Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Kelley v. Everglades Drainage District
Kelley v. Everglades Drainage Dist., 319 U.S. 415 (1943)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1943-06-21
- Topic
- bankruptcy
How later courts describe this case
- holding that a district court failed to satisfy its duty under Rule 52(a) to set out facts supporting its verdict
- holding that a district did not satisfy its duty under Rule 52(a) when it failed to set out facts supporting its verdict
- holding that “a proper determination of the questions of law ... cannot be made in the absence of suitable findings”
- stating that in order for the trial court's factual conclusion to withstand review "there must be findings ... which are sufficient to indicate the factual basis for the ultimate conclusion"
- interpreting both Rule 52(a) and a provision of the Bankruptcy Act containing similar language
- findings were not sufficiently comprehensive to warrant affirming the district court’s judgment
- “there must be findings ... sufficient to indicate the factual basis for the ultimate conclusion”
- "[T]here must be findings ... sufficient to indicate the factual basis for the ultimate conclusion."
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Kelley v. Everglades Drainage District. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 255 opinions
Headnotes
- Bankruptcy Law — Municipal Debt Adjustment (Chapter IX) In a Chapter IX municipal debt composition proceeding, the record must contain the written findings of fact required by § 83(e) of the Bankruptcy Act and General Order in Bankruptcy No. 37, and the absence of such findings precludes a determination of whether the plan discriminates unfairly in favor of a class of creditors. 319 U.S. 415, 417
- Bankruptcy Law — Judicial Duty to Appraise Plan Fairness The objection of only a very small minority of creditors to a composition plan does not relieve the courts of their duty to appraise the plan's fairness and to make the findings necessary to support that appraisal. 319 U.S. 415, 418
- Bankruptcy Law — Sufficiency of Findings The nature and degree of exactness of the findings required in Chapter IX proceedings depends on the circumstances of the particular case. 319 U.S. 415, 419
- Bankruptcy Law — Valuation of Future Tax Revenues Where future tax revenues of a drainage district are the only source from which creditors can be paid, considered estimates of those revenues constitute the only available basis for appraising the respective interests of different classes of creditors. 319 U.S. 415, 419
- Bankruptcy Law — Findings on Fairness of Plan To determine the fairness of the total amount of cash or securities offered to creditors under a plan, the court must have before it data permitting a reasonable and informed estimate of the probable future revenues available to satisfy creditors. 319 U.S. 415, 420
- Bankruptcy Law — Priority Where different classes of creditors assert prior claims to different sources of revenue, the court must determine the extent to which each class is entitled to share in a particular source and the fairness of the allotment to each class in light of the probable revenues anticipated from each source. 319 U.S. 415, 420
- Bankruptcy Law — Findings Supporting Ultimate Conclusion The court must make findings, in such detail and exactness as the nature of the case permits, of the subsidiary facts on which the ultimate conclusion of fairness can rationally be predicated. 319 U.S. 415, 420
- Bankruptcy Law — Appellate Review of Findings It is not the function of the Supreme Court to search the record and analyze the evidence in order to supply findings the trial court failed to make; the findings, whether stated in the court's opinion or separately, must be sufficient to indicate the factual basis for the ultimate conclusion. 319 U.S. 415, 421
KELLEYv. EVERGLADES DISTRICT,319 U.S. 415(1943)
KELLEY ET AL.v. EVERGLADES DRAINAGE DISTRICT.
ON PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
FIFTH CIRCUIT.
No. 935.
Decided June 1, 1943.
PETITION for writ of certiorari to review the affirmance of a
decree confirming a plan under Chapter IX of the Bankruptcy Act
for the composition of indebtedness of the drainage district. The
writ was granted and the judgment below was vacated.
Petitioners are holders of interest coupons, detached from bonds issued by respondent, on which they have recovered judgments. According to recitals in the plan of composition, the debtor's bonds and the interest coupons, designated by the plan as Class I indebtedness, "constitute a first charge against taxes levied . . . against lands in the District, and have preference over Class II Indebtedness"; the Class II indebtedness, consisting of various miscellaneous claims against the District, "is payable from an ad valorem tax of one mill . . ., does not constitute a first charge against any fixed revenues of the District, and is not secured by any lien or pledge." Under the plan the bondholders are to receive 56.918 cents in cash for each dollar of principal amount; holders of detached interest coupons, including coupons on which judgments have been recovered, are to receive 36.77 cents, and holders of Class II indebtedness 26.14 cents. The plan is to be financed by a loan from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, evidenced and secured by the issuance to it of new 4% bonds of the District.
Petitioners contend here, as they did in both courts below, that the plan discriminates unfairly in favor of the Class II creditors. But we are unable to reach thatPage 418question since we agree with petitioners that the record lacks the findings of fact which the statute and the General Orders in Bankruptcy require, and which are necessary to the determination of that question.
Section 83(e) of the Act requires that "At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge shall make written findings of fact and his conclusions of law thereon." And Rule 52(a) of the Rules of Civil Procedure, made applicable to bankruptcy cases by General Order in Bankruptcy No. 37, requires the court to "find the facts specially." InConsolidated Rock Products Co. v.DuBois,312 U.S. 510,520-525, this Court held that in the absence of findings as to the value of the assets subject to the payment of the respective claims of each class of bondholders, the courts were in no position to exercise the "informed, independent judgment" necessary to the discharge of their statutory duty to determine the fairness of a plan of corporate reorganization under the old § 77B of the Bankruptcy Act. InEckerv.WesternPacific R. Corp.,318 U.S. 448, and inGroup of InstitutionalInvestorsv.Chicago, M., St. P. P.R. Co.,318 U.S. 523, we held the requirement of adequate findings applicable to railroad reorganizations under § 77 of the Bankruptcy Act.
It applies with no less force to cases of municipal bankruptcy. And, as stated in theConsolidated Rock Productscase,supra, the fact that only a very small minority of creditors have objected to the plan does not relieve the courts of the duty of appraising its fairness, and of making the findings necessary to support such an appraisal. As we said in theChicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul Pacificcase, p. 571, minorities under the various reorganization sections of the Bankruptcy Act "cannot be deprived of the benefits of the statute by reason of a waiver, acquiescence or approval by the other members of the class." The applicability of that rule to proceedings under Ch. IX is plain. We stated inAmerican Ins.Co. v.Avon Park,Page 419311 U.S. 138,148, "the fact that the vast majority of security holders may have approved a plan is not the test of whether that plan satisfies the statutory standard. The former is not a substitute for the latter. They are independent."
The nature and degree of exactness of the findings required depends on the circumstances of the particular case. In theWestern PacificandChicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul Pacificcases, we pointed out that in cases of railroad reorganization, the duty of making basic evidentiary findings does not require a determination in terms of dollars and cents of the value of the assets subject to the respective liens. We held that it was sufficient if the Commission's report set forth its conclusion as to the prospective earning power of the reorganized road, with findings supporting its apportionment of future earnings among creditors and stockholders so as to preserve their relative priorities, together with reasons for its conclusions and essential supporting data. Once the priority of liens has been determined, considered estimates of future earning power afford a substantial basis for appraising the interests of the respective lienors. As such estimates involve an element of prophecy, the reorganization of properties which cannot readily be liquidated requires resort to "practical adjustments, rather than a rigid formula,"Consolidated Rock Products Co. v.DuBois, supra, 529. Hence we concluded that findings of the future earnings of the reorganized railroad distributable to each class of security holders and creditors were an adequate substitute for findings of asset value in terms of dollars and cents, which we held could be dispensed with as affording no more than a delusive appearance of a certainty which the subject matter did not warrant.
Delusive exactness of findings is likewise not demanded in cases of municipal bankruptcy. But where futurePage 420tax revenues are the only source to which creditors can look for payment of their claims, considered estimates of those revenues constitute the only available basis for appraising the respective interests of different classes of creditors. In order that a court may determine the fairness of the total amount of cash or securities offered to creditors by the plan, the court must have before it data which will permit a reasonable, and hence an informed, estimate of the probable future revenues available for the satisfaction of creditors.
And where, as here, different classes of creditors assert prior claims to different sources of revenue, there must be a determination of the extent to which each class is entitled to share in a particular source, and of the fairness of the allotment to each class in the light of the probable revenues to be anticipated from each source. To support such determinations, there must be findings, in such detail and exactness as the nature of the case permits, of subsidiary facts on which the ultimate conclusion of fairness can rationally be predicated.
The findings in the present case fall short of that requirement.1Appropriate facts which might have beenPage 421considered, but which are nowhere referred to in the opinions or findings below, are the revenues which have in the past been received from each source of taxation, the present assessed value of property subject to each tax, the tax rates currently prescribed, the probable effect on future revenues of a revision in the tax structure adopted in 1941, the extent of past tax delinquencies, and any general economic conditions of the District which may reasonably be expected to affect the percentage of future delinquencies. It may be that adequate evidence as to these matters is in the present record. On that we do not pass, for it is not the function of this Court to search the record and analyze the evidence in order to supplyPage 422findings which the trial court failed to make. Nor do we intimate that findings must be made on all of the enumerated matters or need be made on no others; the nature of the evidentiary findings sufficient and appropriate to support the court's decision as to fairness or unfairness is for the trial court to determine in the first instance in the light of the circumstances of the particular case. We hold only that there must be findings, stated either in the court's opinion or separately, which are sufficient to indicate the factual basis for the ultimate conclusion.
Since the state of the record is such that a proper determination of the questions of law raised by petitioners' contentions as to the treatment of Class II creditors cannot be made in the absence of suitable findings, the petition for writ of certiorari is granted, the judgment is vacated, and the cause remanded to the District Court for appropriate action in conformity with this opinion.So ordered.
Reversal for more findings means still further delay in bringing about what is undoubtedly a much needed financial reorganization. While I am certain that thePage 423courts below could couch their findings in different and more words, I am by no means sure they could set out with greater clarity their conclusion that the evidence shows both groups of bondholders to have been accorded fair and equitable treatment. The decision of the Circuit Court of Appeals was made with full appreciation and after full consideration of the issues, the evidence, and the District Court's findings. Under these circumstances, I should prefer to deny certiorari, but since the Court has determined to grant review, I think we should not dispose of the case without first giving the parties an opportunity to argue the issues. On the record as I now see it, the findings were abundantly adequate, and the conclusion of the Circuit Court of Appeals was correct.
- Page 420 The master, whose findings were adopted pro forma by the District Court, approved the classification of debts proposed in the plan, and made findings as to the amount of indebtedness of each class. He substantially paraphrased the recitals of the plan as to the sources to which each class of creditors could look for payment, and found that the acreage tax, out of which Class I debts were payable, was "the main source of revenue of the District." He stated:
"Some of the objecting creditors have taken the position that the Plan of Composition, as amended, provides for the use of acreage tax funds for purposes other than the payment of bonds and interest coupons, and one might get that impression from simply reading isolated parts of the Plan, but, taking it as a whole, it does not so provide."
And, in answer to the contention that the plan violated the so-called "rule of absolute priority" (seeCasev.LosAngeles Lumber Co.,308 U.S. 106), he said: Page 421 "A superficial reading of the Plan might so indicate, but a careful analysis of the entire Plan, the provisions of the loan, the conditions of payment of two classes of debts, and a practical application of the Plan to the District debts, resolves that question against such theory."
These were the only two findings made by the master relative to the rights of the two classes of creditorsinter seor to the amount of revenues likely to be available for service of the debt. Without further findings on these vital matters the master concluded that: "The Proposed Plan of Composition, as amended, is fair, equitable and for the best interests of the creditors and does not discriminate unfairly in favor of any creditor or class of creditors."
The Circuit Court of Appeals clarified the master's findings as to the respective rights of each class of creditors by expressly stating that the Class II indebtedness was a first charge on the receipts from the ad valorem tax. It pointed out that in order that the District might exercise its maximum borrowing power it must extinguish all existing claims against the acreage and ad valorem taxes, and that in 1941 the tax structure had been revised so as to make all possible taxing resources available for payment of the new bonds issued to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. From this it concluded without further discussion that "Provision for payment of 26.14¢ on the dollar to discharge Class II debts was fully authorized by the facts, and was not inequitable, unfair, or discriminatory."
Beyond this none of the findings or opinions below present any discussion of facts relating to the fairness of the respective treatment accorded the two classes of creditors by the plan. ↩