Stager v. Troy Laundry Co.

Mr. Justice Wolverton

delivered the opinion.

This is an action to recover damages for injuries received by plaintiff while in the employ of the defendant, and engaged in the service of feeding textile fabrics through a mangle for the purpose of drying and smoothing them. The action is based upon the alleged negligence of the managing agents of the defendant, in adjusting or placing" the guard plate too high, thereby allowing tooi much space or too- large an opening between the guard and the table, and in their want of knowledge touching the mechanism of the machine, particularly in the use of the tension screws for raising and lowering the rollers upon thé cylinder. The defense is that the danger was obvious and incident to the service in which the plaintiff was engaged, the risk was one which she assumed in her employment, and therefore that the defendant is not liable for the injury sustained. Judgment was for the plaintiff,, and the defendant appeals.

John Tait, a witness in behalf of the plaintiff, testified, in *483 substance, that he was manager of the company, and had been for 4^2 years; that it had a machine, known as the “Wendell Annihilator,” in operation twelve days before the accident, which occurred May 14, 1898; that what knowledge he had of the machine was obtained from seeing it set up by the agent, who was a practical man in the business, and from seeing one of the same make operated for an hour in San FranciscOi but that there were other machines built practically upon the same principle, with which he had had experience for the last ten years.

The plaintiff testified that she had been living in Portland about 23 years, had been in the employ of the laundry company four years, and at the time of the accident was feeding the Wendell Annihilator; that her fingers came in contact with the rollers, and, because the guard was no protection whatever, it allowed her hand to- get caught, so that it was burned and crushed; that, if the guard had been any protection, it would have skinned the whole back of her hand before it could have come in between the rollers, and that the guard should not have been any higher than would allow a sheet or tablecloth to go through; that after her hand was in there was plenty of help present, but they did not know how to release her; that Mr. Sherman, president of the company, afterwards said that, if they had properly understood the machine, her hand would not have been burned so badly; that the machine was a new one, and they did not fully understand it, and after examination he found it could have been loosened quicker if he had known how to do it; that, in her estimation, the guard rail was too high, and allowed her hand to get caught in the machine, and, if it had been any protection, the accident would not have happened; that she could not say just how high the guard was, but it should not have been any higher than was necessary to let the fabrics go under; that her hand was in the mangle from three to five minutes, and before she could be *484 released they had to get a crowbar and pry the roller up; that she had been operating the mangle about two weeks. On cross-examination she testified that she had worked on other mangles used by the company five or ten minutes at a time, off and on, during her employment; that these were not protected, and she did not realize the danger with this machine, because there was a guard rail for protection; that during the time she was at work the guard was taken off for about an hour, at the request of her immediate superintendent, and with Mr. Sherman’s consent, but when Mr. Tait came back he said it was too dangerous, and directed it to be put back; that the machine worked about the same with the guard off as with it on, all the difference being that in the one case the goods passed directly between the rollers, and in the other they passed beneath the ghard; that her hand rested up against the guard, but in no way touched it while it went under; that, from her information, the guard was adjusted by tension screws; that Mr. Sherman had charge of it, and the operators were not permitted to change the adjustment.

Reuben Francis described the important features of the mangle. It consists of a large cylinder, eight feet'long and four feet in diameter, heated by steam, above which revolves a set of small rollers. A table is arranged in front, and against the cylinder; and a guard plate, consisting of an iron bar convex in form, one and one-half inches in width, the length of the machine, attached at the ends by means of bolts passing through slots, so as to be adjustable, is placed in front of the line of contact between the cylinder and the first roller. At the time witness saw it the lower edge was set about an inch and a half above the table, and about the same distance from the aperture or line of contact; the oval side being towards the operator. When the mangle is in motion the cylinder revolves upward from the operator, and the rollers toward him. The fabrics are fed to the ma *485 chine under the guard rail. Thence they come in contact with the cylinder, which carries them upward between the rollers, and are dried and ironed by the heat and pressure applied. This is, in substance, all the evidence introduced by the plaintiff. When she rested her case, defendant moved for a nonsuit, which was overruled, and such action of the court is assigned as error.

1. A servant is understood to assume the ordinary risks incident to the particular service in which he voluntarily engages, to the extent those risks are known to him at the time of his employment, or should be readily discernible to a person of his age and capacity in the exercise of ordinary care and prudence. Where the employment is obviously dangerous and hazardous, and conducted in a way fully known to the servant at the outset, he assumes the risk incident to the conduct in that way or manner, although a safer method was known or could have been adopted: Shearman & Red-field, Neg., (5 ed.), § 185. Compensation is supposed to be adjusted Avith reference to the hazardous nature of the service, and the employment is entered upon with a view to the discharge of a particular duty; hence the risks incident are assumed by an implied stipulation under the employment. The same considerations, however, do not apply to* risks which arise subsequent to the employment and during the course of the service. These the employee may avoid by quitting the sendee. If he voluntarily continues, however, without complaint or objection, after knowledge or notice of their existence, under conditions by Avhich he is chargeable with an appreciation of the danger, and where ordinary prudence would require of him a different course, he is held also to take upon himself the responsibility entailed by the risk he continues to incur; and this applies to- perils engendered by defects in appliances due to the master’s fault: Shearman & Redfield, Neg. (5 ed.), §§ 209, 209®. The rule is clear!} stated by Mr. Justice Devens in Leary v. Boston & A. R. *486 R. Co., 139 Mass. 580, 584 (2 N. E. 115, 116). He says: “The servant assumes the dangers of the employment to which he voluntarily and intelligently consents, and, while ordinarily he is to be subjected only to the hazards necessarily incident to- his employment, if he knows that proper precautions have been neglected, and still knowingly consents to incur the risk to which he will be exposed thereby, his assent dispenses with the duty of the master to take such precautions.” The rationale of this latter rule is not entirely settled, but the opinion, which appears to- be adequate to the purpose, is that, where two negligent acts conduce to- an injury, the responsibility attaches to- the one that stands as the proximate or immediate cause. Thus, if a master culpably suffers defects in appliances to exist, that may be a contributory cause to- an injury ensuing by reason of the use of such appliances: but if a servant, being cognizant o-f their defective character, voluntarily consents to continue in their use, his act is one o-f negligence, also-, and, being the nearest, constitutes the proximate, cause, which shifts the liability from the master, and the servant will not be heard to complain. In such a case he cannot hold the master responsible, although culpable, because his own negligence is the direct and immediate cause o-f the injury: Fitzgerald v. Conn. River Paper Co., 155 Mass. 155 (29 N. E. 464).

It will be observed in this connection (and for which the case just cited is authority) that one does not voluntarily assume a risk who- merely kno-ws that there is some danger, without at the same time appreciating the danger to- which he is subjecting himself by accepting or continuing in the service, while, on the other hand, he does not necessarily fail to appreciate the risk because he hopes and expects to encounter it without injury. Sometimes the circumstances may show, as a matter o-f law, that the risk is understood and appreciated. At other times they may present a question o-f fact for the jury. It is always the duty o-f the master to pro *487 vide his servant reasonably safe tools and appliances with which to work. If he fails in this, he may be charged with culpability, unless he is relieved by the act of the servant in accepting or continuing in the service, with adequate knowledge of defects and a due appreciation of the attending danger. Risks which are incident to- the business must not be confounded with such as are denominated “obvious.” The former sort comprises those which accompany or arise from the natural or usual method of conducting the particular business, and has more special relation to perils which attend the business generally, while the latter includes such as are manifest to the sense of observation, open and readily discernible, whether they arise from the nature of the business, the particular manner in which it is conducted, or the use of defective or unsafe appliances. Now, it is urged that the risk to which plaintiff subjected herself was both an_ incident' to the business and obvious. The authorities appear to be uniform and conclusive that, where a machine similar to the Wendell Annihilator in principle is operated without a guard plate, the operator assumes the risk; for in such case the method of operation is known, and the peril patent: O’Connor v. Whittall, 169 Mass. 563 (48 N. E. 844); Hanson v. Hammell, 107 Iowa, 171 (77 N. W. 839); Greef v. Brown, 7 Kan. App. 394 (51 Pac. 926); Jones v. Roberts, 57 Ill. App. 56; Berger v. St. Paul, M. & M. Ry. Co., 39 Minn. 78 (38 N. W. 814); Hoyle v. Excelsior Laundry Co., 95 Ga. 34 (21 S. E. 1001); Hickey v. Taaffe, 105 N. Y. 26 (12 N. E. 286). In the case at bar there was a guard plate, which was evidently designed to lessen, if not to obviate, the danger incident to feeding fabrics within the aperture between the rollers, and, if properly adjusted, would, no doubt, have afforded some protection; and it was the duty of the master to see that it was properly adjusted: Woods v. Long Island R. R. Co., 42 N. Y. Supp. 140. Indeed, the manager *488 of the defendant realized as much, for he had forbidden the employees to regulate the machine in any form.

The evidence of the plaintiff tends to- show that the guard was set an inch and a half above the table, and an. inch and a half in front of the aperture. She says her hand went under the guard without touching it, and that, if it had been properly adjusted, it would have skinned the whole back of her hand. If such was the adjustment, the guard was little protection, except as it may have served as a warning that there was danger behind it, for a woman’s hand will readily pass within the space of an inch and a half as far as the plaintiff’s was shown to> have been drawn in. She further testified that in her estimation the guard was too high, and that, if it had been in any manner a protection, her hand would not have been caught; that she had worked at other mangles without the guard rail on, and did not realize the danger with this machine, because of this guard plate for protection. Thus the testimony presents the question as to whether the guard plate was properly adjusted. It is insisted, however, that, whether it was or not, the danger behind it was so apparent and obvious that the court should say, as a matter of law, that the plaintiff assumed the risk attending the service. If the guard plate was so adjusted as to give absolutely no protection at all, and this was at once apparent, the case would not be different from one where there was no attachment of the kind, and the risk would be obvious. But, if the adjustment does in fact give some protection, a prudent person would be led to' place more or less reliance upon its availability; and, the nearer perfect the adjustment, the less would be the danger in operating- the machine. It may or may not remove the danger entirely. If it does, then implicit reliance may be placed upon it, and no one need apprehend any danger from the service. So; therefore, the danger becomes a matter of degree, depending upon the manner of the adjustment of the guard plate, which, being attached, the *489 plaintiff affirms, she supposed was a protection, and therefore did not appreciate the real danger. -Under these conditions, we cannot say, as a matter of law, that she assumed the risk by accepting or continuing in the service, and the question was properly left to the jury for their determination. True, the plaintiff operated the machine for an hour or so with the plate detached, but the manager directed it to be put back, saying it was too, dangerous. The fact, however, was not calculated to warn her of the danger with the guard on. If it had any tendency, it was rather to lead her to- believe that the guard would protect her, and thus cause her to pay less heed to the real danger. So we conclude the nonsuit was properly denied.

2. The next question in the case arises upon an instruction given to the jury as follows : “If in this case the plaintiff brought this injury upon herself by her own fault, there having been negligence on the part of this defendant or not, as the case may be, if it has been shown by a preponderance of the testimony that through some other acts of the defendant it failed to minimize it, — failed to lessen the effects of the injury, whereby the plaintiff sustained an additional injury than otherwise would have been incurred, — that would offer a claim for consideration, which should be regarded by the jury.” This instruction is clearly erroneous, for the jury are thereby told that, even if plaintiff was at fault and brought the mischief upon, herself, she was nevertheless entitled to recover, if the defendant failed to do any other act that would minimize her injury. We presume this was given in view of the testimony adduced from which it is argued that the defendant’s managers • were not sufficiently acquainted with the technical mechanism of the mangle to be able to release the plaintiff’s hand as quickly as they would if better informed in relation thereto, thus prolonging her suffering and adding to- her injury. Proprietors and managers are not required to possess themselves of technical and *490 exact knowledge of the detailed mechanism and workings of machinery, with a view to extricating persons from perils to< which they may subject themselves through their own folly or negligence. So- that it cannot be charged against the de^ fendant that it was guilty of negligence in not having a person possessed of such knowledge convenient when the- peril arose, so as to extricate the plaintiff from her dilemma. It is unusual to anticipate accident, and to provide for the most speedy relief when such an exigency arises. There is no intimation, either by the evidence or the argument of counsel, that the defendant’s managers willfully or wantonly prolonged the sufferings of the plaintiff, while it must be conceded that they did all they could, with their knowledge of the machinery, to extricate the plaintiff as quickly as possible. We do not desire to- be.understood as intimating that they did not possess adequate knowledge to- have relieved her in the most speedy manner possible, under the attending circumstances of the accident; but it seems plain that they did all they could, and hence are not chargeable with negligence in prolonging her suffering and thereby adding to her injury. For this error the judgment will be reversed, and the cause remanded for. a new trial. Reversed.