Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States
Shields v. United States
273 U.S. 583
- Type
- Opinion
- Court
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Jurisdiction
- Federal
- Date
- 1927-04-11
- Topic
- general
How later courts describe this case
- holding that judge’s ex parte communication telling a jury it needed to reach a verdict was reversible error without any discussion of harmlessness
- holding that defendant in a criminal case “cannot complain of error which he himself has invited”
- holding that “[w]here a jury has retired to consider of its verdict, and supplementary instructions are required ... they ought to be given either in the presence of counsel or after notice and an opportunity to be present”
- observing that rule of orderly conduct of jury trial entitles defendant to be present from time jury is impaneled until it renders its verdict
- noting that a defendant in a criminal case has a right to be present from the time the jury is impaneled until its discharge after rendering the verdict
- permitting a written answer to a jury question after proper hearing and opportunity to object
- noting the “rule of orderly conduct of jury trial entitling the defendant, especially in a criminal ease, to be present fromthe time the jury is impaneled until its discharge after rendering the verdict.”
- undisclosed instructions from judge to jury violate non-constitutionally based rules of orderly trial procedure
Citator
UpLaw has not yet analyzed Shields v. United States. The absence of a flag is not a finding that it is good law.
- Cited by
- 223 opinions
Headnotes
- Civil Procedure — Certiorari Where a respondent to a petition for certiorari advises the Court that it can find no ground for opposition and will file no opposing brief, and will submit the case without further hearing if the writ issues, the Court, upon granting the writ, may proceed at once to a decision on the merits. 273 U.S. at 587
- Criminal Law & Procedure — Conduct of Jury Trial A joint request by counsel for the defendant and the district attorney that the jury be held in deliberation until it agrees upon a verdict cannot be construed as authorizing the judge, out of court and without the presence of the defendants or their counsel, to receive from the jury a communication announcing agreement as to some defendants and disagreement as to others, and to reply with a written instruction that the jury also find guilty or not guilty those defendants as to whom it had disagreed; such a request is limited to its exact terms and does not extend to circumstances subsequently developed. 273 U.S. at 587–588
- Criminal Law & Procedure — Jury Instructions When a jury has retired to consider its verdict, written or supplementary instructions ought not to be given or sent to the jury except in the presence of counsel or after notice and an opportunity to be present and to object; this rule, applicable in civil cases, applies a fortiori in criminal cases, in which the defendant is entitled to be present from the time the jury is impaneled until its discharge after rendering the verdict. 273 U.S. at 588 (citing Fillippon v. Albion Vein Slate Co., 250 U.S. 76)
SHIELDSv. UNITED STATES,273 U.S. 583(1927)
47 S.Ct. 478
SHIELDSv. UNITED STATES.
ON PETITION FOR A WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE
THIRD CIRCUIT.
No. 944.
Petition submitted March 21, 1927.
Decided April 11, 1927.
PETITION for a writ of certiorari to review a judgment of the
Circuit Court of Appeals affirming a conviction of conspiracy to
violate the Prohibition Act. For reasons explained in the
opinion, granting of the writ is accompanied by a disposition of
the case under it.
Shields, the petitioner, was indicted and tried with eight or nine others for conspiracy to violate the Prohibition Act, and also for direct violations of the Act. He was convicted of conspiracy and acquitted of the other charges. The case had been submitted to the jury, February 12, 1926. Before the court convened the next morning, the jury still being out, counsel for the defendants and the Assistant United States Attorney in charge of the prosecution visited the trial judge in chambers and requested that the jury be held in deliberation until they should agree upon a verdict. Shortly after the opening of the court, the jury returned for additional instructions on the subject of entrapment, and having received the same, retired for further deliberation. At 2.30 o'clock that afternoon, the jury again returned to court, in the absence of petitioner and his counsel, and reported that they could not agree. What instructions, if any, were then given the jury the record does not disclose. It appears that the jury again retired to deliberate, and between 4.30 and 5.00 o'clock in the afternoon sent from their jury room to the judge in chambers the following written communication:
"We, the jury, find the defendants John G. Emmerling, Charles Lynch not guilty on all counts, E.W. Hardison, J.E. Hunter and J.L. Simler guilty on all counts. Daniel J. Shields, Harry Widman, J.M. Gastman unable to agree.
Signed, E.B. MILLIGAN, Foreman."
The judge from his chambers sent back the following written reply:
"The jury will have to find also whether Shields, Widman and Gastman are guilty or not guilty.
F.P. SCHOONMAKER, Judge."Page 585
These communications were not made in open court, and neither the petitioner Shields nor his counsel was present, nor were they advised of them. Shortly after, the jury returned in court and announced the following verdict:
"We, the jury, find that the defendants John G. Emmerling, Charles Lynch, not guilty on all counts. E.W. Hardison, J.L. Simler, J.E. Hunter guilty on all four counts. Daniel J. Shields, Harry Widman, J.M. Gastman guilty on first count and recommended to mercy of court. Not guilty on 2d 3rd and 4th counts, this 13th day of February, 1926.
E.B. MILLIGAN, Foreman."
Upon this verdict the court rendered its judgment sentencing Shields to pay a fine of $2,000 and to be imprisoned in jail for one year. Shields then filed in court a petition alleging that not until April 21, 1926, more than two months later, did he or his counsel have any knowledge of the tentative verdict sent by the jury to the judge in chambers, or of the reply thereto by the judge, and praying that he be allowed an exception to the action of the judge in sending the reply. The court refused to grant the petition, for the reason as stated by it,
"that counsel for the defendant, Daniel J. Shields, requested the court to hold the jury in deliberation until they should agree upon a verdict, and therefore when the court received the communication from the jury, it was returned with the instructions complained of, although it is true that the defendant's counsel was not present when the communication was handed to the court from the jury.
(Sgd) Per Curiam, S."Page 586
An exception was allowed, however, to the foregoing refusal to grant an exception, the record reciting in this respect:
"Eo diean exception to the above refusal to grant an exception is hereby noted to the defendant, Daniel J. Shields.
F.P. SCHOONMAKER, Judge."
Shields took the case to the Circuit Court of Appeals, assigning, among other errors the action of the District Court in sending the communication to the jury and the refusal of the court to grant an exception to that action. The Circuit Court of Appeals, in affirming the judgment, said:
"The justified reliance of Court on the request of counsel; avoidance of abortive mistrials and the timely administration of a court's work, based on the verdict of a jury which had evidence to support it, all unite in making the case one where with one breath a court can not be asked by counsel to take a step in a case and later be convicted of error, because it has complied with such request, for as is said in 17 Corpus Juris 373-4, `A defendant in a criminal case can not complain of error which he himself has invited.'"
The petitioner urges, first, that the request joined in by counsel for the defendants, that the jury be held in deliberation until they had reached a verdict, could not be properly construed as a consent that the court might communicate with the jury out of court and in the absence of the defendants and their counsel; second, that the action of the District Court in thus communicating with the jury was a denial to petitioner of due process of law; third, that the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals upholding that action is in conflict with the decision of this Court inFillipponv.Albion Vein Slate Co.,250 U.S. 76; fourth, that the instruction in thePage 587communication to the jury that it "will have to find also whether Shields, Widman and Gastman are guilty or not guilty," was additionally erroneous because in violation of § 1036 of the Revised Statutes, which authorizes a jury to bring in a verdict as to those of the defendants regarding whom they are agreed, and declares that the case as to the other defendants may be tried by another jury; fifth, that in this respect the instruction of the District Court runs counter to the decision of this Court inBucklinv.United States,159 U.S. 682; and, sixth, that the direction to the jury to bring in a verdict of guilty or not guilty as to the three defendants named had the effect of coercing the jury into rendering a verdict which they were plainly reluctant to return.
The Solicitor General advises us that, after a careful study of the record in this case, the Government is unable to find any satisfactory ground for opposing the petition for a writ of certiorari, and that no brief in opposition will therefore be filed, and if the writ issues, the Government will submit the case without being heard further.
In view of this, we deem it proper to dispose of the case at once. On the statement of the case as we have given it, we think the judgment of the Circuit Court of Appeals must be reversed on the first and third grounds urged, and the cause remanded to the District Court for a new trial. The join request to the court, of counsel for the defendant and the Assistant District Attorney, to hold the jury in deliberation until they should agree upon a verdict, made in chambers without the presence of the defendant, cannot be extended beyond its exact terms. It did not include any agreement that the court should receive a communication from the jury and answer it without giving the defendant and his counsel an opportunity to be present in court to take such action as they might be advised, especially when the communication asPage 588to the result of the deliberations of the jury showed a marked difference in the views which the jury had as to the guilt of the various defendants. Counsel, in making it, necessarily assumed, as they had a right to, that any communication from the jury would be made in open court, and that they must necessarily be offered an opportunity to withdraw the request already preferred, or to vary it. It is hardly fair to say that a general request to hold the jury for a verdict can be properly applied to such a situation as subsequently developed by the communication of the jury showing their views as to the various defendants.
In the case ofFillipponv.Albion Vein Slate Co.,250 U.S. 76, which was a suit for damages for personal injuries, it appeared that, after the trial judge had completed his instructions and the jury had retired for deliberation, and while they were deliberating, they sent to the judge a written inquiry on the question of contributory negligence, to which the trial judge replied by sending a written instruction to the jury room, in the absence of the parties and their counsel and without their consent, and without calling the jury into open court. A new trial was ordered on this account. The Court said:
"Where a jury has retired to consider of its verdict, and supplementary instructions are required, either because asked for by the jury or for other reasons, they ought to be given either in the presence of counsel or after notice and an opportunity to be present; and written instructions ought not to be sent to the jury without notice to counsel and an opportunity to object."
If this be true in a civil case,a fortioriis it true in a criminal case. The request made to the court jointly by the counsel for the defendant and for the Government did not justify exception to the rule of orderly conductPage 589of jury trial entitling the defendant, especially in a criminal case, to be present from the time the jury is impaneled until its discharge after rendering the verdict. We reverse the judgment without reference to the other causes of error assigned.Reversed.