Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Nickey v. Mississippi

Nickey v. Miss., 292 U.S. 393 (1934)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1934-05-21
Topic
general

Mr. Justice Stone delivered the opinion of the Court. This case is here on appeal, § 237 of the Judicial Code, from a decree of the Supreme Court of Mississippi allowing recovery of delinquent taxes assessed upon appellants’ lands within the state and overruling their contention that the assessment of the tax and the decree for its payment infringe the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. 167 Miss. 650; 145 So. 630; 146 So. 859. So far as the state court discussed these contentions with specific reference to the Constitution of the United States, both in its original opinion, and in an opinion denying the appellants’ application for rehearing, they may be reviewed here, notwithstanding the failure of appellants to mention them in their assignment of errors to the state supreme court, as required by its rules. Wall v.

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Headnotes

  1. Federal Courts & Jurisdiction — Review of State Court Decisions Contentions arising under the Federal Constitution that were raised and adversely decided by a state supreme court, as shown by that court's discussion of them with specific reference to the Constitution, are reviewable by the United States Supreme Court, notwithstanding the appellant's failure to mention them in his assignment of errors to the state court as required by the state's rules. 292 U.S. at 394
  2. Constitutional Law — Due Process Due process does not require that notice of the assessment of a tax, and an opportunity to contest it, be given in advance of the assessment; it is enough that all available defenses may be presented to a competent tribunal before the tax is exacted and before the state's command to pay becomes final and irrevocable. Where a state statute makes the assessment roll merely prima facie correct, a defendant sued for the tax may assail the correctness and legal sufficiency of the assessment, and the court proceeding, not the assessment, finally fixes the liability to pay. 292 U.S. at 396
  3. Constitutional Law — Due Process A state may collect taxes assessed against one parcel of property within its jurisdiction from other parcels within the state owned by the same person, even though the owner is a nonresident; the state's power over property within its bounds may be exerted to affect the common owner's interest, and no want of due process arises from satisfying an obligation imposed on the ownership of one item of property by resort to another item subject to the same ownership. 292 U.S. at 396
  4. Constitutional Law — Due Process A nonresident who appears in a suit brought by a state to collect a tax on part of his property, and who voluntarily gives a bond to secure the release of his other property from an attachment in the suit, has no ground to contend that the resulting substitution of his personal liability to the extent of the bond for the in rem liability of the attached property violates due process. 292 U.S. at 397
NICKEYv. MISSISSIPPI,292 U.S. 393(1934)
54 S.Ct. 743
NICKEY ET AL.v. MISSISSIPPI.
APPEAL FROM THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI.
No. 298.
Argued February 5, 6, 1934.
Decided May 21, 1934.
1. Contentions based on the Federal Constitution, which were raised and adversely decided by a state supreme court, as shown by the discussion in its opinions with specific reference to that instrument, are reviewable by this Court, notwithstanding the failure of the appellant to mention them in his assignment of errors to the state court, as required by its rules. P. 394. 2. There is no constitutional command that notice of the assessment of a tax, and opportunity to contest it, must be given in advance of the assessment. It is enough that all available defenses may be presented to a competent tribunal before exaction of the tax and before the command of the State to pay it becomes final and irrevocable. P. 396. 3. A State may collect taxes, assessed against one parcel of property within its jurisdiction, from other parcels within the State, owned by the same person, though he be a nonresident. P. 396. 4. A nonresident who appears in a suit brought against him by a State to collect a tax on part of his property, and voluntarily gives a bond to secure the release of his other property from an attachment in the suit, has no ground to contend that the resulting substitution of his personal liability to the extent of the bond, for the liabilityinremof the property attached, was in violation of due process. P. 397.167 Miss. 650;145 So. 630, affirmed. See also, 146 So. 859; 147id. 324.
APPEAL from the affirmance of a decree forad valoremtaxes
in a suit in chancery brought by the State on the relation of the
Attorney General, and accompanied by an attachment of other
property of the defendants on which the taxes had been paid.
Mr. W.E. Gore, with whomMr. George Butlerwas on the brief, for appellants.Page 394Mr. J.A. Lauderdale, Assistant Attorney General of Mississippi, with whomMr. Greek L. Rice, Attorney General, andMessrs. E.C. SharpandR.H. Knoxwere on the briefs, for appellee.
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
This case is here on appeal, § 237 of the Judicial Code, from a decree of the Supreme Court of Mississippi allowing recovery of delinquent taxes assessed upon appellants' lands within the state and overruling their contention that the assessment of the tax and the decree for its payment infringe the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.167 Miss. 650;145 So. 630;146 So. 859. So far as the state court discussed these contentions with specific reference to the Constitution of the United States, both in its original opinion, and in an opinion denying the appellants' application for rehearing, they may be reviewed here, notwithstanding the failure of appellants to mention them in their assignment of errors to the state supreme court, as required by its rules.Wallv.Chesapeake Ohio Ry. Co.,256 U.S. 125.Saltonstallv.Saltonstall,276 U.S. 260,267.Cumberland Coal Co. v.Board of Revision,284 U.S. 23,24. We confine our opinion to the questions thus discussed.

Appellants, non-residents of Mississippi, are owners of tracts of land in Tunica County, Mississippi, all of which were assessed for local and state taxation for the year 1928. They failed to pay the tax on one tract alone, and the state, on relation of the Attorney General, brought the present suit in the chancery court of Tunica County to recover the unpaid tax as a debt of the owners. This suit was begun by attachment of other lands of appellants' on which the tax had been paid. The bill of complaint alleges that the appellants are engaged in removing timber from the land on which the tax has not been paid; that the land without it is not of sufficient value toPage 395pay the tax, and that unless they are restrained from cutting the timber the state and its municipal subdivisions will be deprived of the tax. The bill prays that appellants be enjoined from cutting the timber until the tax is paid, and that it be satisfied from the attached lands.

Appellants appeared generally in the suit, and secured the release of the attachment by giving bond, in the sum of $10,000, an amount in excess of all taxes claimed and recovered, by which they and their surety became bound to satisfy any decree which might be recovered in the suit. In their answer they set up numerous defenses on state grounds, all of which so far as now material have been resolved against them and may not be reviewed here. They also set up two distinct defenses, which are urged here: First, that they are and at all times have been non-residents of the state and that the tax demanded was assessed without service of any process on them, or notice to them, or opportunity to be heard in any proceedings for its assessment, and without their appearance in any such proceedings; that in consequence the state taxing officers were without jurisdiction to assess the tax and that any collection is an infringement of the Fourteenth Amendment. Second, that the decree of the state court, so far as it purports to adjudicate any right of the state to satisfy the tax liability out of lands of appellants within the state other than those upon which the tax was assessed, or to impose upon appellants any personal liability for the tax, is likewise a violation of due process.

1. Section 3122 of the Mississippi Code of 1930 declares that every lawful tax is a debt for the recovery of which an action may be brought in the state courts "and in all actions for the recovery of ad valorem taxes the assessment rolls shall only be prima facie correct." In construing and applying this section in the present case, the state court held that the tax, recovery of which itPage 396allowed, was a debt collectible by suit. But as the statute makes the assessment roll only prima facie correct, the court, following its decision inGeorge County Bridge Co. v.Catlett,161 Miss. 120;135 So. 217, ruled that it is open to a defendant, in such a suit, to assail the correctness and legal sufficiency of the assessment; that it is the proceeding in court and not the assessment which finally fixes the liability to pay the tax, and since appellants had appeared in the suit and had had full opportunity to be heard before the decree was rendered upholding the assessment, there was no denial of due process.

Accepting, as we must, this construction of the laws of the state by its highest court, they infringe no constitutional limitation. There is no constitutional command that notice of the assessment of a tax, and opportunity to contest it, must be given in advance of the assessment. It is enough that all available defenses may be presented to a competent tribunal before exaction of the tax and before the command of the state to pay it becomes final and irrevocable.Wells, Fargo Co. v.Nevada,248 U.S. 165;Bristolv.Washington County,177 U.S. 133,146;McMillenv.Anderson,95 U.S. 37; seeAmerican Surety Co. v.Baldwin,287 U.S. 156,168.

2. The question remains whether the state, in conformity with due process, may declare the tax, lawfully assessed upon one tract of appellants' land, a debt collectible from other property of theirs within the state and from the appellants themselves by a judgmentin personam. It can no longer be questioned that a state may collect taxes, assessed against one parcel of property within its jurisdiction, from other parcels within the state, owned by the same person, though he be a nonresident.ScottishUnion National Ins. Co. v.Bowland,196 U.S. 611,632;Bristolv.Washington County, supra, 145; compareMaryev.Baltimore Ohio R. Co.,127 U.S. 117,123-124; seeIowav.Slimmer,248 U.S. 115,120. ToPage 397that extent at least the power of the state over the property within its bounds may be exerted to affect the interest of the common owner. The power to collect the tax from property within the state is always exercised at the expense of the owner, even though a nonresident, and an obligationin remis thus imposed on his ownership, which is within the control of the state because of the presence there of the physical objects which are the subject of ownership. As it is an incident of property that it may be made to respond to obligations to which its owner may be subject, no want of due process is involved in satisfying an obligation imposed upon the ownership of one item of property by resort to another which is subject to the same ownership.

Here the suit was brought to compel payment of the tax out of the attached property. The end sought was the same as that constitutionally achieved inScottish Union National Ins. Co. v.Bowland, supra, by distraint upon the nonresident's property to satisfy a tax assessed upon other property within the taxing state, and is equally free from constitutional objection. By giving their bond to release the attachment, the appellants have voluntarily substituted their personal liability on the bond for the liability which might otherwise have been satisfied from the attached property. As the tax, payment of which is decreed, is less than the amount of the bond, it is only this personal liability upon the bond which the state seeks to enforce here.

It is unnecessary to decide the different question with respect to appellants' personal liability to pay the tax which would be presented if the decree had exceeded the amount of the bond, or if appellants had appeared and defended the suit without giving bond or securing release of the attachment. SeeDeweyv.Des Moines,173 U.S. 193;Scottish Union National Ins. Co.,supra, 632. CompareYorkv.Texas,137 U.S. 15.Affirmed.Page 398