Opinion · Supreme Court of the United States

Klein v. United States

Klein v. United States, 283 U.S. 231 (1931)

Type
Opinion
Court
Supreme Court of the United States
Jurisdiction
Federal
Date
1931-04-13
Topic
general

Mr. Justice Sutherland delivered the opinion of the Court. The petitioners are the sole surviving heirs of Solomon Klein and distributees of his estate. He died intestate, leaving among other property, two parcels of land in Cook County, Illinois, which, some fifteen months prior to his death, he had conveyed to his wife, Etta M. Klein, by deed, the habendum clauses of which are as follows: “ First.

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Headnotes

  1. Real Property Law — Future Interests A deed conveying a life estate while expressly reserving the fee in the grantor, with the remainder to the grantee to vest only if the grantee survives the grantor, grants the grantee a life estate and a contingent remainder, not a fee. 283 U.S. at 233
  2. Real Property Law — Merger of Estates Where the grantor's clear intent is that the life estate and the fee not merge during his lifetime, the doctrine that a greater estate swallows a lesser estate created by the same instrument does not merge the estates where the fee was not to vest in the grantee unless and until the grantee survived the grantor. 283 U.S. at 233-234
  3. Tax Law — Estate Tax The death of the grantor was the indispensable and intended event that brought a larger estate into being for the grantee and effected its transmission from the dead to the living, thereby satisfying § 402(c) of the Revenue Act of 1918 and justifying the estate tax imposed on the contingent remainder. 283 U.S. at 234
  4. Constitutional Law — Retroactive Taxation A transfer may constitutionally be taxed under an estate tax statute enacted after the transfer was made, where an earlier statute in force at the time of the transfer contained the same taxing provision; the transfer was not complete and irrevocable for purposes of the earlier act, so the later act's application is not unconstitutional. 283 U.S. at 234
KLEINv. UNITED STATES,283 U.S. 231(1931)
51 S.Ct. 398
KLEIN, FORMER ADMINISTRATRIX, ET AL.v. UNITED STATES.
CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF CLAIMS.
No. 387.
Argued February 27, 1931.
Decided April 13, 1931.
1. One of two habendum clauses in a deed conveyed a life estate, reserving the fee, and declaring that it should remain vested in thePage 232grantor if the grantee died before him; by the other the grantee was to take the fee in the event that she survived the grantor, and in that case only.Held, a grant of a life estate and contingent remainder. P. 233. 2. The estate transfer tax of Revenue Act of 1918, § 402(c), is constitutionally applicable to a contingent remainder, become vested by the death of the grantor, which was granted by a deed executed before the effective date of that Act but while the Act of 1916, § 202, containing the same taxing provision, was in force. P. 234. 70 Ct. Cls. 151;42 F.2d 596, affirmed.
CERTIORARI,282 U.S. 828, to review a judgment rejecting a
claim for refund of money collected as part of a federal estate
tax.
Messrs. Benjamin B. PettusandH.H. Shinnick, with whomEdward Cliffordwas on the brief, for petitioners.Assistant Attorney General Rugg, with whomSolicitorGeneral ThacherandMessrs. Fred K. Dyar, Bradley B. Gilman, andErwin N. Griswoldwere on the brief, for the United States.
MR. JUSTICE SUTHERLAND delivered the opinion of the Court.
The petitioners are the sole surviving heirs of Solomon Klein and distributees of his estate. He died intestate, leaving among other property, two parcels of land in Cook County, Illinois, which, some fifteen months prior to his death, he had conveyed to his wife, Etta M. Klein, by deed, the habendum clauses of which are as follows:

"First. To have and to hold the said lands unto the said grantee for and during the term of her natural life, and if she shall die prior to the decease of said grantor then and in that event she shall by virtue hereof take no greater or other estate in said lands and the reversion in fee in and to the same shall in that event remain vested in said grantor, his heirs, and assigns, such reversion beingPage 233hereby reserved to said grantor and excepted from this conveyance.

"Second. Upon condition and in the event that said grantee shall survive the said grantor, then and in that case only the said grantee shall by virtue of this conveyance take, have, and hold the said lands in fee simple, unto the sole use of herself, her heirs, and assigns forever."

In auditing the estate tax return of the administratrix, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue included in the gross estate the value of these two parcels of land, after deducting therefrom the value of the life estate; and the tax thereto attributable was assessed against the estate. This was paid, and a claim for refund was rejected. Thereupon, petitioners sued in the Court of Claims to recover the amount. That court rendered judgment against petitioners.42 F.2d 596.

The case turns upon the meaning and application of § 402 of the Revenue Act of 1918, c. 18,40 Stat. 1057, 1097, which provides that the value of the gross estate of the decedent shall be determined by including the value at the time of his death of all property, etc. —

"(c) To the extent of any interest therein of which the decedent has at any time made a transfer, or with respect to which he has at any time created a trust, . . . intended to take effect in possession or enjoyment at or after his death . . ."

The two clauses of the deed are quite distinct — the first conveys a life estate; the second deals with the remainder. The life estate is granted with an express reservation of the fee, which is to "remain vested in said grantor" in the event that the grantee "shall die prior to the decease of said grantor." By the second clause the grantee takes the fee in the event — "and in that case only" — that she shall survive the grantor. It follows that only a life estate immediately was vested. The remainder was retained by the grantor; and whether that ever would become vested inPage 234the grantee depended upon the condition precedent that the death of the grantor happenbeforethat of the grantee. The grant of the remainder, therefore, was contingent. See 2 Washburn, Real Property (4th ed.), pp. 547-548, 559, par. 1. The decisions of the Supreme Court of Illinois, the state where the deed was made and the property lies, support this conclusion.Hawardv.Peavey,128 Ill. 430,439;21 N.E. 503;Baleyv.Strahan,314 Ill. 213,217;145 N.E. 359.

It is said that we must consider the deed as a whole; that since there is nothing in the granting clause to indicate the nature of the estate granted we must go to the habendum to determine that question; that the habendum consists of two clauses, one conveying a life estate, and the other the fee; and that "the greater estate or fee naturally swallows up the lesser or life estate when created by the same instrument." The principle invoked, however, does not help the petitioners, for certainly here the estates were not merged during the life of the grantor; and the deed evinces the clear intention of the grantor that they should not be. Nothing is to be gained by multiplying words in respect of the various niceties of the art of conveyancing or the law of contingent and vested remainders. It is perfectly plain that the death of the grantor was the indispensable and intended event which brought the larger estate into being for the grantee and effected its transmission from the dead to the living, thus satisfying the terms of the taxing act and justifying the tax imposed. CompareTylerv.UnitedStates,281 U.S. 497.

The provision of the Revenue Act of 1918, so far as it seeks to tax the transfer in question, is assailed as unconstitutional because, it is said, the transfer was complete and irrevocable before the act was passed. In support of this viewNicholsv.Coolidge,274 U.S. 531, and similar decisions of this court are cited. But the deed underPage 235review, while made before the enactment of the Revenue Act of 1918, was made after the Act of 1916, c. 463,39 Stat. 756, 777, which, with an addition not pertinent here, contained (§ 202) exactly the same provision; and the contention, for that reason, other grounds aside, is without merit.Millikenv.UnitedStates, ante, p. 15, where the cases relied upon by petitioners are distinguished.Judgment affirmed.