Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Holywell Corp. v. Smith

Holywell Corp. v. Smith, 503 U.S. 47 (1992)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1992-02-25
Topic
bankruptcy

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that post-confirmation creditors are not bound by a confirmed plan
  • finding that failure to object to confirmation of plan did not preclude the United States from collecting taxes from a trustee
  • finding that § 1141(a) cannot bind a creditor 15 with respect to a post-confirmation claim
  • shifting tax burden to trustee in corporate chapter 11 case because chapter 11 bankruptcy created a separate entity overseen by the trustee
  • accepting Black’s definition of “assignee” and “assignment” as “the usual definition[s] ... in both ordinary and legal usage.”
  • discussing the role of a liquidating trustee of a trust created pursuant to § 1123(a)(5)(B) of the Bankruptcy Code
  • trustee appointed under plan-established trust liable for post-confirmation taxes because binding nature of the confirmed plan reaches only preconfirmation obligations
  • Chapter 11 trustee is required to file tax returns and pay taxes with respect to the debtor

Citator

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Cited by
117 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Tax Law — Income Under 26 U.S.C. § 6012(b)(3), a trustee who, by order of a court, holds title to all or substantially all of the property of a corporation, even where the corporation is not being operated, must file the corporate income tax returns that the corporation would have filed had the property not been assigned to the trustee. The term "assignee" in § 6012(b)(3) is not limited to persons who wind up a dissolving corporation or who manage the day-to-day business of a distressed corporation. 503 U.S. at 52-54
  2. Tax Law — Returns of Estates and Trusts Under 26 U.S.C. § 6012(b)(4), where a Chapter 11 plan declares and establishes a separate liquidating trust, vests the property of an individual debtor's bankruptcy estate in a trustee, and charges the trustee with liquidating that property and distributing it to creditors, the trustee is the "fiduciary" of a "trust" and must file returns under that section. A trust organized for the primary purpose of liquidating and distributing transferred assets, whose activities are reasonably necessary and consistent with that purpose, is treated as a liquidating trust under 26 C.F.R. § 301.7701-4(d). 503 U.S. at 54-57
  3. Tax Law — Grantor Trust Rules A debtor is not treated as the grantor of a post-confirmation liquidating trust, and hence does not bear the trust's tax liability under the grantor trust rules governing a grantor whose trust income is applied to discharge his legal obligations, where the property of the bankruptcy estate did not revest in the debtor but was placed directly in the trust by the plan and the debtor contributed nothing to it. 503 U.S. at 57-58
  4. Tax Law — Fiduciary Status Restrictions on a trustee's discretion, such as limiting him to a disbursing-agent role, do not remove him from coverage under 26 U.S.C. § 6012(b)(4) where the liquidating trust qualifies as a trust under the Internal Revenue Code and the trustee's duties under the plan satisfy the regulatory description of a fiduciary. 503 U.S. at 58
  5. Bankruptcy Law — Chapter 11 Although 11 U.S.C. § 1141(a) provides that a confirmed plan binds creditors, it does not preclude the United States from compelling a trustee appointed under the plan to file tax returns and pay taxes on post-confirmation income, even though the plan was silent on tax duties and the United States did not object to confirmation; any binding effect extends only to pre-confirmation claims, not to post-confirmation claims. 503 U.S. at 58-59
HOLYWELL CORP. v. SMITH,503 U.S. 47(1992)
HOLYWELL CORPORATIONv. SMITH
Nos. 90-1361, 90-1484
Argued December 4, 1991
Decided February 25, 1992fn*
Petitioner debtors, four affiliated corporate entities and an individual, filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions after one of them defaulted on a real estate loan. The Bankruptcy Court consolidated the cases and the debtors represented their own bankruptcy estates as debtors in possession. Creditors approved a Chapter 11 plan that provided,inter alia, for placement of the debtors' property into a trust and appointment of a trustee to liquidate all of the trust property and to distribute it to the creditors of the various bankruptcy estates. The plan said nothing about whether the trustee had to file income tax returns or pay any income tax due, but the United States did not object to the plan's confirmation. The plan took effect in October, 1985. One of the corporate debtors filed a tax return for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1985, including as income capital gains earned in the postbankruptcy sale of certain properties in its estate, but requested respondent Smith, the appointed trustee, to pay the taxes owed. Neither the corporate debtors nor Smith filed income tax returns for succeeding fiscal years, in which there was capital gains and interest income. Over the objections of the United States and the debtors, the Bankruptcy Court granted Smith's request for a declaratory judgment that he had no duty under the Internal Revenue Code (Code) to file income tax returns or pay income taxes. Both the District Court and the Court of Appeals affirmed.Held:Smith is required by the Code to file income tax returns and pay taxes on the income attributable to the property of both the corporate debtors and Gould. Pp. 52-59.
(a) Smith is an "assignee" of "all" or "substantially all" of the "property . . . of a corporation," and therefore is required by § 6012(b)(3) of the Code to file returns that the corporate debtors would have filed had their property not been assigned to him. The plan transferred the corporate debtors' estates to Smith as trustee, and it is undisputed that he meets the usual definition of the word "assignee" in both ordinary and legal usage. Nothing in § 6012(b)(3) limits thePage 48definition of an "assignee" to persons who wind up a dissolving corporation or manage the day-to-day business of a distressed corporation. Pp. 52-54.
(b) With respect to the income attributable to Gould's property, Smith is required by § 6012(b)(4) to make a return not, as the United States argues, because he is the "fiduciary" of the "estate . . . of an individual," but because he is the "fiduciary" of a "trust." Since the plan declared and established a separate and distinct trust and vested the property of Gould's estate in Smith, it did not simply substitute Smith for Gould as the fiduciary of Gould's "estate." However, the trust here — which the plan described as a trust and created for the express purpose of liquidating Gould's estate and distributing it to creditors — clearly fits the description of a liquidating trust in26 C.F.R. § 301.7701-4(d). Moreover, when the plan assigned the property of Gould's estate to Smith, it gave him powers consistent with the definition of "fiduciary" in § 7701(a)(6) of the Code and26 C.F.R. § 301.7701-6. Respondents' argument that it is Gould who must pay the trust's taxes under the Code's "grantor trust" rules is rejected.In re Sonner,53 B.R. 859, distinguished. Also rejected is their contention that Smith lacked sufficient discretion in performing his duties under the plan to be a fiduciary, since the liquidating trust is a trust under the Code and Smith's duties satisfy the regulations' description of a fiduciary. Pp. 54-58.
(c) Respondents also err in asserting that Smith may ignore the duties imposed by the Code because the plan does not require him to pay taxes. Section1141(a) of the Bankruptcy Code — which states that "the provisions of a confirmed plan bind . . . any creditor" — does not preclude the United States from seeking payment of any taxes. Even if § 1141(a) binds creditors with respect to claims that arose before confirmation, it does not bind them with regard to post-confirmation claims.Cf.11 U.S.C. § 101(10). Here, the United States is not seeking taxes due prior to Smith's appointment, but is merely asserting that Smith, after his appointment, must make tax returns in the same manner as the assignee of the property of any corporation or the trustee of any trust. Pp. 58-59.
911 F.2d 1639(CA 11 1990), reversed.

THOMAS, J., delivered the opinion for a unanimous Court.
Kent L. Jonesargued the cause for the United States in No. 90-1484 and petitioners in No. 90-1361. With him on the briefs for the United States wereSolicitor GeneralStarr, Assistant Attorney General Peterson, Deputy SolicitorGeneral Wallace, Gary D. Gray, andFrancis M. Allegra.Page 49Dennis G. Lyons, Stuart E. Seigel, andKent A. Yalowitzfiled briefs for petitioners in No. 90-1361.Herbert Stettinargued the cause for respondents on both cases. With him on the brief for respondent Smith wereLouis R. Cohen, F. David Lake, Jr., andJohn Aramburu.Vance E. Salter, Thomas F. Noone, Edward P. Zujkowski,Mortimer M. Caplin, Walter B. Slocombe, Albert G. Lauber,Jr., Julia L. Porter, andJames E. Sallesfiled a brief for respondent Bank of New York.Barbara E. Vicevichfiled a brief for respondent Shutts Bowen.fn†Page 50
JUSTICE THOMAS delivered the opinion of the Court.
These cases require us to decide whether a trustee appointed to liquidate and distribute property as part of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy plan must file income tax returns and pay income tax under the Internal Revenue Code.
I
Miami Center Limited Partnership borrowed money from the Bank of New York (Bank) to develop "Miami Center," a hotel and office building complex in Miami, Florida. In August, 1984, after it defaulted on the loan, MCLP and four affiliated debtors, Holywell Corporation, Chopin Associates, Miami Center Corporation, and Theodore B. Gould each filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy petitions. The Bankruptcy Court consolidated the five cases.

Prior to confirmation of a Chapter 11 plan, the debtors represented their own bankruptcy estates as debtors in possession. See11 U.S.C. § 1101(1). The estates of Gould and Holywell contained two principal assets: equity in Miami Center and cash proceeds from the postbankruptcy sale of certain real estate in Washington, D.C., known as the Washington Properties.

In August, 1986, the Bank and other creditors approved a "Consolidated Plan of Reorganization." The plan required the debtors to give up their interests in Miami Center and the proceeds from the sale of the Washington Properties, but otherwise permitted them to remain in business. Part V of the plan provided:
"1. A Trust is hereby declared and established on behalf of the Debtors . . . and an individual to be appointed by the Court . . . is designated as Trustee of all property of the estates of the Debtors . . ., including but not limited to, Miami Center [and] the Washington Proceeds . . ., to hold, liquidate, and distribute such Trust Property according to the terms of this Plan. The Trust shall be known as the "Miami Center Liquidating Trust."
Page 51
"2. . . . [A]ll right, title and interest of the Debtors in and to the Trust Property, including Miami Center, shall vest in the Trustee, without further act or deed by the Debtors. . . ." App. 41.


The plan required the trustee to liquidate and distribute all of the trust property to the creditors of the various bankruptcy estates. It empowered the trustee to "[m]anage, operate, improve, and protect the Trust Property"; to "[r]elease, convey, or assign any right, title, or interest in or about the Trust Property"; and to perform other, similar actions.Id., at 42. The plan said nothing about whether the trustee had to file income tax returns or pay any income tax due. The United States did not object to its confirmation.

The plan took effect on October 10, 1985. The trustee appointed by the court, respondent Fred Stanton Smith, immediately sold Miami Center to the Bank in consideration for cash and cancellation of the Bank's claim. The trustee then distributed these and other assets to third-party creditors. Holywell Corporation filed a tax return for the fiscal year ending July 31, 1985. The income for this fiscal year included capital gains earned in the sale of the Washington Properties. Holywell asked the trustee to pay the taxes owed. Neither the corporate debtors nor the trustee filed federal income tax returns for any fiscal year ending after July 31, 1985. The income for these years included the capital gains earned in the sale of Miami Center and interest earned by reinvesting the proceeds.

In December, 1987, the trustee sought a declaratory judgment from the Bankruptcy Court that he had no duty to file income tax returns or pay income tax under the federal income tax laws. The United States and the debtors opposed the action. The Bankruptcy Court declared that the trustee did not have to make any federal tax returns or pay any taxes.85 B.R. 898(Bkrtcy. S.D. Fla. 1988). The District Court, in an unreported opinion, and the Court of Appeals,911 F.2d 1539(CA11 1990), both affirmed. The United States, in No. 90-1484, and thePage 52debtors, in No. 90-1361, each petitioned this Court for a writ of certiorari. We granted review.500 U.S. 941(1991).
II
The Internal Revenue Code ties the duty to pay federal income taxes to the duty to make an income tax return. See26 U.S.C. § 6151(a) ("when a return of a tax is required . . . the person required to make such return shall . . . pay such tax"). We conclude in this case that the trustee must pay the tax due on the income attributable to the corporate debtors' property because § 6012(b)(3) requires him to make a return as the "assignee" of the "property . . . of a corporation." We further hold that the trustee must pay the tax due on the income attributable to the individual debtor's property because § 6012(b)(4) requires him to make a return as the "fiduciary" of a "trust." Finally, we decide that the United States did not excuse the trustee from these duties by failing to object to the plan.
A
We first consider the trustee's duties with respect to the corporate debtors. Section 6012(b)(3) provides:

"(3) Receivers, trustees and assignees for corporations.
"In a case where a receiver, trustee in a case under title 11 of the United States Code, or assignee, by order of a court of competent jurisdiction, by operation of law or otherwise, has possession of or holds title to all or substantially all the property or business of a corporation, whether or not such property or business is being operated, such receiver, trustee, or assignee shall make the return of income for such corporation in the same manner and form as corporations are required to make such returns.


The parties disagree about whether the trustee in this case is a "receiver," a "trustee in a case under title 11 of thePage 53United States Code [i.e., the Bankruptcy Code]," or an "assignee." We hold that the trustee is an "assignee" of the corporate debtors under § 6012(b)(3). Because the parties do not argue that the trustee's duties would differ under another characterization, we decline to consider whether the trustee would qualify as a receiver or bankruptcy trustee.

The plan, as noted above, transferred the corporate debtors' estates to respondent Smith as trustee for the Miami Center Liquidating Trust. The respondents do not dispute that the trustee meets the usual definition of the word "assignee" in both ordinary and legal usage. See Webster's Third New International Dictionary 132 (1986) (defining an "assignee" as "one to whom a right or property is legally transferred"); Black's Law Dictionary 118-119 (6th ed. 1990) (defining an "assignee" as "[a] person to whom an assignment is made" and an "assignment" as "[t]he act of transferring to another all or part of one's property, interest, or rights");cf.26 C.F.R. § 301.6036-1(a)(3) (1991) (defining an "assignee for the benefit of . . . creditors" as any person who takes possession of and liquidates property of a debtor for distribution to creditors). They argue, however, that courts have applied § 6012(b)(3) only in situations in which a person winds up the business of a dissolving corporation,see, e.g., First Nat'l Bank ofGreeley, Colo. v. United States,86 F.2d 938,942(CA10 1936), or a person stands in the place of management in operating the day-to-day business of a distressed corporation,see, e.g., Louisville PropertyCo. v. Commissioner,140 F.2d 547,548(CA6 1944). They conclude that § 6012(b)(3) cannot apply to the trustee in this case, because he did neither. We find this argument unpersuasive.

Nothing in § 6012(b)(3) suggests that the word "assignee" is limited in the manner proposed by the respondents. The statute does not make dissolution necessary; it applies whether the corporation transfers "all" or "substantially all" of its property. It does not require the assignee to manage the corporation's business after the transfer ofPage 54property; it expressly requires the assignee to make a return "whether or not [the assigned] property or business is being operated."Ibid. We therefore conclude that § 6012(b)(3) applies to the trustee in this case. As the assignee of "all" or "substantially all" of the property of the corporate debtors, the trustee must file the returns that the corporate debtors would have filed had the plan not assigned their property to the trustee.
B
We next consider the trustee's duties with respect to the individual debtor, Theodore J. Gould. The parties agree that § 6012(b)(3) does not require the trustee to file a return as the "assignee" of Gould's estate because the section applies only to the assignee of the property of a corporation. Section § 6012(b)(4), however, provides:

"(4) Returns of estates and trusts.
"Returns of an estate, a trust, or an estate of an individual under chapter 7 or 11 of title 11 of the United States Code shall be made by the fiduciary thereof.


"The United States argues that the trustee must file under § 6012(b)(4) as the fiduciary of Gould's Chapter 11 "estate." The debtors join the United States' argument and also contend in the alternative that the trustee must file under the section as the fiduciary of a "trust." The respondents insist that the trustee is not acting as the fiduciary of either a bankruptcy estate or a trust within the meaning of § 6012(b)(4). Accordingly, they assert, the section does not require the trustee to file a return on behalf of Gould. We agree with the debtors that the trustee must file a return because he is the fiduciary of a trust of an individual.

The parties agree that Gould originally served as the fiduciary of his own bankruptcy estate when he became debtor in possession. See11 U.S.C. § 1107(a). At confirmation, according to the United States, the bankruptcy plan substituted the trustee for Gould, but did not alterPage 55the bankruptcy estate. In other words, the United States argues, the trustee took Gould's place as the fiduciary of "an estate of an individual under chapter . . . 11." The United States points out that the Bankruptcy Code explicitly provides that a fiduciary may hold and administer property of the estate after confirmation of the plan, see11 U.S.C. § 1123(b)(3), and that nothing prohibits the substitution of a third-party trustee for the debtor in possession. The United States, therefore, maintains that the trustee must file a return under § 6012(b)(4).

Whether or not the Bankruptcy Code permits a plan to place a new fiduciary in charge of an estate after confirmation, as the United States contends, we do not believe that a mere substitution occurred in this case. The plan, as quoted above, "declared and established" the new Miami Center Liquidating Trust. It then vested all of the assets of Gould's estate to respondent Smith as trustee. The plan did not simply substitute the trustee for Gould as the fiduciary of the estate. Rather, it created a separate and distinct trust holding the property of the estate, and gave the trustee control of this property. The Bankruptcy Code expressly permits this arrangement. See11 U.S.C. § 1123(a)(5)(B) (authorizing a plan to transfer "all or any part of the property of the estate to one or more entities, whether organized before or after the confirmation of such plan"). The trustee, therefore, is not acting as the fiduciary of Gould's bankruptcy estate.

The trustee, nonetheless, must make a return. Section 6012(b)(4), as the debtors assert, applies to the fiduciary of a trust as well as the fiduciary of a bankruptcy estate. We see no way for the respondents to deny that the Miami Center Liquidating Trust is a "trust," and that respondent Smith is its "fiduciary." A Treasury Regulation states:
"Certain organizations which are commonly known as liquidating trusts are treated as trusts for purposes of the Internal Revenue Code. An organization will be considered a liquidating trust ifPage 56it is organized for the primary purpose of liquidating and distributing the assets transferred to it, and if its activities are all reasonably necessary to, and consistent with, the accomplishment of that purpose."26 C.F.R. § 301.7701-4(d) (1991).


The Miami Center Liquidating Trust clearly fits this description. The plan not only describes the entity as a trust, but also created it for the express purpose of liquidating Gould's estate and distributing it to creditors.

Respondent Smith, moreover, acted as the fiduciary of this trust. The Internal Revenue Code defines "fiduciary" as a "guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or any person acting in any fiduciary capacity for any person."26 U.S.C. § 7701(a)(6). A Treasury Regulation further specifies:
"`Fiduciary" is a term which applies to persons who occupy positions of peculiar confidence toward others, such as trustees, executors, and administrators. A fiduciary is a person who holds in trust an estate to which another has the beneficial title or in which another has a beneficial interest, or receives and controls income of another, as in the case of receivers."26 C.F.R. § 301.7701-6(1991).


The bankruptcy plan, as noted above, assigned the property of Gould's estate to the trustee and gave him powers consistent with this definition. Smith therefore acted as the fiduciary of a trust within the meaning of § 6012(b)(4).

The respondents raise two principal objections to this conclusion. First, they argue that Gould must pay the Miami Center Liquidating Trust's income taxes under the so-called "grantor trust" rules in the Internal Revenue Code. See26 U.S.C. § 671-677. They note, in particular, that a Treasury Regulation §1.677(a)-1(d) specifies that "a grantor is, in general, treated as the owner of a portion of a trustPage 57whose income is . . . applied in discharge of a legal obligation of the grantor." 26 C.F.R. § 1.667(a)-1(d) (1991). They assert that Gould is the grantor of the liquidating trust and that, under this regulation, he owns the trust's income and must pay taxes on it. To support this position, the respondents citeIn re Sonner,53 B.R. 859(ED Va. 1985), which applied the grantor trust provisions to a postconfirmation liquidating trust.

While we express no opinion on the results inSonner, the facts are distinguishable. InSonner, the property of the bankruptcy estate, by the terms of the plan, appears to have revested in the debtor upon confirmation. The debtor pursuant to a plan then placed some of this property in a trust created to pay his creditors. Under these circumstance, the bankruptcy court concluded, the debtor had created a grantor trust under Treasury Regulation §1.677(a)-1(d).See Sonner,supra, at 860, 864. In this case, however, the property of Gould's bankruptcy estate did not revest in Gould. The plan, instead, placed all of the estate's property directly in Miami Center Liquidating Trust. Gould himself did not contribute anything to the trust, and we thus fail to see how the respondents can characterize him as the grantor.

Second, the respondents argue that the trustee did not act as a fiduciary, because he had almost no discretion in performing his duties under the plan. They assert that the trustee merely acted as a "disbursing agent" who distributed liquidated funds to the creditors. As the dissenting judge noted below, labels and characterizations cannot alter the trustee's status for the purpose of the tax law.911 F.2d at 1547. Because the liquidating trust is a trust under the Internal Revenue Code, and because respondent Smith's duties under the plan satisfy the description of a fiduciary inPage 58the regulations, the restrictions on the trustee's discretion do not remove him from coverage under § 6012(b)(4).fn*
C
The respondents finally assert that the trustee may ignore the duties imposed by §§ 6012 and 6161 because the Chapter 11 plan does not require him to pay taxes. They note that §1141(a) of the Bankruptcy Code states that "the provisions of a confirmed plan bind . . . any creditor" whether or not the creditor has accepted the plan. They conclude that § 1141(a) precludes the United States, as a creditor, from seeking payment of any taxes. They add that the United States should have objected to the plan if it had wanted a different result. We disagree.

The United States is not seeking from the trustee any taxes that became due prior to his appointment. See Reply Brief for United States 13, n. 16. It simply asserts that the trustee, after his appointment, must make tax return under § 6012(b) in the same manner as the assignee of the property of any corporation or the trustee of any trust. No tax liability becomes due under § 6151 until the time required for making those returns.See Hartman v. Lauchli,238 F.2d 881,887(CA8 1956);Pan American Van Lines v. United States,607 F.2d 1299,1301(CA9 1979). Even if § 1141(a) binds creditors of the corporate and individual debtors with respect to claims that arose before confirmation, we do not see how it can bind the United States or any other creditor with respect to postconfirmation claims.Cf.11 U.S.C. § 101(10)Page 59(1988 ed., Supp. II) (defining "creditor" as used in § 1141(a) as an entity with various kinds of preconfirmation claims). For these reasons, the judgment of the Court of Appeals isReversed.Page 60
  1. Together with No. 90-1484, United States v. Smith et al., also on certiorari to the same court. ↩
  2. Page 49 A brief ofamici curiaewas filed for the State of California et al. byMary Sue Terry, Attorney General of Virginia,H. Lane Kneedler, Chief Deputy Attorney General,K. Marshall Cook, Deputy Attorney General,Barbara M. Rose, Senior Assistant Attorney General, andMartha B. BrissetteandJohn Patrick Griffin, Assistant Attorneys General,Daniel E.Lungren, Attorney General of California,Richard Blumenthal, Attorney General of Connecticut,Charles M. Oberly III, Attorney General of Delaware,John Payton, Corporation Counsel of the District of Columbia,Robert A.Butterworth, Attorney General of Florida,Michael J. Bowers, Attorney General of Georgia.Warren Price III, Attorney General of Hawaii,Ronald W. Burris, Attorney General of Illinois,Linley E. Pearson, Attorney General of Indiana,Bonnie J. Campbell, Attorney General of Iowa,Robert T. Stephan, Attorney General of Kansas,William J. Guste, Jr., Attorney General of Louisiana,Michael E. Carpenter, Attorney General of Maine,J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney General of Maryland,ScottHarshbarger, Attorney General of Massachusetts,Frank J. Kelley, Attorney General of Michigan,Hubert H. Humphrey III, Attorney General of Minnesota,Michael C. Moore, Attorney General of Mississippi,WilliamL. Webster, Attorney General of Missouri,Marc Racicot, Attorney General of Montana,Robert J. Del Tufo, Attorney General of New Jersey,TomUdall, Attorney General of New Mexico,Robert Abrams, Attorney General of New York,Nicholas J. Spaeth, Attorney General of North Dakota,Dave Frohnmayer, Attorney General of Oregon,Ernest D. Preate, Jr., Attorney General of Pennsylvania,James E. O'Neil, Attorney General of Rhode Island,T. Travis Medlock, Attorney General of South Carolina,Charles W. Burson, Attorney General of Tennessee,Dan Morales, Attorney General of Texas,R. Paul Van Dam, Attorney General of Utah,MarioJ. Palumbo, Attorney General of West Virginia, andVictor A. Kovner, Corporation Counsel of the City of New York. ↩
  3. Page 58 The respondents also argue that the trustee does not have to pay taxes because the petitioners conceded in the Bankruptcy Court that "the trust is not a separate taxable entity."85 B.R. 898,900(Bkrtcy. S.D. Fla. 1988). This "concession" cannot help the respondents. The petitioners asserted that the trust was not a separate taxable entity when they argued that the plan did not create a new trust, but instead simply substituted the trustee for Gould as the fiduciary of the bankruptcy estate. If the respondents accept this position, which we reject above, then they would have to agree that respondent Smith has to make a return as the fiduciary of an estate. ↩