Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Northern Assurance Co. of London v. Grand View Building Ass'n

N. Assurance Co. of London v. Grand View Bldg. Ass'n, 203 U.S. 106 (1906)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1906-11-05
Topic
general

How later courts describe this case

  • "The former decision of course is not an adjudication that the contract cannot be reformed. It was rendered in an action at law, and only decided that the contract could not be recovered upon as it stood, or be helped out by any doctrine of the common law.”

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Headnotes

  1. Civil Procedure — Full Faith and Credit — Effect of Prior Adjudication An adjudication in an action at law on an insurance policy that the insured cannot recover on the policy as it then stood is not an adjudication that the contract cannot be reformed; a court of another State does not fail to give full faith and credit to such a judgment because, in an equity action, it reforms the policy and awards judgment to the insured on the policy as reformed. 203 U.S. 106 (syllabus)
  2. Civil Procedure — Election of Remedies — Prior Action at Law A prior judgment in an action at law bars later equitable relief only on the ground of election of remedies, not on the ground of the adjudication itself; where the plaintiff's choice of a legal remedy was made in reliance on then-prevailing decisions holding that a court of law could grant the same relief, and its pleadings disclosed the facts on which it now relies, its choice of law was an hypothesis rather than an election and does not bar a later suit to reform the contract. 203 U.S. 106
  3. Constitutional Law — Contracts Clause A question whether the obligation of a contract was impaired by a statute as construed is not open in this Court where that objection was not taken in the courts below. 203 U.S. 106
NORTHERN ASS'CE. CO.v. GRAND VIEW G. ASS'N,203 U.S. 106(1906)
27 S.Ct. 27
NORTHERN ASSURANCE COMPANY OF LONDONv. GRAND VIEW BUILDING ASSOCIATION.
ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEBRASKA.
No. 40.
Argued October 18, 19, 1906.
Decided November 5, 1906.
An adjudication in an action at law on a policy of insurance that the insured cannot recover on the policy as it then stood is not an adjudication that the contract cannot be reformed; and a court of another State does not fail to give full faith and credit to such a judgment because in an equity action it reforms the policy and gives judgment to the insured thereon as reformed. Whether the obligation of the contract was impaired by a statute as construed is not open in this court if that objection was not taken below. 102 N.W. 246, affirmed.
THE facts are stated in the opinion.
Mr. Charles J. Greene, with whomMr. Ralph W. Breckenridgewas on the brief, for plaintiff in error.Mr. Joseph R. Webster, with whomMr. Halleck F. RoseandMr. Wilmer B. Comstockwere on the brief, for defendant in error.
MR. JUSTICE HOLMES delivered the opinion of the court.
This is a bill to reform a policy and to recover upon it as reformed. An action at law upon the same instrument, between the same parties, has come before this court heretofore.183 U.S. 308. In that case it was held that the plaintiff could not recover. The question before us at the present time is whether the Supreme Court of Nebraska failed to give full faith and credit to the judgment in the former case by holding that it was no bar to the relief now sought. 102 N.W. 246.

The policy was conditioned to be void in case of otherPage 107insurance, unless otherwise provided by agreement indorsed or added; and it stated, in substance, that no officer or agent had power to waive the condition except by such indorsement or addition. There was other insurance and there was no indorsement. The plaintiff alleged a waiver and an estoppel. The jury found that the agent who issued the policy had been informed on behalf of the insured and knew of the outstanding insurance. But this court held that the attempt to establish a waiver was an attempt to contradict the very words of the written contract, which gave notice that the condition was insisted upon and could be got rid of in only one way, which no agent had power to change. The judgment based upon this decision is what is now relied upon as a bar.Metcalfv.Watertown,153 U.S. 671,676;HancockNational Bankv.Farnum,176 U.S. 640,645.

Whether sufficient grounds were shown for the relief which was granted is a matter with which we have nothing to do. But the state court was right in its answer to the question before us. The former decision of course is not an adjudication that the contract cannot be reformed. It was rendered in an action at law, and only decided that the contract could not be recovered upon as it stood, or be helped out by any doctrine of the common law. If it were to be a bar it would be so, not on the ground of the adjudication as such, but on the ground of election, expressed by the form in which the plaintiff saw fit to sue. As an adjudication it simply establishes one of the propositions on which the plaintiff relies; that it cannot recover upon the contract as it stands. The supposed election is the source of the effect attributed to the judgment. If that depended on matterinpaisit might be a question at least, as was argued, whether such a case fell within either U.S. Const., Art.IV, §1, or Rev. Stat. § 905. It may be doubted whether the election must not at least necessarily appear on the face of the record as matter of law in order to give the judgment a standing under Rev. Stat. § 905.Page 108

We pass such doubts, because we are of opinion that, however the election be stated, it is not made out. The plaintiff in the former action expressed on the record its reliance upon the facts upon which it now relies. It did not demand a judgment without regard to them and put them on one side, as was done inWashburnv.Great Western Insurance Co.,114 Mass. 175, where this distinction was stated by Chief Justice Gray. Its choice of law was not an election but an hypothesis. It expressed the supposition that law was competent to give a remedy, as had been laid down by the Supreme Court of Nebraska and the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Circuit.Home Fire Insurancev.Wood,50 Neb. 381,386;Firemen's Fund Insurance Co. v.Norwood, 16 C. C.A. 136. So long as those decisions stood the plaintiff had no choice. It could not, or at least did not need to, demand reformation, if a court of law could affect the same result. It did demand the result, and showed by its pleadings that the path which it did choose was chosen simply because it was supposed to be an open way.Snowv.Alley,156 Mass. 193,195.

A question argued as to the obligation of the contract having been impaired by a statute as construed, was not taken below and is not open here.Decree affirmed.Page 109