decision of this Court inSchlesingerv.Wisconsin,270 U.S. 230, was not inconsistent with the views expressed by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin in its earlier decision. To this we cannot agree. In theSchlesingercase this Court held invalid a statute which, for purposes of inheritance tax, classified all giftsinter vivos, effective within six years of death, as gifts made in contemplation of death. To thePage 217argument of the necessity for such classification to prevent frauds and evasions, it was answered [p. 240]:

"That is to say, `A' may be required to submit to an exactment forbidden by the Constitution if this seems necessary in order to enable the State readily to collect lawful charges against `B.' Rights guaranteed by the federal Constitution are not to be so lightly treated; they are superior to this supposed necessity. The State is forbidden to deny due process of law or the equal protection of the laws for any purpose whatsoever."

The claimed necessity cannot justify the otherwise unconstitutional exaction.

The second reason assigned as a justification for the imposition of the tax is that it is a regulation of marriage. It is said that the marital relation has always been a matter of concern to the state, and has properly been the subject of legislation which classified it as a distinct subject of regulation. It is suggested that a difference of treatment of married as compared with single persons in the amount of tax imposed may be due to the greater and different privileges enjoyed by the former, and, if so, the discrimination would have a reasonable basis, and constitute permissible classification. This view overlooks several important considerations. In the first place, as is pointed out above, the state has, except in its purely social aspects, taken from the marriage status all the elements which differentiate it from that of the single person. In property, business and economic relations they are the same. It can hardly be claimed that a mere difference in social relations so alters the taxable status of one receiving income as to justify a different measure for the tax.

Again, it is clear that the law is a revenue measure, and not one imposing regulatory taxes. It levies a tax on "every person residing within the state" and defines the word "person" as including "natural persons, fiduciaries and corporations," and "corporations" as including "corporations,Page 218joint stock companies, associations or common law trusts." It lays graduated taxes on the incomes of natural persons and corporations at different rates. It is comprehensive in its provisions regarding gross income and allowable deductions and exemptions, and is in most respects the analogue of the federal income tax acts in force since 1916. It is obvious that the act does not purport to regulate the status or relationships of any person, natural or artificial. Arbitrary and discriminatory provisions contained in it cannot be justified by calling them special regulations of the persons or relationships which are the object of the discrimination. The present case does not fall within the principle that where the legislature, in prohibiting a traffic or transaction as being against the policy of the state, makes a classification, reasonable in itself, its power so to do is not to be denied simply because some innocent article comes within the proscribed class.Purity Extract Co. v.Lynch,226 U.S. 192,204. Taxing one person for the property of another is a different matter. There is no room for the suggestion thatquathe appellant and those similarly situated the act is a reasonable regulation, rather than a tax law.

Neither of the reasons advanced in support of the validity of the statute as applied to the appellant justifies the resulting discrimination. The exaction is arbitrary and is a denial of due process.

The judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.Reversed.
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES, dissenting.
This is an appeal from a judgment of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin sustaining the constitutionality of a tax levied under the laws of the State. The appellant married a widow. Both parties had separate incomes, and made separate returns. A tax was assessed upon the appellant for the total of both, as if both belonged toPage 219him. By R.S. Wis. § 71.05(2)(d), "In computing taxes and the amount of taxes payable by persons residing together as members of a family, the income of the wife and the income of each child under eighteen years of age shall be added to that of the husband or father, or if he be not living, to that of the head of the family and assessed to him except as hereinafter provided. The taxes levied shall be payable by such husband or head of the family, but if not paid by him may be enforced against any person whose income is included within the tax computation." By R.S. § 71.09(4)(c), "Married persons living together as husband and wife may make separate returns or join in a single joint return. In either case the tax shall be computed on the combined average taxable income. The exemptions provided for in subsection (2) of section 71.05 shall be allowed but once and divided equally and the amount of tax due shall be paid by each in the proportion that the average income of each bears to the combined average income." The result of adding the incomes was to increase the rate of the plaintiff's income tax and to charge him with a portion of the tax otherwise payable by Mrs. Hoeper. He sets up the Fourteenth Amendment and says that he has been deprived of due process of law.

This case cannot be disposed of as an attempt to take one person's property to pay another person's debts. The statutes are the outcome of a thousand years of history. They must be viewed against the background of the earlier rules that husband and wife are one, and that one the husband; and that as the husband took the wife's chattels he was liable for her debts. They form a system with echoes of different moments, none of which is entitled to prevail over the other. The emphasis in other sections on separation of interests cannot make us deaf to the assumption, in the sections quoted, of community when two spouses live together and when usually eachPage 220would get the benefit of the income of each without inquiry into the source. So far as the Constitution of the United States is concerned, the legislature has power to determine what the consequences of marriage shall be, and as it may provide that the husband shall or shall not have certain rights in his wife's property, and shall or shall not be liable for his wife's debts, it may enact that he shall be liable for taxes on an income that in every probability will make his life easier and help to pay his bills. Taxation may consider not only command over, but actual enjoyment of, the property taxed. SeeCorlissv.Bowers,281 U.S. 376,378. In some States, if not in all, the husband became the owner of the wife's chattels, on marriage, without any trouble from the Constitution; and it would require ingenious argument to show that there might not be a return to the law as it was in 1800. It is all a matter of statute. But for statute, the income taxed would belong to the husband, and there would be no question about it.

I will add a few words that seem to me superfluous. It is said that Wisconsin has taken away the former characteristics of the marriage state. But it has said in so many words that it keeps this one. And when the legislature clearly indicates that it means to accomplish a certain result within its power to accomplish, it is our business to supply any formula that theelegantia jurismay seem to require.Sextonv.KesslerCo.,225 U.S. 90,97.

The statute is justified also by its tendency to prevent tax evasion. No doubt, if, as was held inSchlesingerv.Wisconsin,270 U.S. 230, with regard to the measure then before the Court, there was no reasonable relation between the law and the evil, the statute could not be upheld. But the fact that it might reach innocent people does not condemn it. It has been decided too often to be open to question, that administrative necessity may justify the inclusion of innocent objects or transactionsPage 221within a prohibited class.Purity Extract Co. v.Lynch,226 U.S. 192,201,204.Ruppertv.Caffey,251 U.S. 264,283.Hebe Co. v.Shaw,248 U.S. 297,303.Pierce Oil Corp. v.Hope,248 U.S. 498,500.Euclidv.Ambler Co.,272 U.S. 365,388,389.Tylerv.United States,281 U.S. 497,505.Millikenv.United States,283 U.S. 15,20.

MR. JUSTICE BRANDEIS and MR. JUSTICE STONE concur in this opinion.
  1. Page 213 This resulted from the fact that the act provides for surtaxes graduated according to the amount of the taxpayer's net income. While the excess would have been less if returns and assessments had been made under section 71.09(4) the total would still have been greater than the sum of the husband's and wife's taxes if separately assessed on their individual incomes. ↩
  2. Page 214 Wis. Stats. 1929, § 6.015(1). ↩
  3. Page 214Ibid. § 246.01. ↩
  4. Page 214 Wis. Stats. 1929, § 246.02. ↩
  5. Page 214Ibid. § 246.03. ↩
  6. Page 214Ibid. § 246.03. ↩
  7. Page 215Ibid. § 246.05. ↩
  8. Page 215Ibid. § 246.07. ↩