Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Landress v. Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance

291 U.S. 491

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1934-03-05
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • drawing a distinction between an accidental result and a result brought about by accidental means
  • no longer binding as federal common law after Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 58 S.Ct. 817, 82 L.Ed. 1188 (1938)
  • “[H]ere the carefully chosen words defining liability distinguish between the result and the external means which produces it.”

Citator

UpLaw has not yet analyzed Landress v. Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.

Cited by
240 opinions

Headnotes

  1. Insurance Law — Accident Insurance — Accidental Means vs. Accidental Result Where an accident insurance policy limits liability to bodily injuries effected through external, violent, and accidental means, it is not enough to establish liability that the death or injury was accidental in the understanding of the average person—that the result was unforeseen, unsuspected, or extraordinary; the policy's carefully chosen words distinguish between the result and the external means which produces it, and the insurance is not against an accidental result. 291 U.S. at 494–495
  2. Insurance Law — Accident Insurance — Sunstroke from Voluntary Exposure A death resulting from sunstroke, where the insured under normal conditions voluntarily exposed himself to the sun while playing golf, is not a death effected by external accidental means within the meaning of a policy insuring against death from bodily injuries effected through external, violent, and accidental means; the sun's rays to which the insured deliberately exposed himself are the external means, and absent an unforeseen or unintended external condition contributing to the result, no inference of accidental means arises from the bare allegation of death by sunstroke. 291 U.S. at 495–497
  3. Insurance Law — Accident Insurance — Accidental Means Where an insured's voluntary act is performed in the manner intended, an unforeseen result thereof does not itself establish that the injury was effected by accidental means, though under other circumstances an unforeseen and hence accidental result may give rise to an inference that the external means was also accidental; on demurrer, the claimant must plead facts establishing the liability defined by the policy. 291 U.S. at 496–497
  4. Insurance Law — Accident Insurance — Accidental Means (Barry Distinguished) Where the insured voluntarily jumped from a platform but there was evidence from which the jury could infer that he alighted in a manner not intended, causing a jar or shock of unexpected severity, it is proper to submit to the jury the question whether the insured acted in the manner he intended, and a finding that he did not may support the conclusion that the injury was caused by accidental means. 291 U.S. at 497–498
  5. Insurance Law — Construction of Policies — Ambiguities Because the average person taking out accident insurance reads the policy in the common understanding and would not perceive the distinction between accidental results and accidental means, and because ambiguities and uncertainties in an insurance policy are to be resolved against the insurer, a policy's coverage should not be restricted by that distinction. 291 U.S. at 500–501 (Cardozo, J., dissenting)
  6. Insurance Law — Accident Insurance — Sunstroke as Accident Sunstroke, though it may be classified as a disease by physicians, is an accident in the common speech of men; it is violent in the sense that its onset is sudden and catastrophic, and it is external because the train of consequences is set in motion by the rays of the sun operating from without, so that a policy insuring against injury by external, violent, and accidental means covers such a death. 291 U.S. at 499–500 (Cardozo, J., dissenting)
  7. Insurance Law — Accident Insurance — Predisposing Condition A cause does not cease to be violent and external merely because the insured has an idiosyncratic condition of mind or body predisposing him to injury; an insurer may be relieved of liability only where the predisposing condition is so acute as to constitute a disease, and allegations that the condition was not a disease must be accepted as true on demurrer. 291 U.S. at 499 (Cardozo, J., dissenting)
LANDRESSv. PHOENIX INS. CO.,291 U.S. 491(1934)
54 S.Ct. 461
LANDRESSv. PHOENIX MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE CO. ET AL.
CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT.
No. 295.
Argued February 5, 1934.
Decided March 5, 1934.
1. A death resulting from sunstroke, the insured having under normal conditions voluntarily exposed himself to the sun while playing golf, is not within the meaning of a policy insuring against death effected solely by external and accidental means. P. 495. 2. That an injury was accidental in the understanding of the average man — that theresultwas something unforeseen or extraordinary —Page 492is not enough to establish liability under a policy which limits liability to such injuries as are effected by external accidentalmeans. Pp. 495, 497.65 F.2d 232, affirmed.
CERTIORARI,290 U.S. 614, to review a judgment affirming a
judgment against the claimant on policies of insurance in two
cases which were consolidated for trial in the district court.
Mr. William L. Frierson, with whomMr. R.P. Friersonwas on the brief, for petitioner.

The decision below is based squarely on the view that the death resulted from the voluntary act of exposure to the heat of the sun and hence the injury was not effected through accidental means.

In other words, because insured did only what he intended in the way he intended, it follows that the resulting injury was not brought about by accidental means. This ignores (1) the rule that when one does an intentional act he is deemed to intend only the consequences which naturally and in ordinary course of things result from such an act, and (2) the fact that death is not one of the things which can reasonably be expected to result from playing golf.

The Court must determine which of two lines of cases has correctly interpretedMutual Accident Assn. v.Barry,131 U.S. 100.

The court below and some other courts hold, in effect, that the intervening accidental cause can not be inferred or presumed from the fact that the result of the intentional act is out of all proportion to what was reasonably to be expected from the act. According to them, it is necessary to show, in some affirmative way, just what the intervening cause was. These cases recognize that an unexpected and unintended result may properly be, and usually is, called an accidental result, but draw a distinctionPage 493between an accidental result and a result brought about by accidental means. And so, in this case, counsel seem to agree that insured suffered an accidental death, but insist that the declarations do not show that it was brought about by accidental means. This, it seems to us, is a plain contradiction of terms. How is it possible for any result to be accidental unless there is an element of the accidental in the means by which it is produced? Certainly the distinction is too fine to be perceived by the ordinary policyholder who, giving the language used its ordinary meaning, naturally supposes he is insured against accidental results.

The distinction has been rejected by most of the federal courts. They hold, in effect: (1) That when a result is one which does not, in the usual course of things, follow and is not reasonably to be expected to follow, from a given act, it is an accidental result. (2) That every accidental result is necessarily brought about by some accidental means or cause. (3) That when it appears that a result was accidental, it is not necessary to show which of the many accidental causes that might have produced it did actually intervene.

This is the sound and rational construction to be put on policies of this kind.

Cases cited and discussed:Order of United CommercialTravelersv.Shane,64 F.2d 55;Jensmav.Sun Life Ins.Co.,64 F.2d 457;Lewisv.Ocean Accident Co.,224 N.Y. 18;Aetna Life Ins. Co. v.Brand, 265 F. 6;MarylandCasualty Co. v.Spitz, 246 F. 817;Mutual Life Ins. Co. v.Dodge,11 F.2d 486;State Life Ins. Co. v.Allison, 269 F. 93;Mutual Accident Assn. v.Barry,131 U.S. 100;Norrisv.New York Life Ins. Co.,49 F.2d 62;New YorkLife Ins. Co. v.Gustafson,55 F.2d 236;Richardsv.Standard Accident Ins. Co.,58 Utah 622;Lowerv.Metropolitan Ins. Co.,111 N.J.L. 426.Page 494

But even under the rule invoked by opposing counsel, the demurrers to the third counts should have been overruled. Those counts alleged that the intervening accidental means or cause was the condition, unknown to the insured, which, for the time being, rendered him supersensitive to the heat of the sun. This makes a case under the sound rule that a voluntary act is an accidental act if performed under conditions which, if known, would have deterred from performance.

If one in sound health receives an accidental blow which produces a disease followed by death, that death has resulted, independently of all other causes, from an accidental blow (Ryanv.Continental Casualty Co.,47 F.2d 474;Order ofUnited, etc. v.Edwards,52 F.2d 187;Lowerv.Metropolitan Ins. Co.,111 N.J.L. 426.)

But sunstroke should not be held to be a disease. It does not have that meaning in the popular mind.Richardsv.StandardAccident Ins. Co.,58 Utah 622;Lowerv.Metropolitan Ins.Co.,111 N.J.L. 426.Mr. Vaughn Millerfor Phoenix Mutual Life Insurance Co., respondent.Mr. J.F. Finlayfor Travelers Insurance Co., respondent.
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case comes here on certiorari to review a judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit,65 F.2d 232, which affirmed a judgment of the district court, denying recovery on two policies of accident insurance. Separate suits brought by petitioner, the beneficiary of the policies under which her deceased husband was the insured, were consolidated and were heard and decided on demurrer. The insured, while playing golf, suffered a sunstroke, from which he died. Petitioner sought recoveryPage 495of amounts stipulated, in one policy, to be paid if death should result

"directly and independently of all other causes from bodily injuries effected through external, violent and accidental means, and not directly or indirectly, wholly or partly from disease or physical or mental infirmity," and, in the other policy, if death should result "from bodily injuries effected directly and independently of all other causes through external, violent and accidental means."

Both declarations, in each of four counts, alleged that the deceased in the month of August, while in good health and while playing golf in his accustomed manner at a place where many others were playing without injury, was suddenly and unexpectedly overcome from the force of the sun's rays upon his head and body and that shortly afterward he died; that an autopsy revealed that there was no bodily infirmity or disease which could have been a contributing cause of his death. In one count of each declaration it was alleged that at the time the insured received the injury resulting in his death there was, unknown to him, a temporary disorder or condition of his body, not amounting to a physical or mental infirmity within the meaning of the policies, which, for the time being, rendered him more than ordinarily sensitive to the heat of the sun and that this temporary and unknown condition "intervened between his intentional act of playing golf, which he intended and expected to perform safely and which others did perform safely at the same time and place, and the injury which followed."

Petitioner argues that the death, resulting from voluntary exposure to the sun's rays under normal conditions, was accidental in the common or popular sense of the term and should therefore be held to be within the liability clauses of the policies. But it is not enough, to establish liability under these clauses, that the death or injuryPage 496was accidental in the understanding of the average man — that the result of the exposure "was something unforeseen, unsuspected, extraordinary, an unlooked for mishap, and so an accident," seeLewisv.Ocean Accident G. Corp.,224 N.Y. 18,21;120 N.E. 56; see alsoAetna Life Ins. Co. v.Portland Gas Coke Co., 229 F. 552 — for here the carefully chosen words defining liability distinguish between the result and the external means which produces it. The insurance is not against an accidental result. The stipulated payments are to be made only if the bodily injury, though unforeseen, is effected by means which are external and accidental. The external means is stated to be the rays of the sun, to which the insured voluntarily exposed himself. Petitioner's pleadings do not suggest that there was anything in the sun's rays, the weather or other circumstances, external to the insured's own body and operating to produce the unanticipated injury, which was unknown or unforeseen by the insured.

We do not intimate that injuries resulting from as impalpable a cause as the inadvertent introduction into the body of noxious germs may not be deemed to be effected by external accidental means. SeeWestern Commercial Travelers Assn. v.Smith, 85 F. 401;Jensmav.Sun Life Assur. Co.,64 F.2d 457. Nor do we say that in other circumstances an unforeseen and hence accidental result may not give rise to the inference that the external means was also accidental. CompareJensmav.Sun LifeAssur. Co., supra; Gustafsonv.New York Life Ins. Co.,55 F.2d 235. But, in the light of such knowledge as we have, no such inference can arise from the bare allegation of death by sunstroke, comparePopev.Prudential Ins. Co.,29 F.2d 185;Ryanv.Continental Casualty Co.,47 F.2d 472, with no indication that some unforeseen or unintended condition or combination of circumstances, external to the state of the victim's body, contributed to thePage 497accidental result. The petitioner has thus failed to plead facts establishing the liability defined by the policy.

InU.S. Mutual Accident Assn. v.Barry,131 U.S. 100, the insured suffered an internal injury caused by his jumping voluntarily from a platform to the ground, a distance of four or five feet. Recovery was allowed of amounts stipulated by the policy to be paid upon proof of bodily injury "effected through external violent and accidental means." There was evidence from which the jury might have inferred that the insured alighted in a manner not intended, causing a jar or shock of unexpected severity. This Court held that the trial judge correctly left to the jury the question whether the insured jumped or alighted in the manner he intended and properly charged that, if he did not, it might find that the injury was caused by accidental means, pp. 109, 110, 121.

This distinction between accidental external means and accidental result has been generally recognized and applied where the stipulated liability is for injury resulting from an accidental external means. SeeAetna Life Ins. Co. v.Brand, 265 F. 6;Lincoln National Ins. Co. v.Erickson,42 F.2d 997;Jensmav.Sun Life Assur. Co., supra; Order of UnitedCommercial Travelersv.Shane,64 F.2d 55; contra,MutualLife Ins. Co. v.Dodge,11 F.2d 486. And injury from sunstroke, when resulting from voluntary exposure by an insured to the sun's rays, even though an accident, seeIsmay, ImrieCo. v.Williamson[1908] A.C. 437, has been generally held not to have been caused by external accidental means.Nickmanv.New York Life Ins. Co.,39 F.2d 763;Paistv.Aetna LifeIns. Co.,54 F.2d 393;Harloev.California State LifeIns. Co.,206 Cal. 141;273 P. 560;Continental Casualty Co. v.Pittman,145 Ga. 641;89 S.E. 716;Semancikv.Continental Casualty Co.,56 Pa. Super. 392; seeElseyv.Fidelity Casualty Co.,187 Ind. 447;Page 498120 N.E. 42;Richardsv.Standard Accident Ins. Co.,58 Utah 622;200 P. 1017; contra,Continental Casualty Co. v.Bruden,178 Ark. 683;11 S.W.2d 493;Lowerv.Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,111 N.J.L. 426;168 A. 592.Affirmed.
MR. JUSTICE CARDOZO, dissenting.
I am unable to concur in the decision of the Court.

1. A cause does not cease to be violent and external because the insured has an idiosyncratic condition of mind or body predisposing him to injury.Silversteinv.Metropolitan LifeIns. Co.,254 N.Y. 81;171 N.E. 914;Lelandv.Order of U.C.Travelers,233 Mass. 558,564;124 N.E. 517;Collinsv.Casualty Co.,224 Mass. 327;112 N.E. 634;Taylorv.N YLife Ins. Co.,176 Minn. 171;222 N.W. 912. Under a policy phrased as this one, the insurer may be relieved of liability if the predisposing condition is so acute as to constitute a disease. See casessupra. Here the complaint alleges that the idiosyncrasy was not a physical or mental disease, and that it appeared from an autopsy that there was no bodily infirmity or disease which could have been a contributing cause of death. Since the case is here on demurrer, those allegations must be accepted as true. The plaintiff may be unable to prove them at the trial. She should have the opportunity. There has been no failure to "plead facts establishing the liability defined by the policy."

2. Sunstroke, though it may be a disease according to the classification of physicians, is none the less an accident in the common speech of men.Ismay, Imrie Co. v.Williamson, [1908] A.C. 437, 439.Lanev.Horn H. Baking Co.,261 Pa. 329;104 A. 615. The suddenness of its approach and its catastrophic nature (Connallyv.Hunt Furniture Co.,240 N.Y. 83,87;147 N.E. 366) have made that quality stand out when thought is uninstructed in the mysteries of science.Lowerv.Metropolitan LifePage 499Ins. Co.,111 N.J.L. 426;168 A. 593, collating the decisions. Violent it is for the same reason, and external because the train of consequences is set in motion by the rays of the sun beating down upon the body, a cause operating from without.

"In my view this man died from an accident. What killed him was a heat-stroke coming suddenly and unexpectedly upon him while at work. Such a stroke is an unusual effect of a known cause, often, no doubt, threatened, but generally averted by precautions which experience, in this instance, had not taught. It was an unlooked for mishap in the course of his employment. In common language, it was a case of accidental death." Per Loreburn, L.C., inIsmay, Imrie Co. v.Williamson, supra.

3. The attempted distinction between accidental results and accidental means will plunge this branch of the law into a Serbonian Bog. "Probably it is true to say that in the strictest sense and dealing with the region of physical nature there is no such thing as an accident." Halsbury, L.C. inBrintonsv.Turvey, L.R. [1905] A.C. 230, 233. Cf.Lewisv.OceanAccident Guaranty Corp.,224 N.Y. 18,21;120 N.E. 56;Innesv.Kynoch, [1919] A.C. 765, 775. On the other hand, the average man is convinced that there is, and so certainly is the man who takes out a policy of accident insurance. It is his reading of the policy that is to be accepted as our guide, with the help of the established rule that ambiguities and uncertainties are to be resolved against the company.Mutual Life Ins. Co. v.HurniPacking Co.,263 U.S. 167,174;Stipcichv.Metropolitan LifeIns. Co.,277 U.S. 311,322. The proposed distinction will not survive the application of that test.

When a man has died in such a way that his death is spoken of as an accident, he has died because of an accident, and hence by accidental means. So courts of high authority have held.Lowerv.Metropolitan Life Ins. Co.,Page 500supra(a case of sunstroke);Gallagherv.FidelityCasualty Co.,163 A.D. 556;148 N.Y.S. 1016;221 N.Y. 664;117 N.E. 1067(sunstroke);Jensmav.Sun Life Assurance Co.,64 F.2d 457;Western Commercial Travelers' Assn. v.Smith, 85 F. 401;Mutual Life Ins. Co. v.Dodge,11 F.2d 486;Lewisv.Iowa State Traveling Men's Assn., 248 F. 602.1So the holder of this policy might reasonably assume.

If he had thought about the subject, he might have had his impressions fortified by the ruling of the House of Lords that a workman who suffers a heat-stroke has a claim for relief under the Workmen's Compensation Act.Ismay, Imrie Co. v.Williamson, supra. The British Act (6 Edw. 7, c. 58, § 1) gives compensation for personal injury "by accident" arising out of and in the course of the employment. Injury by heat-stroke was held to be injury "by accident." The result would hardly have been different, certainly one insured would not have looked for any difference, if for the phrase "injury by accident" the lawmakers had substituted the words injury "by means of accident," or injury by accidental means.

The principle that should govern the interpretation of the policy in suit was stated with clarity and precision by Sanborn, J., in a case quoted in the margin.2

The insured did not do anything which in its ordinary consequences was fraught with danger. The allegationsPage 501of the complaint show that he was playing golf in the same conditions in which he had often played before. The heat was not extraordinary; the exertion not unusual. By misadventure or accident, an external force which had hitherto been beneficent, was transformed into a force of violence, as much so as a stroke of lightning. The opinion of the court concedes that death "from sunstroke, when resulting from voluntary exposure to the sun's rays," is "an accident." Why? To be sure the death is not intentional, but that does not make it an "accident" as the word is commonly understood, any more than death from indigestion or pneumonia. If there was no accident in the means, there was none in the result, for the two were inseparable. No cause that reasonably can be styled an accident intervened between them. The process of causation was unbroken from exposure up to death. There was an accident throughout, or there was no accident at all.

The judgment should be reversed.Page 502
  1. Page 500 The decisions are collated in 17 A.L.R. 1197, with the comment that by the weight of authority sunstroke suffered unexpectedly is within the coverage of a policy insuring against injury by external, violent and accidental means. CompareContinentalCasualty Co. v.Bruden,178 Ark. 683;11 S.W.2d 493;Higginsv.Midland Casualty Co.,281 Ill. 431;118 N.E. 11;Elseyv.Fidelity Casualty Co.,187 Ind. 447;120 N.E. 42;Continental Casualty Co. v.Clark,70 Okla. 187;173 P. 453;Bryantv.Continental Casualty Co.,107 Tex. 582;182 S.W. 673;Richardsv.Standard Accident Ins. Co.,58 Utah 622;200 P. 1017. ↩
  2. Page 501Western Commercial Travelers' Assn. v.Smith, supra, p. 405: "An effect which is the natural and probable consequence of an act or course of action is not an accident, nor is it produced by accidental means. It is either the result of actual design, or it falls under the maxim that every man must be held to intend the natural and probable consequence of his deeds. On the other hand, an effect which is not the natural or probable consequence of the means which produced it, an effect which does not ordinarily follow and cannot be reasonably anticipated from the use of those means, an effect which the actor did not intend to produce and which he cannot be charged with the design of producing under the maxim to which we have adverted, is produced by accidental means. It is produced by means which were neither designed nor calculated to cause it. Such an effect is not the result of design, cannot be reasonably anticipated, is unexpected, and is produced by an unusual combination of fortuitous circumstances; in other words, it is produced by accidental means."

    The principle thus formulated has been accepted in many of the decisions cited in footnote 1,supra. ↩