Opinion · Ohlaw Ohio
CANTOR v. INS. CO., 171 Ohio St. 405 (1960)
171 N.E.2d 518
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Ohlaw Ohio
- Jurisdiction
- Ohlaw
- Date
- 1960-12-28
- Topic
- general
CANTOR v. INS. CO., 171 Ohio St. 405 (1960) 171 N.E.2d 518 CANTOR, APPELLANT v. BERKSHIRE LIFE INS. CO.
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed CANTOR v. INS. CO., 171 Ohio St. 405 (1960). The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
CANTOR v. INS. CO.,171 Ohio St. 405(1960)
171 N.E.2d 518
CANTOR, APPELLANT v. BERKSHIRE LIFE INS. CO. ET AL., APPELLEES.
No. 36497
Supreme Court of Ohio.
Decided December 28, 1960.
Where an employee has complied with all the conditions of his employment contract relating to retirement benefits and has reached the retirement age specified in the contract, his retirement rights become vested, and an employer cannot, in the absence of one of the specified causes set forth in the contract for the divestiture of retirement benefits, divest him of such rights by the exercise of a provision in the contract allowing termination thereof without cause.
Plaintiff, appellant herein, was a life insurance agent on a commission basis for defendant Berkshire Life Insurance Company, an appellee herein, through its general agent, defendant Walter C. Doll, also an appellee herein.
In 1947, Berkshire inaugurated a new agency contract designated as a "career contract." Among other things, this new contract redefined and changed the rates commission agents were to receive for the sale of insurance and created a new class of remuneration designated as "personal continuity credits." Personal continuity credits emphasized career service, were commissions paid in the event a certain rate of production was maintained and were payable to some extent over the life of the policy rather than for the limited period during which ordinary renewal commissions were paid.
The contract provided further that either party could terminate it by giving 30 days written notice, and that, in the event of termination, only regular commissions would be paid the agent, thus indirectly terminating all rights to any payments under the "personal continuity credits" which the agent might have accumulated.
Although not designated as such, a retirement system was created under this contract which provided in part as follows:
"At any time after the agent shall have been a full-timePage 406agent for at least 10 consecutive years and shall have reached his 60th but not his 65th birthday, he may request the general agent that, for all future calendar years, all production requirements under section 2-A, above, be waived absolutely; and, if such request be approved by the company, then, as to business paid for under this contract prior to such waiver, in no such year thereafter, during which the agent shall not engage in the business of life insurance with any other company, will the sum payable be less than the sum of the following percentages of income from renewal commissions and personal continuity credits from such business in the first calendar year after such waiver:
"(a) 40% increased by 2% for each full year from the agent's 60th birthday to date of such waiver, plus,
"(b) 1% for each consecutive year as a full-time agent prior to such waiver."
In 1947, plaintiff, then an agent of Berkshire, entered into this contract with the latter. In September 1956, plaintiff, having reached the agreed retirement age and having fulfilled all the other conditions required under the contract, requested permission to establish his retirement or specifically to waive his life insurance production requirements, which request was granted effective January 17, 1957.
Thus under the contract plaintiff's retirement rights would be determined from the payments he received in 1958 both from commissions and from "personal continuity credits." However, shortly after plaintiff's retirement was granted in 1957 and after the agreed date of his retirement, Berkshire attempted to cancel his contract, the effect of which would be to destroy his right to receive personal continuity credit commissions, thus lowering the minimum amount plaintiff would receive under his retirement. There is no dispute that plaintiff has the right to receive his ordinary commissions; the controversy arises over the "personal continuity credits commissions." Both lower courts held that Berkshire had the right to terminate the contract and thus destroy the right to receive personal continuity credit commissions. This court sustained a motion to certify the record.Page 407
There is no dispute in the present case as to the fact that plaintiff had fulfilled all the necessary conditions entitling him to retirement rights. That is, he had produced the required amount of business, served the necessary number of years with the company and attained the retirement age designated in the contract.
It should be noted at this point that it is of no importance that the termination of the contract affected only a part of plaintiff's retirement benefits. The principle is the same whether all or a part is affected. The question is, can the employer destroy such rights?
Berkshire urges, and was supported therein by the lower courts, the proposition that under the termination clause incorporated in the contract signed by the plaintiff such rights were reserved to Berkshire, and it could thus cancel the contract and destroy such retirement benefits even though the reasons therefore were purely inconsequential. Berkshire's argument is based on section 9 of the contract, which reads in part as follows:
"This agreement will automatically terminate upon the death of the agent, or upon change of his status to that of an employee of a general agent or of the company or to that of general agent, and may also be terminated by mutual consent, or by either party hereto upon giving the other party 30 days' written notice of intention so to do. In the event of termination for any reason other than as provided in section 8, above, then in lieu of all payments stipulated herein and in full settlement of all claims hereunder there will be paid to the agent, or his legal representatives, amounts as follows:
"* * *Page 408
"B. If terminated with more than one year of service as a full-time agent and after the agent has produced $100,000 of new paid-for business (annuities excluded) as a full-time agent, and for a cause other than death of the agent or change of his status to employee or to general agent, amounts provided in columns 1 and 2 of schedule `A,' attached hereto." (Note: Columns 1 and 2 refer to regular commissions.)
Thus, the determinative issue in this case is whether an employee can acquire vested contractual rights in a noncontributory retirement system under a contract in which the employer reserves the right to terminate the contract.
It is of course axiomatic that, although a contract may be terminated, vested rights which have arisen under such contract are not and cannot be destroyed by such termination.
The concept of employees' rights and of the place of the so-called fringe benefits in relationship to employees' remuneration has undergone a substantial change in recent years.
Due perhaps to the increased span of life, retirement benefits have assumed a more important role in the consideration of an employee when he accepts employment. Management has recognized this fact and, to encourage career service and to minimize labor turnover which is so costly to industry, has inaugurated retirement programs in addition to Social Security. Some of these programs are supported by joint contributions of the employer and the employee, whereas others, as an inducement to career employment, are supported entirely by the employer.
When pension programs first came before the courts, pensions were construed primarily as mere gratuities by the employer, subject completely to the will of the employer. Later, as contributing pension systems arose, a distinction was drawn between the contributing and the noncontributing types of plan, the first being held to be a vested right, whereas the latter continued to be construed as a mere gratuity on the part of the employer which could be withdrawn at any time.
There has been, however, in recent years a gradual trend away from the gratuity theory of pensions. The courts, recognizing that a consideration flows to an employer as a result ofPage 409such pension plans, in the form of a more stable and a more contented labor force, have determined that such arrangements will give rise to contractual rights enforceable by the employee who has complied with all the conditions of the plan, even though he has made no actual monetary contribution to the fund. See annotation, 42 A.L.R. (2d), 467.
The most analogous situation to the one presently before this court was in the case ofMabley Carew Co.v.Borden,129 Ohio St. 375,195 N.E. 697. The syllabus of that case reads as follows:
"1. A certificate in which a particular employee was named, was executed by the employer and delivered to the employee named therein during the period of employment, which certificate contained the following recital of fact: `In appreciation of the duration and faithful character of your service heretofore rendered as an employee of this company, there will be paid in the event of your death, if still an employee of this company, to the party or parties designated by you on the back of this certificate a sum equal to the wages you have received from this company for the year next preceding the day of your death, but in no event to exceed two thousand dollars.' The certificate, having been accepted by the employee, who remained in the employ of the company until her death, and prior thereto designated her sister a beneficiary on the back of such certificate, creates a contract in favor of a third party, with sufficient consideration to support it as such.
"2. The fact that such certificate contains a further provision, as follows: `The issue and delivery of this certificate is understood to be purely voluntary and gratuitous on the part of this company, and is accepted with the express understanding that it carries no obligation whatsoever or assurance or promise of future employment and may be withdrawn or discontinued at any time by this company,' creates no defense as against the beneficiary.
"3. The acceptance of the certificate by the employee, the designation of a beneficiary on the back thereof, together with the fact that the employee remained in the employment of the company until death, constituted anexecuted contractand vestedPage 410in the beneficiary a right to the amount provided for therein." (Emphasis added.)
The theory in theMabley casewas applied in the pension case ofBirdv.Connecticut Power Co.,144 Conn. 456,463,133 A.2d 894,897, in which the court said:
"A board of directors cannot legally strip an employee of the benefits of a pension plan where the employee has complied with the terms of the offer of a pension, since the purposes of the plan could be readily frustrated at the whim of the directors.Forrishv.Kennedy,377 Pa. 370,376,105 A.2d 67;Wilsonv.Rudolph Wurlitzer Co.,48 Ohio App. 450,454,194 N.E. 441. Even where an employer declares the plan is within the absolute discretion of the directors, the court will interpret the plan as a whole so as to give effect to its general purpose in securing the loyalty and continued service of the employees, and the employer may not defeat the employees' reasonable expectations of receiving the promised reward."
A retirement program has become a basic part of an employee's remuneration even as his wages are a part thereof, and a consideration flows to the employer as well as to the employee through such a program.
Clearly, under our present economic system, an employer cannot offer a retirement system as an inducement to employment and, after an employee has accepted employment under such circumstances, withdraw or terminate the program after an employee has complied with all the conditions entitling him to retirement rights thereunder.
Therefore, whether a retirement plan is contributory or noncontributory and even though the employer has reserved the right to amend or terminate the plan, once an employee, who has accepted employment under such plan, has complied with all the conditions entitling him to participate in such plan, his rights become vested and the employer cannot divest the employee of his rights thereunder.
Plaintiff having complied with all the conditions in his contract entitling him to retirement rights and having reached retirement age under the contract, his retirement rights became vested and Berkshire could not terminate his contract so as to divest him of such rights.Page 411
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is, therefore, reversed, and, the parties having stipulated the amount due plaintiff in the event he should prevail, final judgment is rendered in his favor.Judgment reversed.
ZIMMERMAN, BELL and HERBERT, JJ., concur.
TAFT, J., concurs in the judgment.
O'NEILL, J., not participating.