Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Superintendent of Five Civilized Tribes v. Commissioner
Superintendent of Five Civilized Tribes v. Comm’r, 295 U.S. 418 (1935)
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1935-05-20
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- holding that where “[t]he general terms of the taxing act include the income under consideration,” any exemption “must derive plainly from agreements with the [Tribe] or some act of Congress dealing with their affairs”
- noting that an Indian’s “wardship [status] with limited power over his property does not, without more, render him immune from the common burden”
- upholding application of federal income tax to Indians where “[t]he terms of the . . . Act are very broad, and nothing there indicates that Indians are to be excepted”
- allowing Internal Revenue Service to collect federal income taxes from Indians
- return from reinvestment of exempt income directly derived from exempt land held taxable
- “Non-taxability and restriction upon alienation are distinct things.”
- applicability of federal income tax laws
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Superintendent of Five Civilized Tribes v. Commissioner. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 120 opinions
Headnotes
- Tax Law — Income Income derived from the restricted allotment of a full-blood Creek Indian that is in excess of his needs and is held by the United States in trust for him under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior is subject to the federal income tax under the general terms of the Revenue Act. 295 U.S. at 419–420
- Tax Law — Income Where the language of a taxing act is broad enough to include the subject matter, an intent to exclude must be definitely expressed; the sweeping general terms of the taxing act prevail absent a statute or agreement plainly expressing an intent to exempt. 295 U.S. at 420–421
- Tax Law — Construction of Indian Land Statutes Provisions in the Creek Agreement of 1901, the supplemental agreement of 1902, the Act of April 26, 1906, and the Act of May 27, 1908, restricting alienation of allotted lands and exempting certain lands from taxation do not definitely express an intent to exempt from federal income tax the income derived from investment of surplus income from such lands, as the exemptions relate to land and not to income. 295 U.S. at 420–421
- Tax Law — Guardianship and Tax Immunity Federal taxation of income received from trust funds held for an Indian ward who is a citizen of the United States is not inconsistent with the relation of guardianship; nontaxability and restriction upon alienation are distinct things, and wardship with limited power over property does not, without more, render the ward immune from the common tax burden. 295 U.S. at 421
SUPERINTENDENTv. COMMISSIONER,295 U.S. 418(1935)
55 S.Ct. 820
SUPERINTENDENT OF FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBESv. COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL
REVENUE.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT.
No. 817.
Argued May 6, 7, 1935.
Decided May 20, 1935.
CERTIORARIfn*to review the affirmance of a decision of the
Board of Tax Appeals sustaining an income tax assessment.
Petitioner maintains that the court should have followed the rule which it applied inBlackbirdv.Commissioner,38 F.2d 976; also that it erroneously held Congress intended to tax income derived from investment of funds arising from restricted lands belonging to a full-blood Creek Indian.
Blackbird, restricted full-blood Osage, maintained that she was not subject to the federal income tax statute. The court sustained that view and declared:
"Her property is under the supervising control of the United States. She is its ward, and we cannot agree that because the income statute, Act of 1918 (40 Stat. 1057), and Act of 1921 (42 Stat. 227), subjects `the net income of every individual' to the tax, this is alone sufficient to make the Acts applicable to her. Such holding would be contrary to the almost unbroken policy of Congress in dealing with its Indian wards and their affairs. Whenever they and their interests have been the subject affected by legislation they have been named and their interests specifically dealt with."
This does not harmonize with what we said inChoteauv.Burnet(1931),283 U.S. 691,693,696:
"The language of §§ 210 and 211(a) [Act 1918] subjects the income of `every individual' to tax. Section 213(a) includes income `from any source whatever.'1Page 420The intent of Congress was to levy the tax with respect to all residents of the United States and upon all sorts of income. The Act does not expressly exempt the sort of income here involved, nor a person having petitioner's status respecting such income, and we are not referred to any other statute which does. . . . The intent to exclude must be definitely expressed, where, as here, the language of the Act laying the tax is broad enough to include the subject matter."
The court below properly declined to follow its quoted pronouncement in Blackbird's case. The terms of the 1928 Revenue Act are very broad, and nothing there indicates that Indians are to be excepted. SeeIrwinv.Gavit,268 U.S. 161;Heinerv.Colonial Trust Co.,275 U.S. 232;Helveringv.StockholmsEnskilda Bank,293 U.S. 84;Pitmanv.Commissioner,64 F.2d 740. The purpose is sufficiently clear.
It is affirmed that "inalienability and nontaxability go hand in hand; and that it is not lightly to be assumed that Congress intended to tax the ward for the benefit of the guardian."
The general terms of the taxing act include the income under consideration, and if exemption exists it must derive plainly from agreements with the Creeks or some Act of Congress dealing with their affairs.
Neither the Creek agreement of 1901 nor the supplemental agreement (1902) conferred general exemption from taxation upon Indians; homesteads only were definitely excluded, although alienation of allotted lands was restricted.
The suggestion that exemption must be inferred from the Act of April 26, 1906 (34 Stat. 137) or May 27, 1908Page 421(35 Stat. 312) is not well founded. The first of these extended restrictions upon the alienation of allotments for twenty-five years unless sooner removed by Congress, and provided: "Sec. 19. . . . That all lands upon which restrictions are removed shall be subject to taxation, and the other lands shall be exempt from taxation as long as the title remains in the original allottee." This exemption related to land and not to income derived from investment of surplus income from land. Moreover, the Act itself was superseded by the second one, which did not contain the quoted provision, but declared: "Sec. 4. That all lands from which restrictions have been or shall be removed shall be subject to taxation and all other civil burdens as though it were the property of other persons than allottees of the Five Civilized Tribes. . . ."
We find nothing in either act which expresses definite intent to exclude from taxation such income as that here involved. SeeShawv.Gibson-Zahniser Oil Corp.,276 U.S. 575,581.
Nor can we conclude that taxation of income from trust funds of an Indian ward is so inconsistent with that relationship that exemption is a necessary implication. Nontaxability and restriction upon alienation are distinct things.Choatev.Trapp,224 U.S. 665,673. The taxpayer here is a citizen of the United States, and wardship with limited power over his property does not, without more, render him immune from the common burden.Shawv.Gibson-Zahniser Oil Corp., supra, held that restricted land purchased for a full-blood Creek — ward of the United States — with trust funds was not free from state taxation, and declared that such exemption could not be implied merely because of the restrictions upon the Indian's power to alienate.Affirmed.Page 422