Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Kalb v. Feuerstein

Kalb v. Feuerstein, 308 U.S. 433 (1940)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1940-01-02
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • holding that a state court foreclosure proceeding was preempted by bankruptcy laws, making the state proceeding subject to collateral attack
  • holding that where Congress had given exclusive jurisdiction to a federal bankruptcy court, the state court's judgment in that area is subject to collateral attack
  • holding that where a state court had ruled without jurisdiction, its decision was “void, and subject to collateral attack” in the subsequent proceeding
  • holding that under prior law, post-petition action by state court was “not merely erroneous but ... beyond its power, void, and subject to collateral attack”
  • holding that Congress intended to, and did, deprive state courts of the power and jurisdiction to maintain proceedings against debtors’ property without the consent of the bankruptcy court
  • holding that state courts had no power to conduct foreclosure proceedings with respect to property of the debtor without consent of bankruptcy court where farmer’s reorganization case was pending, even though there was no automatic stay at the time
  • noting that bankruptcy law in effect at the time "vested in the bankruptcy courts exclusive jurisdiction" and "withdr[ew] from all other courts all power under any circumstances"
  • noting that bankruptcy law in effect at the time “vested in the bankruptcy courts exclusive jurisdiction” and “withdraw] from all other courts all power under any circumstances”

Citator

Kalb v. Feuerstein is good law as far as the corpus records: followed by 1 later decision, and nothing recorded condemns it.

Authority status
positive
Cited by
584 opinions
Followed
1 times

Headnotes

  1. Bankruptcy Law — Jurisdiction The effect of the filing of a petition for a composition or extension of time under § 75 of the Bankruptcy Act upon a state court's jurisdiction of a pending proceeding to foreclose a mortgage on the petitioner's property is a federal question. 308 U.S. at 438
  2. Bankruptcy Law — Automatic Stay The filing of a petition by a farmer under § 75 of the Bankruptcy Act for a composition or extension of time to pay his debts operates ipso facto as a stay on the power of a state court, in a pending proceeding to foreclose a mortgage on his property, to proceed with foreclosure, to confirm the foreclosure sale, and to dispossess under it. 308 U.S. at 438, 440
  3. Bankruptcy Law — Jurisdiction A state court's confirmation of a foreclosure sale and its enforcement, taken without the consent of the bankruptcy court while a petition under § 75 of the Bankruptcy Act was pending, was not merely erroneous but in excess of the state court's authority, void, and subject to collateral attack; it is immaterial whether the state court's jurisdiction to proceed was contested, or could have been contested, in the foreclosure proceeding. 308 U.S. at 438, 440
  4. Bankruptcy Law — Jurisdiction Congress, in the exercise of its plenary and exclusive power to regulate bankruptcy, may peremptorily withdraw from all other courts jurisdiction over the person and property of a debtor who duly invokes the bankruptcy law; a state court's general jurisdiction over foreclosures under state law cannot defeat the supremacy of such a federal act, and the wisdom of an automatic statutory ouster of state court jurisdiction is a consideration for Congress alone. 308 U.S. at 439–441
  5. Bankruptcy Law — Stay of Proceedings Against Farmer-Debtor The filing of a petition under § 75 immediately subjects the farmer and all his property, including the equity of redemption where the period of redemption has not expired or the sale has not been confirmed, to the exclusive jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, and extends the period of redemption or withholds confirmation of sale for the period necessary to carry out the Act; absent the bankruptcy court's consent after hearing, no creditor or court may institute, or if already instituted maintain, mortgage foreclosure, confirmation of sale, or dispossession proceedings against the farmer or his property. 308 U.S. at 440
  6. Bankruptcy Law — Necessity of Raising Jurisdictional Objection Where Congress has exercised its plenary power over bankruptcy to vest exclusive jurisdiction over a petitioning farmer-debtor and his property in the bankruptcy court, the distressed farmer-debtor need not contest or even raise the issue of the state court's jurisdiction, and considerations as to whether the jurisdictional issue was actually contested, or could have been contested, in the state court are not applicable. 308 U.S. at 444
  7. Legal Ethics — Sheriffs — Mortgagees — Liability for Acts Without Authority of Law The liability in tort of a state court judge, the sheriff who executed the writ of assistance, and the mortgagees, for action taken against a farmer-debtor without the authority of law, is to be determined according to state law. 308 U.S. at 443
KALBv. FEUERSTEIN,308 U.S. 433(1940)
60 S.Ct. 343
KALB ET UX.v. FEUERSTEIN ET UX.fn*
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN.
No. 120.
Argued December 15, 1939.
Decided January 2, 1940.
1. The effect of the filing of a petition for a composition or extension of time under § 75 of the Bankruptcy Act upon a state court's jurisdiction of a pending proceeding to foreclose a mortgage on the petitioner's property, is a federal question. P. 438. 2. The filing of a petition by a farmer under § 75 of the Bankruptcy Act for a composition or extension of time to pay his debts, operatesipso factoas a stay on the power of a state court, in a pending proceeding to foreclose a mortgage on his property, to proceed withPage 434foreclosure, to confirm the foreclosure sale, and to dispossess under it. Pp. 438, 440. 3. The action of the state court in this case in proceeding contrariwise, without the consent of the bankruptcy court, was not merely erroneous, but was in excess of its authority, void, and subject to collateral attack. And whether the jurisdiction of the state court to proceed thus was contested in the foreclosure proceeding, or could have been contested, is immaterial. Pp. 438, 440. 4. The language and the broad policy of the federal Act, as well as its legislative history, support this construction; and, as so construed, the Act was within the plenary power of Congress in respect of the subject of bankruptcy. Pp. 439-441. 5. The liability in tort of the state court judge, the sheriff who executed the writ of assistance, and the mortgagees, for such action as was taken against the farmer-debtor without the authority of law, is to be determined according to the state law. P. 443.231 Wis. 185,186;285 N.W. 431, reversed.
APPEALS from affirmances of judgments dismissing the
complaints in two cases. For earlier opinions of the state
supreme court, see228 Wis. 519,525;279 N.W. 685,687; also
280 N.W. 725,726.
Messrs. William LemkeandElmer McClain, with whomMr.James J. McManamywas on the brief, for appellants.Messrs. J. Arthur MoranandArthur T. Thorsonfor appellees.

Independent and adequate non-federal grounds support the state court decision.

The judge, who acted in his judicial capacity; the sheriff, who acted in his official capacity; and litigants, who merely sought legal rights, are immune from liability for damages. Citing many cases.

The county court orders are voidable and not void, and not subject to collateral attack.Bradleyv.Fisher, 13 Wall. 335;Dowellv.Applegate,152 U.S. 327; Freeman on Judgments, pp. 718-719. Wisconsin decisions are controllingPage 435and support this contention. DistinguishingWrightv.UnionCentral Life Ins. Co.,304 U.S. 502.

The filing of the amended petition under § 75 did not effect an automatic stay of the foreclosure proceedings pending in the county court. That court had jurisdiction to confirm the sale previously made.

The Bankruptcy Act subjects to exclusive federal jurisdiction only the farmer and property not in control of some other court.In re Price,16 F. Supp. 836. DistinguishingWrightv.Vinton Branch,300 U.S. 440;Wrightv.Union Central LifeIns. Co., supra; Adairv.Bank of America Assn.,303 U.S. 350. SeeEx parte Baldwin,291 U.S. 610;Stratonv.New,283 U.S. 318.

The cases cited by the appellants in support of their contention that § 75 is self-executing do not apply. DistinguishingMayv.Henderson,268 U.S. 111;Isaacsv.Hobbs Tie Timber Co.,282 U.S. 734;Grossv.Irving TrustCo.,289 U.S. 342;Acme Harvester Co. v.Beekman,222 U.S. 300.

The full faith and credit clause requires recognition of the sale and proceedings in the state court.
MR. JUSTICE BLACK delivered the opinion of the Court.
Appellants are farmers. Two of appellees, as mortgagees, began foreclosure on appellants' farm1March 7, 1933, in the Walworth (Wisconsin) County Court; judgment of foreclosure was entered April 21, 1933; July 20, 1935, the sheriff sold the property under the judgment; September 16, 1935, while appellant Ernest Newton Kalb had duly pending2in the bankruptcy court a petition forPage 436composition and extension of time to pay his debts under § 75 of the Bankruptcy Act (Frazier-Lemke Act),3the Walworth County Court granted the mortgagees' motion for confirmation of the sheriff's sale; no stay of the foreclosure or of the subsequent action to enforce it was ever sought or granted in the state or bankruptcy court; December 16, 1935, the mortgagees, who had purchased at the sheriff's sale, obtained a writ of assistance from the state court; and March 12, 1936, the sheriff executed the writ by ejecting appellants and their family from the mortgaged farm.

The questions in both No. 120 and No. 121 are whether the Wisconsin County Court had jurisdiction, while the petition under the Frazier-Lemke Act was pending in the bankruptcy court, to confirm the sheriff's sale and order appellants dispossessed, and, if it did not, whether its action in the absence of direct appeal is subject to collateral attack.

No. 120. After ejection from their farm, appellants brought an action in equity in the Circuit Court of Walworth County, Wisconsin, against the mortgagees who had purchased at the sheriff's sale, for restoration of possession, for cancellation of the sheriff's deed and for removal of the mortgagees from the farm. Demurrer was sustained for failure to state a cause of action and the complaint was dismissed. The Supreme Court of Wisconsin affirmed.4

No. 121 is a suit at law in the state court by appellant Ernest Newton Kalb against the mortgagees, the sheriff and the County Court judge who confirmed the foreclosure sale and issued the writ of assistance. Damages are sought for conspiracy to deprive appellant of possession,Page 437for assault and battery, and for false imprisonment. As in No. 120, demurrer was sustained, and the Supreme Court of Wisconsin affirmed.5

In its first opinion the Supreme Court of Wisconsin said: "It is the contention of the plaintiff [mortgagor] that this statute is self executing, — that is, that it requires no application to the state or federal court in which foreclosure proceedings are pending for a stay; in other words, that it provides for a statutory and not for a judicial stay. Plaintiff's claims under the Bankruptcy Act present a question which clearly arises under the laws of the United States and therefore present a federal question upon which determination of the federal courts is controlling." Addressing itself solely to this federal question of construing the Frazier-Lemke Act, the Wisconsin court decided that the federal Act did not itself as an automatic statutory stay terminate the state court's jurisdiction when the farmer filed his petition in the bankruptcy court. Since there had been no judicial stay, it held that the confirmation of sale and writ of assistance were not in violation of the Act.

Appellees insist, however, that the Wisconsin court on rehearing rested its judgment on an adequate non-federal ground. If that were the fact, we would not, under accepted practice, reach the state court's construction of the federal statute.6The statement on rehearing reliedPage 438on as constituting the non-federal ground was: "We need not consider nor discuss the question whether the congress has power to divest the jurisdiction of a state court which has once attached. That question is not presented by this record. It would seem from a consideration of sec. 75 as amended that the filing of the petition automatically operated to extend the period of redemption. It is possible that that state of facts if made to appear would make the order of the trial court erroneous but the order would be within the power of the court to make. No appeal having been taken, no showing having been made in the state court, an order of sale having been confirmed and the purchaser put in possession, the plaintiff is in no position to claim that the order of the circuit court is void."

But if appellants are right in their contention that the federal Act of itself, from the moment the petition was filed and so long as it remained pending, operated, in the absence of the bankruptcy court's consent, to oust the jurisdiction of the state court so as to stay its power to proceed with foreclosure, to confirm a sale, and to issue an order ejecting appellants from their farm, the action of the Walworth County Court was not merely erroneous but was beyond its power, void, and subject to collateral attack. And the determination whether the Act did so operate is a construction of that Act and a federal question.

It is generally true that a judgment by a court of competent jurisdiction bears a presumption of regularity and is not thereafter subject to collateral attack.7But Congress, because its power over the subject of bankruptcyPage 439is plenary, may by specific bankruptcy legislation create an exception to that principle and render judicial acts taken with respect to the person or property of a debtor whom the bankruptcy law protects nullities and vulnerable collaterally.8Although the Walworth County Court had general jurisdiction over foreclosures under the law of Wisconsin,9a peremptory prohibition by Congress in the exercise of its supreme power over bankruptcy that no state court have jurisdiction over a petitioning farmer-debtor or his property, would have rendered the confirmation of sale and its enforcement beyond the County Court's power and nullities subject to collateral attack.10The States cannot, in the exercise of control over local laws and practice, vest state courts with power to violate the supreme law of the land.11The Constitution grants Congress exclusive power to regulate bankruptcy and under this power Congress can limit the jurisdiction which courts, state or federal, can exercise over the person and property of a debtor who duly invokes the bankruptcy law. If Congress has vested in the bankruptcy courts exclusive jurisdiction over farmer-debtors and their property, and has by its Act withdrawn from all other courts all power under any circumstances to maintain and enforce foreclosure proceedings against them, its Act is the supreme law of the land which all courts — state and federal — must observe. The wisdom and desirability of an automatic statutory ouster of jurisdiction of all except bankruptcy courts over farmer-debtors and their property were considerations for Congress alone.Page 440

We think the language and broad policy of the Frazier-Lemke Act conclusively demonstrate that Congress intended to, and did deprive the Wisconsin County Court of the power and jurisdiction to continue or maintain in any manner the foreclosure proceedings against appellants without the consent after hearing of the bankruptcy court in which the farmer's petition was then pending.12

The Act expressly provided:

"(n) The filing of a petition . . . shall immediately subject the farmer and all his property, wherever located, . . . to the exclusive jurisdiction of the court, including . . . the right or the equity of redemption where the period of redemption has not or had not expired, . . . or where the sale has not or had not been confirmed," and "In all cases where, at the time of filing the petition, the period of redemption has or had not expired, . . . or where the sale has not or had not been confirmed, . . . the period of redemption shall be extended or the confirmation of sale withheld for the period necessary for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section"; and

"(o) Except upon petition made to and granted by the judge after hearing and report by the conciliation commissioner, the following proceedingsshall not be instituted, or if instituted at any time prior to the filing of a petition under this section,shall not be maintained, in any court or otherwise, against the farmer or his property,at any time after the filingof the petition under this section, andprior to the confirmationor other disposition of the composition or extension proposal by the court:

. . . . .Page 441

"(2)Proceedings for foreclosure of a mortgage on land, or for cancellation, rescission, or specific performance of an agreement for sale of landor for recovery of possession ofland;

. . . . .

"(6) Seizure, distress, sale, or other proceedings under an execution or under any lease, lien, chattel mortgage, conditional sale agreement, crop payment agreement, or mortgage.

"(p)The prohibitions . . . shall apply to all judicial orofficial proceedings in any court or under the direction of anyofficial, andshall apply to all creditors, public or private, andto all of the debtor's property, wherever located. All suchproperty shall beunderthe sole jurisdiction and control ofthe court in bankruptcy, and subject to the payment of the debtor farmer's creditors, as provided for in section 75 of this Act." [Italics supplied.]

Thus Congress repeatedly stated its unequivocal purpose to prohibit — in the absence of consent by the bankruptcy court in which a distressed farmer has a pending petition — a mortgagee or any court from instituting, or maintaining if already instituted, any proceeding against the farmer to sell under mortgage foreclosure, to confirm such a sale, or to dispossess under it.

This congressional purpose is more apparent in the light of the Frazier-Lemke Act's legislative history. Clarifying and altering the sweeping provisions for exclusive federal jurisdiction in the original Act,13Congress made several important changes in 1935.14It was then that subsection (p) was amended so that the prohibitions in subsection (o) of any steps against a farmer-debtor or his property once his petition is filed were made specifically applicable "to all judicial or official proceedingsPage 442in any court or under the direction of any official, and . . . to all creditors, public or private, and to all of the debtor's property, wherever located. All such property shall be under the sole jurisdiction and control of the court in bankruptcy, and subject to the payment of the debtor farmer's creditors, as provided for in section 75 . . ."

As stated by the Senate Judiciary Committee in reporting these amendments: ". . . subsection (n) brings all of the bankrupt's property, wherever located, under the absolute jurisdiction of the bankruptcy court, where it ought to be. Any farmer who takes advantage of this act ought to be willing to surrender all his property to the jurisdiction of the court, for the purpose of paying his debts, and for the sake of uniformity. . . .

"The amendment to subsection (p) further carries out the amendment to subsection (n), and places the sole jurisdiction of the bankrupt's estate and of his obligations all in the bankruptcy court, without exception."15

The Congressional purpose is similarly set out in the House Judiciary Committee's Report: "The amendment to subsection (n) in fact construes, interprets, and clarifies both subsections (n) and (o) of section 75. By reading subsections (n) and (o) as now amended in this bill, it becomes clear that it was the intention of Congress, when it passed section 75, that the farmer-debtor and all of his property should come under the jurisdiction of the court of bankruptcy, and that the benefits of the act should extend to the farmer, prior to confirmation of sale, during the period of redemption, and during a moratorium; and that no proceedings after the filing of the petition should be instituted, or if instituted prior to the filing of the petition, should not be maintained in any court, or otherwise."16Page 443

Congress set up in the Act an exclusive and easily accessible statutory means for rehabilitating distressed farmers who, as victims of a general economic depression, were without means to engage in formal court litigation. To this end, a referee or Conciliation Commissioner was provided for every county in which fifteen prospective farmer-debtors requested an appointment; and express provision was made that these Commissioners should "upon request assist any farmer in preparing and filing a petition under this section and in all matters subsequent thereto arising under this section and farmers shall not be required to be represented by an attorney in any proceeding under this section."17In harmony with the general plan of giving the farmer an opportunity for rehabilitation, he was relieved — after filing a petition for composition and extension — of the necessity of litigation elsewhere and its consequent expense. This was accomplished by granting the bankruptcy court exclusive jurisdiction of the petitioning farmer and all his property with complete and self-executing statutory exclusion of all other courts.

The mortgagees who sought to enforce the mortgage after the petition was duly filed in the bankruptcy court, the Walworth County Court that attempted to grant the mortgagees relief, and the sheriff who enforced the court's judgment, were all acting in violation of the controlling Act of Congress. Because that state court had been deprived of all jurisdiction or power to proceed with the foreclosure, the confirmation of the sale, the execution of the sheriff's deed, the writ of assistance, and the ejection of appellants from their property — to the extent based upon the court's actions — were all without authority of law. Individual responsibility for such unlawful acts must be decided according to the law of the State. We therefore express no opinion as to other contentions basedPage 444upon state law and raised by appellees in support of the judgments of the Supreme Court of Wisconsin.

Congress manifested its intention that the issue of jurisdiction in the foreclosing court need not be contested or even raised by the distressed farmer-debtor. The protection of the farmers was left to the farmers themselves or to the Commissioners who might be laymen, and considerations as to whether the issue of jurisdiction was actually contested in the County Court,18or whether it could have been contested,19are not applicable where the plenary power of Congress over bankruptcy has been exercised as in this Act.

The judgments in both cases are reversed and the causes are remanded to the Supreme Court of Wisconsin for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.Reversed.
  1. Page 433 Together with No. 121,Kalbv.Luce et al.,also on appeal from the Supreme Court of Wisconsin. ↩
  2. Page 435 In both No. 120 and No. 121, the complaints alleged that appellant Kalb and his wife executed the mortgage. In No. 120 both Kalb and his wife were alleged to be owners of the farm; while in No. 121, appellant Kalb was alleged to be the owner. ↩
  3. Page 435 October 2, 1934, the petition was filed and approved. June 27, 1935, the petition was dismissed, but September 6, 1935, it was reinstated Page 436 and the order of dismissal was vacated pursuant to the second Frazier-Lemke Act, 11 U.S.C. § 203, § 5. ↩
  4. Page 436 11 U.S.C. § 203. ↩
  5. Page 436231 Wis. 185;285 N.W. 431. ↩
  6. Page 437 Demurrer to one count against the sheriff for assault and battery was overruled, but the Supreme Court of Wisconsin reversed as to this count. The opinion of the court upholding the demurrer appears inKalbv.Luce,228 Wis. 519;279 N.W. 685;280 N.W. 725. Appeal to this Court was dismissed because no final judgment had been entered.305 U.S. 566. Upon remand the State Circuit Court dismissed, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin affirmed, "for the reasons . . . stated" in its opinion inKalbv.Luce,supra,231 Wis. 186;285 N.W. 431, and the appeals here are from the judgments of dismissal. ↩
  7. Page 437Honeymanv.Hanan,300 U.S. 14,18;Lynchv.New York ex rel. Pierson,293 U.S. 52,54;EnterpriseIrrigation Districtv.FarmersPage 438Mutual Canal Co.,243 U.S. 157,164;Hammondv.Johnston,142 U.S. 73. ↩
  8. Page 438Chicot County Drainage Districtv.Baxter State Bank, ante, p. 371;Stollv.Gottlieb,305 U.S. 165,171,172;Dowellv.Applegate,152 U.S. 327,340. ↩
  9. Page 439Vallelyv.Northern Fire Ins. Co.,254 U.S. 348,353-4; and compareElliottv.Lessee of Piersol, 1 Pet. 328, 340;Williamsonv.Berry, 8 How. 495, 540, 541, 542. ↩
  10. Page 439 Laws of Wisconsin, 1907, Chap. 234. ↩
  11. Page 439Vallelyv.Northern Fire Ins. Co., supra, 355; cf.Taylorv.Sternberg,293 U.S. 470,473. ↩
  12. Page 439Hinesv.Lowrey,305 U.S. 85,90,91;Davisv.Wechsler,263 U.S. 22,24. ↩
  13. Page 440 That a state court before which a proceeding is competently initiated may — by operation of supreme federal law — lose jurisdiction to proceed to a judgment unassailable on collateral attack is not a concept unknown to our federal system. SeeMoorev.Dempsey,261 U.S. 86. Cf.Johnsonv.Zerbst,304 U.S. 458. ↩
  14. Page 44147 Stat. 1470, § 75. ↩
  15. Page 44149 Stat. 942, 943. ↩
  16. Page 442 Senate Report No. 985, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. ↩
  17. Page 442 House Report No. 1808, 74th Cong., 1st Sess. ↩
  18. Page 44347 Stat. 1473(q). ↩
  19. Page 444Stollv.Gottlieb, supra. ↩
  20. Page 444Chicot County Drainage Districtv.Baxter State Bank, supra. ↩